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Human Body Plan
n/a
43
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
08/22/2012

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Term
The body plan of humans includes:
A tube within a-
What type of symmetry?
What type of nerve cord?
Segmetation?
What types of pouches?
Definition
tube
bilateral
dorsal hollow nerve chord
segmentation
pharynegeal pouches
Term
What makes the outer body wall?
Definition
skin and trunk muscles
Term
The dorsal body cavity includes:
Definition
cranial and vertebral cavity
Term
Ventral body cavity includes: How many parts is each?
Definition
Thoracic cavity (3) and abdominopelvic (2)
Term
What are the parts of the thoracic cavity?
Definition
two lateral parts that contain a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity.
Mediastinum contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac
Term
What are the parts of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Definition
abdominal cavity- liver, stomach, kidneys
Pelvic cavity- bladder, some reproductive organs, rectum
Term
what are serous cavities?
Definition
slit like space lined by a serous membrane that secretes fluid
Term
What is the perietal serosa
Definition
membrane that is covering the outer wall of the serous cavity
Term
what is the visceral serosa?
Definition
membrane covering visceral organs.
Term
Parietal and visceral serosa are --
Definition
continuous
Term
what are the serous cavities called of the lungs (thorax), heart, and abdominoplevic?
Definition
pleura
pericardium
peritoneum
Term
What is microscopy?
Definition
examining small structures through a microscope
Term
what is light microscopy?
Definition
illuminates tissue with a beam of light (low magnification)
Term
What is electron microscopy?
Definition
uses beams of electrons (higher magnification than LM)
Term
Types of EM?
Definition
scanning (SEM)
transmission (TEM)
Term
What does SEM do?
Definition
looks at the surface topography
Term
What does TEM do?
Definition
looks at structures within cells
Term
First step in preparing tissue for microscopy?
Definition
specimen is fixed (preserved) using chemical fixatives
Term
What are some chemical fixatives for each LM and EM?
Definition
Ethyl alcohol- not very good
Formalin (formaldehyde)- LM
EM-
Paraformaldehyde
Glutaraldehyde
Osmium tetroxide
Term
second step of preparation for microscopy?
Definition
Sectioned using microtome- slices off thin portions of tissue.
- wax stablizes it while cutting
Term
Third step in preparing tissue for microscopy? And why?
Definition
Tissue is stained to distinguish anatomical structures
Term
What are common stains used in microscopy?
Definition
Acidic and basic stains
Term
What does acidic stain bind to?
Definition
Acidic stain (negative) will bind to positive charges in tissue (proteins)
Term
What does basic stain bind to?
Definition
Basic stain is (Positively charged) and will bind to negative charges (nucleic acids in nucleus)
Term
what is the common LM stain?
Definition
Hematoxylin (basic and blue) and eosin (acidic and pink) aka H&E stain
Term
How are EM stains different?
Definition
Since EM uses electrons there is no light meaning no colored stains would be visable. Instead heavy metal salt stain deflects electrons in the beam to different extents.
Term
Example of EM stain:
Definition
Uranyl acetate (uranium salt) osmium tetroxide (heavy metal)
Term
With microscopy you should expect:
Definition
minor distortions bc the tissue is not living (cant be 100% perserved) and thus not exactly like living tissues and organs
Term
What is clinical anatomy?
Definition
done on living tissue
Term
An X ray is-
Definition
electromagnetic waves of very short length
Term
What are Xray best for?
Definition
visualizing bones and abnormal dense structures
Term
What type of image does an Xray give?
Definition
Negative Image- dense structures are light and the less dense apear dark
Term
What is an Advanced Xray technique?
Definition
Ct or CAT scans
Term
What is a CAT/CT scan?
Definition
Computed (axial) tomography
takes successive xrays around a persons full circumferance
Term
How does a CAT scan translate?
Definition
translates recorded info into detailed picture of body section
Term
How is a CAT scan viewed?
Definition
in transverse plane- viewed from the bottom
Term
What is a PET scan?
Definition
Positron emission tomography- formss images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body
Term
Why are isotopes incorporated into sugars for PET scans?
Definition
so that the isotope will accumulate in metabolically active tissues
Term
What is an MRI
Definition
Magnetic resonance imaging-produces high quality images of soft tissues
Term
How are body tissues distinguished in an MRI?
Definition
-distinguishes body tissues based on water content
Term
how does an MRI function
Definition
powerful magnets alter spin of H+ atoms. when the magnets shut off radio waves are emitted by the H+ atoms spinning again and are detected and used to form image
Term
What is sonography?
Definition
ultrasound imaging- body is probed with pulses of high frequency sound waves that echo off the body's tissues
Term
What is sonography used for commonly?
Definition
determine the age of developing fetus
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