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Human Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1
112
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
09/08/2019

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
Study of the structure of the body parts. It is concrete and visible through observation
Term
Physiology
Definition
Study of the function of the body, its parts, and how they carry out their operations. Explainable only in reference to underlying anatomy.
Term
Weight of reference woman
Definition
125lb
57kg
Term
Weight of reference Man
Definition
155lb
70kg
Term
Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy
Definition
Study of large body structures that are visible to the naked eye, such as lungs heart and kidneys.
Term
Subdivisions of Gross Anatomy
Definition
Regional, Systemic, and Surface anatomy
Term
Regional anatomy
Definition
All structures within a particular body region. Example: all muscles, blood, bones, nerves etc in a leg.
Term
Systemic Anatomy
Definition
The study of the structure and location of body parts, system by system; the study of specific organs, parts, and structures of a specific organ system of the body, e.g., nervous system anatomy, reproductive anatomy, skeletal anatomy.
Term
Surface Anatomy
Definition
Study of internal structures as they relate to overlying skin surface. Example: of muscles under the skin. Surface anatomy is used to find appropriate blood vessel to draw blood or check pulse.
Term
Microscopic Anatomy
Definition
Deals with structures to small to be seen with the naked eye
Term
Subdivisions of Microscopic anatomy
Definition
Cytology and Histology
Term
Cytology
Definition
The branch of biology that deals with the formation, structure, and function of cells, with an emphasis on the internal appearance and structure of cells, and their organelles, especially the nucleus; in clinical practice, most often applied in the detection of cancer cells
Term
Histology
Definition
Study of Tissues
Term
Developmental Anatomy
Definition
Traces structural Changes that occur throughout the life span
Term
Embryology
Definition
Subdivision of Developmental anatomy that studies the changes that occur before birth
The branch of biology that deals with the formation, embryonic structure, early growth, and development of living organisms
Term
Cell[image]
Definition
The smallest structural unit of an organism that is capable of independent functioning, consisting of one or more nuclei, cytoplasm, and various organelles, all surrounded by a semipermeable cell membrane.
Term
Cell Physiology
Definition
The biological study of the functions of living cells, the functions of their organelles, and all biochemical aspects of cell metabolism.
Term
Organelle
Definition
A differentiated structure within a cell, such as a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast, that performs a specific function; many are membrane bound and thus separate internal compartments which help separate different biochemical reactions by placing them in different sublocations within the cell
Term
Tissue[image]
Definition
An organized collection of two or more different cell types and associated intercellular matrix acting together to perform one or more specific functions in the body. There are two basic types of tissue: epithelial and connective, but many specific types: epidermal, bone, muscle, gland, nervous, etc.
Term
histology = microscopic anatomy = microanatomy
Definition
The anatomical study of the microscopic structure of animal and plant tissues with emphasis on which cellular and intercellular structures distinguish one tissue from another; many chemical stains have been developed to assist in visualizing these internal cellular structures.
Term
Organ
Definition
A differentiated part of an organism, composed of two or more cooperating tissues, such as an eye, intestine, or heart, that performs a specific function
Term
Organ System
Definition
A group of interacting, interrelated, or interdependent organs forming a complex functional whole; the set of organs of the body regarded as a functional physiological unit
Term
Neurophysiology
Definition
The branch of physiology that deals with the functions of the nervous system, and related disorders
Term
Endocrinology
Definition
The branch of physiology that deals with the study of the glands, including the exocrine (duct system) glands, and their secretions (e.g., digestive juices, sweat, hormones), but especially the endocrine (ductless) glands, and their secretions (hormones, e.g., insulin, glucagon, thyroxine, estrogens, androgens, etc.) and the physiological processes they regulate, and related disorders of the glands
Term
Pathological Anatomy
Definition
The branch of anatomy that deals with the study of the structural changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury
Term
Pathophysiology
Definition
The branch of physiology that deals with the study of the functional changes associated with or resulting from disease or injury.
Term
Anatomical Position
Definition
The standard anatomical reference point is the body position in which the trunk is erect or straight with the arms and feet slightly apart with palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body; this standard body position allows all directional terms to be assigned in an unambiguous way
Term
Body Plane
Definition
An imaginary flat surface that divides the body or a part of the body into two parts; the standard perspectives for such sections in anatomical imaging are the sagittal, frontal, and transverse (cross) sections
Term
Label the Body Planes
Definition
[image]
Term
Umbilicus / Naval
Definition
The scientific term for the depression, or mark, in the median/midsaggital line of the abdomen, which indicates the point where the umbilical cord, which housed the blood vessels connecting the fetus to the placenta in the uterus, was separated from the fetus immediately after birth; nickname - belly button
Term
What are the six levels of biological organization in the correct sequence from smallest to largest?
Definition
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organismal
Term
Name the Body Planes
Definition
(1)median = midsaggital [just saggital when not on the midline]
(2) frontal
(3) transverse = cross
Term
List the six levels of structural complexity in a human being in the correct order from smallest to largest.
Definition
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organismal
Term
Major Organs Of integumentary System
Definition
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands
Term
Major Organs of the skeletal
Definition
bones, cartilages, joints, ligaments, red marrow
Term
Major organs of the muscular system
Definition
muscles, tendons, bursae
Term
Major organs of the nervous system
Definition
brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, peripheral ganglia
Term
Major organs of the endocrine system
Definition
pineal gland, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands (cortex & medulla), pancreas (islets), gonads
Term
Major organs of the cardiovascular system
Definition
heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)
Term
Major organs of the lymphatic and immune system
Definition
red marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen
Term
Major organs of the respiratory system
Definition
nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and subdivisions of the respiratory tree, lungs
Term
Major organs of digestive system
Definition
oral cavity, teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, large intestine, appendix, rectum
Term
Major organs of the urinary system
Definition
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Term
Major organs of the male reproductive system
Definition
testes, scrotum, ductus deferens, prostate gland, urethra, penis
Term
Major organs of the female reproductive system
Definition
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands
Term
Location Of Integumentary System
Definition
External Body Surface
Term
Location Skeletal System
Definition
Trunk, Head, Limbs
Term
Location Muscular System
Definition
Trunk, Head, Limbs
Term
Locations Nervous System
Definition
dorsal body cavity (brain, spinal cord), trunk, head, limbs (peripheral nerves, peripheral ganglia)
Term
Locations Endocrine System
Definition
cranial cavity (pineal gland, pituitary gland), mediastinum (thymus), neck (thyroid gland, parathyroid glands), abdominal cavity (adrenal glands (cortex & medulla), pancreas (islets)), pelvic cavity (ovaries), scrotum (testes)
Term
Locations Cardiovascular System
Definition
pericardial cavity (heart), trunk, head, limbs (blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries))
Term
Locations Lymphatic and Immune Sys
Definition
marrow cavity of bones (red marrow), mediastinum (thymus), trunk, head, limbs (lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes), abdominal cavity (spleen)
Term
Location Respiratory System
Definition
head (nasal cavity, pharynx), neck (larynx), mediastinum (trachea), thoracic cavity/pleural cavities (bronchi and subdivisions of the respiratory tree, lungs)
Term
Location Digestive System
Definition
head (oral cavity, teeth, tongue, pharynx), mediastinum (esophagus), abdominal cavity (stomach, small intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, large intestine, appendix, rectum)
Term
Location Urinary System
Definition
abdominal cavity (kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra)
Term
Location Male Reproductive System
Definition
scrotal sac (testes, scrotum, ductus deferens), pelvic cavity (prostate gland), urethra, external body surface (penis)
Term
Location Female Reproductive System
Definition
pelvic cavity (ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina), external body surface, anterior thoracic wall (mammary glands)
Term
Function Integumentary Sys
Definition
protection, thermoregulation, communication, Vitamin D synthesis
Term
Function Skeletal System
Definition
protection, support, movement, hematopoiesis, mineral storage
Term
Functions Muscular System
Definition
support, movement (posture, locomotion, facial expression, communication), thermogenesis
Term
Functions Nervous System
Definition
fast response control of most body processes
Term
Functions Endocrine System
Definition
slow response control of most body processes
Term
Functions Cardiovascular System
Definition
internal transport system for nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, regulatory molecules
Term
Functions Lymphatic and Immune System
Definition
contributes to fluid distribution within fluid compartments of the body, phagocytosis, non-specific and specific defenses against foreign materials and organisms, defense against tumors (cancer)
Term
Functions Respiratory System
Definition
external transport system for respiratory gases to and from lungs, oxygenation of blood, acid-base regulation
Term
Functions Digestive System
Definition
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into nutrients, absorption of nutrients, elimination of indigestible components of food
Term
Function Urinary System
Definition
removal of nitrogenous wastes and surplus electrolytes and small soluble organic waste molecules, acid-base and internal fluid volume regulation
Term
Function Male Reproductive System
Definition
contribute sperm for fertilization of ovum to produce new organism; support secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive behaviors
Term
Function Female Reproductive System
Definition
contribute ovum for fertilization by sperm to produce new organism; support secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive behaviors; provide physiological support for internal development of fetus, for labor and delivery, and additional nutritional and immune support for newborn by lactation
Term
Anterior regional terms
Definition
[image]
Term
Posterior Regional Terms
Definition
[image]
Term
Human Body Tissues
Definition
Term
Organs Within Abdominopelvic Regions
Definition
[image]
Term
Abdomino-Pelvic Regions
Definition
[image]
Term
Superior, Inferior, Anterior
Definition
[image]
Term
Posterior, Medial, Lateral, Intermediate
Definition
[image]
Term
Proximal, Distal, Superficial, Deep
Definition
[image]
Term
Body Cavities and Subcompartments
Definition
[image]
Term
Dorsal Body Cavity
Definition
The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses the central nervous system; its lining are the three connective tissue layers known as the meninges; it is located medially on the posterior of the head and trunk and housed within the confines of the skull and vertebrae; it is arbitrarily subdivided into a cranial cavity containing the brain and a vertebral cavity containing the spinal cord and the roots of the spinal nerves.
Term
Cranial Cavity
Definition
The partially closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space, a subdivision of the dorsal body cavity, which houses the superior portion of the central nervous system, i.e., the brain; its lining are the three connective tissue layers known as the cerebral meninges, i.e., the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater; it is located medially on the posterior of the head and housed within the confines of the skull; it contains the brain, various cerebral blood vessels, the pituitary gland, and the roots of the cranial nerves; it provides a protected space for the brain.
Term
Vertebral Cavity
Definition
The partially closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space, a subdivision of the dorsal body cavity, which houses the inferior portion of the central nervous system, i.e., the spinal cord; its lining are the three connective tissue layers known as the spinal meninges, i.e., the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater; it is located medially on the posterior of the trunk and housed within the confines of the vertebrae; it contains the spinal cord, various spinal blood vessels, adipose tissue, and the roots of the spinal nerves; it provides a protected space for the spinal cord
Term
Ventral Body Cavity
Definition
The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses various internal organs; its lining are various serous membranes; it is located medially on the anterior of the trunk and housed within the confines of the rib cage and trunk musculature; it is subdivided into (1) a thoracic cavity containing the lungs, heart, and the organs of the mediastinum, and (2) an abdominopelvic cavity with two partially separated subcompartments: (a) an abdominal cavity containing the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen, and (b) a pelvic cavity containing some of the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the distal colon; this cavity provides a protected space for those organs.
Term
Thoracic Cavity
Definition
The closed, partially membrane-lined sterile anatomical space, a subdivision of the ventral body cavity, which houses the lungs, heart, and the organs of the mediastinum; its linings are the three serous membranes known as the pleural membranes and the pericardial membrane; it is located medially on the anterior of the trunk and housed within the confines of the rib cage; it provides a protected space for those organs
Term
Pleural Cavity
Definition
The two closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical spaces, subdivisions of the ventral body cavity and of the thoracic cavity, which houses the right and left lungs respectively; its lining is the serous membrane known as the pleural membrane; it is located lateral to the mediastinum and pericardial sac on the anterior of the trunk and housed within the confines of the rib cage; it provides a protected space for the lungs
Term
Pericardial Cavity
Definition
The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space, a subdivision of the ventral body cavity and of the thoracic cavity, which houses the heart; its lining is the serous membrane known as the pericardial membrane; it is located within the inferior portion of the mediastinum on the anterior of the trunk and beneath the sternum within the confines of the rib cage; it provides a protected, lubricated space for the heart to contract.
Term
Mediastinum Cavity
Definition
The closed sterile anatomical space, not lined by a serous membrane, a subdivision of the ventral body cavity and of the thoracic cavity, which houses the heart in its pericardial sac, the great vessels, the trachea, the esophagus, and the thymus; it is located medially between the two pleural cavities to the right and left and between the thoracic vertebral column and the sternum
Term
Abdomino-Pelvic Cavity (Definition)
Definition
The closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses various internal organs, particularly those of the digestive system; its lining is a serous membrane, the peritoneal membrane; it is located medially on the anterior of the trunk, inferior to the thoracic cavity, and housed within the confines of the trunk musculature; it is arbitrarily subdivided into (1) an abdominal cavity containing the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen (2) a pelvic cavity containing some of the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the distal colon; it provides a protected space for those organs
Term
Abdominal Cavity
Definition
The partially closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses certain internal organs, the stomach, liver, intestines, and spleen; its lining is a serous membrane, a portion of the peritoneal membrane; it is located superiorly within the abdominopelvic cavity, bounded superiorly by the diaphragm muscle and inferiorly by the pelvic cavity, with which it is continuous; it provides a protected space for those organs.
Term
Pelvic Cavity
Definition
The partially closed, membrane-lined sterile anatomical space which houses some of the reproductive organs, the urinary bladder, and the distal colon; its lining is a serous membrane, a portion of the peritoneal membrane; it is located inferiorly within the abdominopelvic cavity, bounded superiorly by the abdominal cavity, with which it is continuous, and inferiorly by the walls of the pelvic girdle and its musculature; it provides a protected space for those organs
Term
examples of a structure whose function is determined by its location
Definition
hair, tooth, skeletal muscle, bone, joint, blood vessel
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized; almost all of these biochemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes. (The rate of overall body metabolism, the basal metabolic rate = BMR, can be estimated clinically by measuring oxygen consumption per unit time.)
Term
Anabolism
Definition
The phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue. These are the synthetic reactions of metabolism and are endergonic/endothermic; they require an input of useful chemical energy; almost all of these biochemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes
Term
Catabolism
Definition
The metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, resulting in a release of energy. These are the breakdown reactions of metabolism and are exergonic/exothermic; they may or may not yield an output of useful chemical energy; almost all of these biochemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes
Term
Digestion
Definition
The process by which food is converted into nutrient molecules which can be absorbed and assimilated by the body. It is accomplished in the digestive system, primarily in the mouth, stomach and small intestine, by the mechanical and enzymatic breakdown of foods into simpler chemical compounds
Term
Excretion
Definition
The physiological processes of discharging waste molecules/matter (e.g., respiration, urine, sweat, particularly feces) from individual cells and from the body
Term
Reproduction
Definition
The sexual or asexual process by which organisms generate new individuals of the same kind; procreation.
Term
Growth
Definition
The process of an individual cell, tissue, organ or organism growing organically; a purely biological unfolding of events involved in an organism changing gradually from a simple to a more complex level; growth can be either an increase in the size or number of cells or both.
Term
Responsiveness
Definition
[aka irritability] the ability to detect changes in the internal or external environment and then to respond to them. The body is organized into systems consisting of sensor/receptor, control center, and effector components in order to be responsive
Term
Differentiation
Definition
The process by which cells or tissues undergo a change toward a more specialized form or function, especially during embryonic development.
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes by means of control/regulatory systems.
Term
Intracellular Fluid
Definition
[aka cytoplasm] The fluid compartment consisting of the cytoplasm (internal contents) of all the cells of the body
Term
Extracellular Fluid
Definition
The fluid compartment consisting of the various fluids found external to all the cells of the body. The extracellular fluid is often subdivided into the interstitial fluid and the plasma
Term
Interstitial Fluid
Definition
[aka lymph, intercellular fluid] The clear, yellowish fluid portion of located between cells in all tissues except blood
Term
Plasma
Definition
The clear, yellowish fluid portion of blood in which red and white blood cells and platelets are suspended. It differs from serum in that it contains fibrin and other soluble clotting elements.
Term
Body Fluid Volumes in Body
Definition
[image]
Term
six life processes common to essentially all living systems/organisms
Definition
six life processes common to essentially all living systems/organisms
Term
Metabolism Summary
Definition
[image]
Term
Hormones
Definition
Signal compounds produced by specific glands, endocrine glands, which are released into the blood stream to be distributed throughout the body and which trigger responses in only those tissues that have specific receptor molecules which can bind and interact with the signal compound; sometimes referred to as "first messengers.
Term
Feedback System = Homeostatic System
Definition
Any biological system which a regulated, modulated, controlled, or changed by the product, output, or response it produces; such systems consist of three general components: receptors, control centers, and effectors; e.g., regulation of body temperature, blood glucose level, blood pH, etc. (See Figure 1.4 in the text and below.)
Term
Hormone Diagram
Definition
[image]
Term
Stimulus
Definition
An agent, action, or condition that elicits or accelerates a physiological or psychological activity or response; a monitored change in the internal or external environment to which the body responds with appropriate behaviors or homeostatic control mechanisms; the trigger for a change in a homeostatic control mechanism; a change in an internal or external variable which can be detected and responded to by a control system in the body
Term
Receptor
Definition
Physiology. A specialized cell or group of nerve endings that responds to sensory stimuli.
Biochemistry. A molecular structure or site on the surface (a membrane protein) or interior (a cytoplasmic protein) of a cell that binds with substances such as hormones, antigens, drugs, or neurotransmitters.
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