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Human Anatomy Test 1
Human Anatomy Exam Number One
68
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
08/29/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Tissue
Definition
groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function
Term
4 Primary Tissue Types
Definition
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Term

Epithelial Tissue

 

Definition

liitle to no extracellular space outside of cell, it is a sheet of cells that cover a body surface or lines a body cavity

 

 

Term

Epithelial Tissue

 

Definition

Line and Covery Body Surfaces/cavities

Renew Continously by mitosis

Lack a vascular supply

Anchored to a basal lamina

Almost no intercellular space

Term
Stratified Squamous
Definition

Located in areas of subjected to wear and tear

Surface cells constantly rubbed away, cells replaced by basal cells

Located on outer skin and mouth

Term

Stratified Cubodial and Columnar

 

Definition

Rare

Located in ducts of larger glands-sweat glands, salivary glands

Term

Steps in Tissue Repair

 

Definition

Inflammation

Organization

Regeneration and fibrosis

Term

Good regeneration Capacity

 

Definition
epithelial, bone, areolar connective, dense irregualr connective, and blod
Term
Moderate Regeneration Capacity
Definition
Smooth muscle and dense regular connective
Term
Weak Regeneration Capacity
Definition
Skeletal Muscle and Cartilage
Term
No Functional Regeneration Capacity
Definition
Cardiac muscle and nervous
Term
The Integumentary System
Definition
Comprised of skin and deprivates: nails, hair, sweet glands, and sebaceous glands
Term
Skin Functions
Definition
Barrier, Immunologic Funciton, Homeostasis, Sensory Information, Endocrine function, and Excretion
Term
Skin-Two Layers
Definition

Epidermis

Dermis

Term
Hypodermis
Definition

aka Superficial Fascia

Underlies the dermis

Mainly adipose tissue-fat storage, loose anchor, shock absorber, insulator

Thickens with weight gain

 

Term

Layers of the epidermis

 

Definition

Stratum Basale

Stratum Spinosum

Stratum Granulosum

Stratum Lucidum

Stratum Corneum

Term
Epidermis-Cells
Definition

Keratinocytes

Melanocytes

Langerhan's cells

Merkel Cells

Term
Keratinocytes
Definition

Keratin-protective properties

Stratum Basale

Upward movement-living cells to keratin filled plasma membranes

Sloughs-new epidermis every 25-45 days, why?

Certain areas are rubbed more than others

Term
Keratinocyte Problems--Cancer--Basal Cell Carinoma
Definition

Least malignant and most common

Stratium basale

Surgical excision

Term
Dermis
Definition
Vascular, Fiborus connective tissue
Term
Epidermis
Definition
Epitheial Tissue, avascular, protective
Term
Stratnum Basale
Definition

1 layer of active cells

Mitotically active cell (mainly keratinocytes)

desmosomes

Term
Stratum Spinosum
Definition

Spiny Cells (mainly of keratinocytes)

Processing artifact

pre-keratin are attached to desmosomes

Term
Stratum Granulsum
Definition
Last layer of the non-keratinized cells
Term
Stratum Lucidum
Definition

Seen in thick skin only

Clear, flat, dead keratinocytes

Term
Squamous Cell Caricnoma
Definition

Stratum spinosum

surgical excrision

radiation therapy

Metasizes (can come from anywhere) and can grow rapidly

 

 

Term
Melainocytes
Definition

Skin Color

We all have the same amount of this substance, just depends on what color.

Found in the deepest part of the dermis

Term
Melanoma
Definition

5% of all skin cancers

Most malignant

The raised mole is worse than the flat mole

The most resistant to radiation therapy

Very Deadly

A.B.C.D.E Rule

Term
Langerhan's Cells
Definition

Epidermal dinotic cells

Antigent presenting cells

Arises from Bone Marrow

Term
Merkel Cells
Definition

Epidermal-Dermal Junction

Assoicated with Nerve Ending

Touch Receptors

Term
Dermis
Definition

Flexible connective tissue

Rich nerve fibers, blood vessels

Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells are common

Term
Papillary Layer
Definition

Located in the Meisner's corpuscle

Finger prints/toe prints for grip

Superficial

Areolar connective tissue

Term
Recticular Layer
Definition

80% of the Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Matrix: interlacing collegen fibers

Collegen

Elastin

Flexure lines

Stretch marks (which don't go away with creams they are cracks in the epidermis)

Term
Necrobiosis Lipoidica
Definition

Not caused by diabets, but about 60% of diabetics have this disease

Degenerative collegen disease

Excessive bleeding

Term
Hair-Functions
Definition

Touch Receptors

Scalp hair

Filters

Term
Hair-Scalp Hair
Definition

Physical Trauma

Heat Loss

Term
Hair-Filters
Definition
nose hairs and eyelashes
Term
Hair
Definition
Hard Keratin-doesn't slough off and more tough and durable
Term
Hair Structure
Definition

Shaft

Root

Hair Conditioner

Split Ends

Term
Shaft
Definition
Superficial to the skin
Term
Root
Definition
Depended in the skin
Term
Hair Conditioner
Definition
Doesn't make your hair healthier, hair is already dead just smoothier
Term
Hair Color
Definition

Comes from melain

Gray is due to the stopping of production of melain

 

Term
Hair-Texture=Curly
Definition
flat
Term
Hair Texture=Straight
Definition
Round
Term
Hair Texture=wavey
Definition
oval
Term
Nails
Definition
Hard Keratin, derived from the epidermis and contains 3 components the free edge, body, and root, the lunula for color
Term
Eccrine Glands
Definition

sweat in palms, soles, forehead

true sweat-99% water with salts, vitamin C, anitbodies, and traces of metabolic wastes

Term
Apocrine
Definition

true sweat+fatty substances+protein

Secretion is odorless, but bacteria decomposes=body odor

Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
Sebum, everywheree xcept palms and soles, and holocrine secretion
Term
Ceruminous Glands
Definition
Apocrine glands in the ear canal, cerumen (earwax)
Term
Mammary Glands
Definition

Specialized glands

Secrete milk in response to hormones

Term
Skin Functions
Definition

Chemical Barrier

Physical Barrier

Biological Barrier

Body Temperature Regulation

Cutaneous sensation

Metabolic Function

Blood Reservoir

Excretion

 

Term

Gross Anatomy of the Typical Long Bone

-->Membranes

Definition

Periosteum

Endosteum

Term
Periosteum
Definition

Fibrous layer-more outside

Osteogenic layer-closer to the bone

Perforating Sharpey's fibers

Term
Flat Bone Arrangement
Definition
Diploe
Term
Diploe
Definition
Compact Bones on the outside and spongy bone on the inside
Term
Hematopoietic Tissues
Definition

Red marrow

Spongy bone in hip bones and sternum are more active in adults

yellow marrow

Term
red marrow
Definition
newborns and adults
Term
yellow marrow
Definition
adults and long bones
Term
Compact Bone
Definition

repeating unit is the osteon

periosteal blood vessel-->volkmann's canal->central canal or Haversian's Canal->canaliculi

Term
Spongy Bone
Definition

Trabeculae align precisely along lineso f stress and help the bone resist stress

No osteons

Nutrients diffuse through canaliculi from capillaries in the endosteum

 

Term
bone development-2 ways
Definition

Intramembraneous ossification

Endochrondal ossification

Term
Intramembraneous ossification
Definition

1.) dev. of ossification

mesenthyme tissue/mesenthymal stem cells

-it is a tissue to make anything, far there it forms ossification center that takes these stems to become osteoblasts

2.) Osteoid secretion

-make osteoblasts turn into osteocytes, calicy (going to get hard)

3.) Woven Bone & Periosteum:osteoblasts secretion will go around blood vessels, pattern of spongy bone (woven) and then the mesenthymal tissue will condense and make the periosteum

4.) Periosteum will rearrange to make the bony collar bring in the red blood vessels to make the red bone marrow

Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition

Forms all bones below the base fo the skull except the clavicles

Begins with a hyaline cartilage template

Term
Endochondral Ossification
Definition

1.) Formation of the bony collar

-Hyaline cartilage begins as the template for the ossification

-Osteoblasts come together to form the compact bone on the outside of this cartilage

2.) Cavitation chondroblasts grow and die leaving behind holes for the osteoblasts to come in and secrete osteoid in the "holes" (make bone tissue)

3.)Periosteal bud invades, spongy bone forms

-periosteal bud invades bringing with blood vessels that make up spongy bone

4.) Medullary Cavity is formed in the diaphysis, secondary ossification centers are formed in the ephysis

5.) Ossification of epiphysis-only happens after puberty

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