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Human and Comparative
Exam 2
102
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
09/29/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cardiovascular System
Definition
  • Forms the blood transportation network
  • Consists of the heart and blood vessels
Term
Lymphatic System
Definition
  • Returns surplus tissue fluid, leaked plasma proteins, and cellular debris to bloodstream
Term
Circulatory System
Definition
  • Transports fluids throughout the body
  • consists of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system
Term
Pulmonary Circulation
Definition
  • Right heart pumps low-oxygen blood to the lungs
  • Oxygen exchanged for CO2
Term
Systemic Circulation
Definition
  • Oxygen rich blood returned to the left heart is pumped throughout the body
Term
Vascular Complience
Definition
Relationship between change in Blood Pressure and Vessel Diameter
Term
What is High Complience?
Definition
A large change in vessel diameter with a small change in Blood pressure
Term
Regions where Anastomoses DO exist?
Definition
  • Functional Terminal/end Arteries
  • ie: Brain, liver, spleen
Term

Anastomosis

Ana = anew, again

Stoma = mouth

-osis = condition of

Definition
Communication between arteries or veins through collateral channels
Term
Collateral Circulation
Definition
  • Provides alternative pathways for blood to reach an organ or body region
  • Common around joints
Term
Normal bloodflow pathway from head to heart?
Definition
Superior vena cava --> heart
Term
Normal bloodflow pathway from lower limbs and kidneys?
Definition
Inferior vena cava --> Heart
Term
Normal bloodflow pathway from posterior thoracic and abdominal walls?
Definition
Azygos system of veins --> Superior Vena Cava --> Heart
Term
Consequences of blocking blood vessels?
Definition
  • Ischemia
  • Infarction
Term
Infarction
Definition
  • (means to stuff)
  • Localized death to an organ or body region due to reduced blood flow
Term
Ischemia
Definition
  • (means to suppress)
  • Reduction of blood supply to an organ or region
Term

Deep vein Thrombosis 

(DVT)

Definition
  • Might lead to pulmonary embolism
  • danger of extended periods of sitting
Term
Thrombus
Definition
A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel and remains attached to the blood vessel wall
Term
Embolus
Definition
  • A mass that travels in the bloodstream and lodges in a blood vessel, obstructing it
  • ie. Air bubble, detached thrombus, foreign body
Term

Arteriosclerosis

(sclerosis = hardening)

Definition
Thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
  • Hardening due to buildup of cholesterol and calcium deposits
  • Narrows lumen of artery
  • Plaque in arteries increases likelihood of thrombus formation
Term
Regions where anastomoses do not exist?
Definition
  • Terminal/end arteries
  • No collateral circuation exists
  • ie. Retina, cardiac muscle
Term
Normally most blood is located in veins. Why?
Definition
Veins are more complient than arteries so they can hold more blood
Term
Three types of blood vessels?
Definition
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
  3. Capillaries
Term
Large Elastic Arteries
Definition
  • Aorta and its main branches
  • Pulmonary trunk
  • Elasticity maintains BP between heart beats
Term
Medium Muscular Arteries
Definition
  • thick layer of smooth muscle in wall
  • Regulates distribution of blood to body regions
Term
Small arteries and Arterioles
Definition
  • Relatively thick muscular walls
  • Main regulators of blood pressure
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Endothelial tubes where all exchange occurs
Term
Veins
Definition
  • Carries blood to the heart
  • Tunica Adventitia is the thickest layer
Term
Large Veins
Definition
  • Superior vena cava
  • Inferior vena cava
Term
Medium Veins
Definition
  • valves
  • Musculovenous pump
Term
Venules
Definition
Smallest
Term
Venae Comitantes
Definition
  • Functions as a counter current heat exchanger
  • Has accompanying veins and vascular sheath
Term

Vessel Wall Structure

(Artery)

Definition
  • Tunica Adventitia
  • Tunica Meda (thickest)
  • Tunica Intima:endothelium, subendothelium, basement membrane
  • Lumen
  • Elastic Lamina between the tunica media and basement membrane
Term

Vessel wall Structure

(Vein)

Definition
  • Tunica Adventitia (thickest)
  • Tunica Media
  • Tunica Intima: endothelium, subendothelium, basement membrane
  • Valve Cusp
  • Elastic lamina between tunica media and basement membrane
Term
Arteries
Definition
  • Carries blood away from the heart
  • Tunica media is the thickest layer
Term
Blowout Fracture
Definition
  • A blow to the eye that may fracture the orbital walls leaving the orbial margin intact
  • Often results in intraorbital bleeding
Term
The orbit contains and protects what?
Definition

NEEMO

  • Nerves
  • Eyeball
  • Extrinsic ocular muscles
  • Most of Lacrimal Apparatus
  • Orbital Fat
Term
Orbit
Definition
  • The eye socket
  • surrounded by 7 bones
  • Pyramid shaped

a. Base of pyramid directed anteriorily & Laterally

B. Apex directed posteriorilly and medially

 

Term
Fetal: Umbilical Arteries
Definition

Adult: Medial Umbilical Ligamentus

 

Function: Branches of internal Illiac; Transport fetal blood to placenta

Term
Fetal: Umbilical Vein
Definition

Adult: Ligamentum Teres Hepatis

 

Function: Placenta to fetus

Term
Fetal: Ductus Venosus
Definition

Adult: Ligamentum Venosum

 

Function: Shunts blood around Liver

Term
Fetal: Foramen Ovali
Definition

Adult: Fossa Ovalis 

 

Function: Shunts blood from right atrium to left atrium

Term
Fetal: Ductus Arteriosis
Definition

Adult: Ligamentum Arteriosum

 

Function: Shunts blood from pulmonary trunk to Aorta

Term
Superior Mediastinum consists of?
Definition
SATE
  • Superior Vena Cava
  • Aortic arch & branches
  • Trachea
  • Esophagus
Term
Thoracic Cavity
Definition
  • Contains the heart and lungs

Includes:

  1. Superior Mediastinum
  2. Pleural Cavity
  3. Pericardial cavity within the mediastinum
Term
Adult Body Cavities
Definition

VPACT

  1. Vertebral 
  2. Pelvic
  3. Abdominal
  4. Cranial
  5. Thoracic
Term
Two types of Pleura are?
Definition
Parietal and Visceral
Term
Inferior Mediastinum consists of?
Definition

Anterior

  • Thymus and Lymph Nodes

Middle

  • Heart

Posterior

  • Espohagus and thoracic aorta
Term
Ventral Body Cavity consists of?
Definition
Thoracic and abdominal-pelvic cavity
Term
Dorsal body cavity consists of?
Definition
Cranial and Vertebral
Term
When are all 4 valves of the heart momentarily closed?
Definition
Beginning of diastole upon closure of aortica and pulmonary valves
Term
What closes when you hear LUB? DUB?
Definition

LUB: Mitral and tricuspid (systole)

 

DUB: Aortic and pulmonary (Diastole)

Term
Define Diastole and Systole
Definition

Diastole: heart relaxation

 

Systole: heart contraction

Term
Parietal pleura parts include?
Definition
  1. Cervical
  2. Costal
  3. Diaphragmatic
  4. Mediastinal
Term
Serous Pericardium includes:
Definition

Parietal Layer: lines fibrous pericardium

 

Visceral Layer: outermost layer of heart wall

Term
Intorsion
Definition
Medial Rotation
Term
Extorsion
Definition
Lateral Rotation
Term
Eyeball Movements
Definition
  • Rotation defined by direction superior pole of the eyeball moves around the A-P axix
  • Transverse axis - elevation & depression
  • Vertical axis - ABduction & ADduction
Term
Glaucoma
Definition
  • Abnormally high pressure inside the eyeball (of aqueous humor in anterior & posterior chambers)
  • can compress arteries supplying the retina causing blindness
Term
Cataracts
Definition
  • Loss of transparancy of the lens
  • How to fix? = remove and replace with artificial lens
Term
Detached retina
Definition
  • Pigmented layer is strongly attached to vascular layer
  • Neural layer's attachment is weak to pigmented layer
Term
Development of the retina
Definition
  1. outgrowth of the brain (optic vesicle)
  2. collapses on itself and turns into the optic cup
  3. Outer layer of optic cup --> Pigmented layer
  4. Inner layer of optic cup --> Neural layer
  5. Mesenchyme --> slcera & vascular layer
Term
Vitreous Body
Definition
Highly hydrated fibers which are transparent and very stable
Term
CNIII Lesion results in?
Definition

Palpebral ptosis (G. a falling)

 

Superior eyelid droops

Term
Innervation of Extrinsic muscles of the eye
Definition

Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor) : 

  1. LPS
  2. IO
  3. SR
  4. IR
  5. MR

Cranial Nerve IV (Troclear): SO

 

Cranial Nerve VI (Abducent): LR

Term
Extrinsic Muscles of the eye
Definition
  • 4 Recti which attach to the anterior hemisphere of the eyeball

Superior, Inferior, Medial, and Lateral Recti

 

  • 2 Obliques which attach to the posterior hemisphere

Superior and inferior

  • Humans do not have retractor bulbi muscle
Term
Anterior Segment
Definition
  • Filled with aqueous humor
  • has anterior and posterior chamber
Term
The retina consists of what 2 segments?
Definition
Anterior and posterior
Term
Nonvisual Retina
Definition

ALL

 

  • Anterior continuation of both layers of the optic reina as epithelial layers
  • Lines ciliary body and iris
  • Lacks rods & cones = nonphotoreceptive
Term
Pigmented layer of the optic retina
Definition

SOR

  • Single layer of highly pigmented cells
  • Outer layer
  • Reduces light scattering in the eyeball
Term
Neural layer of the optic retina
Definition

ILLEA

  • Inner Layer
  • Light receptive
  • Location of rods, cones, and other neurons
  • Ends anteriorly at the ora serrata
  • Avascular = supplied by diffusion from vessels in choroid layer
Term
Optic retina
Definition
  • Photosensitive region
  • Neural layer
  • Pigmented layer
Term
Retina consists of?
Definition
Optic and Nonvisual retina
Term
Iris
Definition
  • Regulates the amount of light entering the eye
  • PD regulates sphincter pupillae muslce (circular smooth muscle)
  • SD regulates dillator pupillae muscle (radial smooth muscle)
  • Light shone into one eye causes both pupils to constrict
Term

Presbyopia

(G. Old, old man + eye)

Definition
With age the lens becomes inelastic and flattened resulting in farsightedness
Term
What happens when the ciliary muscle relaxes?
Definition
  • Lens is pulled at its edge by intraocular pressure pushing on the sclera
  • Becomes thinner for distant vision
Term
what happens when the ciliary muscle contracts?
Definition
Reduces tension on zonular fibers so elastic lens thickens for near vision
Term
Ciliary Muscle
Definition
  • Smooth muscle sphincter that regulates the thickness of the lens
  • innervated by PD of ANS
Term
Ciliary Body
Definition
  • Muscular as well as vascular
  • Regulated by the PNS
  • Produces Aqueous Humor
Term
Choroid
Definition
  • Dark reddish brown layer located between the slcera and retina
  • Highest perfusion rate per gram of tissue of all vascular beds in the body
Term
What is the vascular layer of the eye?
Definition
  • Where most blood vessels inside the eyeball are located
  • Choroid, ciliary body, and iris
Term
Sclera
Definition
  • White outer covering of eye; composed of tough fibrous connective tissue
  • Covers the posterior of the eye 5/6 of eyeball surface
Term
the fibrous layer consists of?
Definition
Sclera and cornea
Term
Layers of the eye are?
Definition
  1. Retina (inner coat)
  2. Vascular layer (middle coat)
  3. Fibrous (outer coat)
Term
Bug-eyed or Wide-eyed appearance
Definition
  • Superior tarsal muscle (smooth muscle = no voluntary control)
  • Innervated by SNS
  • Raises upper eyelid a little bit extra
Term
2 Muscles involved in depression?
Definition
  • Inferior Rectus and Inferior Check ligament
  • connected by fascia
Term
Eye movement: Depression
Definition
When you gaze downward
Term
2 Muscles responsible for elevation?
Definition
  • Superior rectus (major elevator of the eye)
  • Levator Papebrae Superioris (LPS) = Lifts eyelid
  • Fascia connects SR & LPS so you don't look at the inside of the eyelid when you look up
Term
Tarsal Chalazion
Definition

(g. a small lump or knot)

  • Inflammation
Term
Ciliary Gland
Definition
  • Sebaceous gland associated with eyelashes
  • Blocked duct = Sty(e)
Term
Conjunctiva
Definition
  • A mucus membrane
  • Palpebral - lines the inside of the eyelids
  • Bulbar - Covers eyeball
  • Fornix - bridges the above two parts
Term
Conjunctival Sac
Definition
  • A specialized mucosal bursa
  • Space enclosed by conjunctiva
  • contains and limits posterior movement of contact lenses
Term
Hyperemia of Conjunctiva
Definition
  • Bloodshot eyes
  • Caused by local irritation
Term
Pinkeye/Conjunctivitis
Definition
Common contagious infection of the conjunctiva
Term
Orbicularis Oculi
Definition
  • Innervated by cranial nerve VII (Facial)
  • Orbital part: surrounds and covers part of orbit
  • Eyelid part: Located in inferior and superior palpebrae
  • Orgin and Insertion: Medial Palpebral ligament
Term
Palpebral Fissure
Definition
Opening surrounded by eyelids
Term
Tarsus
Definition
An especially dense band of connective tissue located in the free margins of both eyelids
Term
Palpebral glands include?
Definition
Tarsal and ciliary
Term
tarsal gland
Definition
Secretes an oily substance that forms a hydrophobic barrier that keeps closed eyelids from sticking together and lacrimal fluid from flowing over the eyelids
Term
Eye movements: Elevation
Definition
gaze is upward to the sky
Term
Posterior segment of the retina
Definition
Filled with vitreous body
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