Term
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Definition
- skin and its appendages, interface with the outside world
- our largest organ, accounts for 7% of body weight, 1.5-4.4mm thick
- 2 layers (epidermis and dermis, the hypodermis is below the dermis)
- thick skin = soles of feet and hands, has extra sublayers of epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| - the skin and its appendages (hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands) |
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Term
| functions of the integument |
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Definition
-Protection: cushions and insulates deeper organs, protects from bumps, scrapes, and cuts, protects from chemicals, heat, and cold
-regulates body temp
-acts as mini-excretory system, urea water leaves
-productions of vitamin D, calcium absorption
-contains sensory receptors associated with nerve endings, ability to feel |
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Term
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Definition
| -keratinocytes, melanocytes, tactile epithelial cells, dendritic cells |
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Term
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Definition
-aka merkel cells
-found in stratum basale layer of the epidermis
-hemisphere shaped
-distributed sparsely among the keratinocytes
-associated with a disclike sensory nerve ending and functions as a receptor for touch |
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Term
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Definition
-found in the stratum basale layer of the epidermis, makes up 10-25% of all the cells in this layer
-spider shaped
-makes the dark skin pigment in our skin, and secretes signaling molecules in response to UV radiation
-most people, no matter the skin color, have the same amount |
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Term
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Definition
-found in the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis
-scattered among the keratinocytes
-star shaped, part of the immune system
-type of macrophage, endocytosis to engulf and dispose of things |
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Term
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Definition
-most abundant epidermal cell, produces keratin (a tough fibrous protein) to toughen the skin
-arise from deepest layers of epidermis, 4/5 layers of epidermis
-produces antibodies and enzymes, immune system
-dead at skins surface, produce a new epidermis every 35-45 days |
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Term
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Definition
-stratum basale
-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum lucidum (only in thick skin)
-stratum corneum
-Come Lets Get Sun Burnt |
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Term
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Definition
-in direct contact with dermis, deepest layer of epidermis
-cells actively divide
-contains keratinocytes, merkel cells, melanocytes |
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Term
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Definition
-spiny layer, spiny appearance caused by artifacts of histological preparation
-contains keratinocytes and dendritic cells |
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Term
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Definition
-consists of keratinocytes, making more and more as it gets more superficial
-kerathyaline granules help form keratin
-lamellated granules, contain a waterproofing glycolipid, prevents water from entering when swimming and water loss
-above this layer cells are too far away from the dermal capillaries to receive nourishment so they die |
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Term
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Definition
-clear layer
-occurs only in thick skin
-composed of a few rows of flat, dead keratinocytes, cells are all dead now and have flattened out |
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Term
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Definition
-horny layer, most external
-thick layer of dead keratinocytes and thickened plasma membranes
-protects skin against abrasion and penetration
-good at providing mechanical protection, caluses- adding more layers of cells to the already stratified epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
-second major layer of the skin
-strong, flexible connective tissue
-richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves
-typical cells- fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and scattered wbc
-typical fibers- collagen, elastic, and reticular
-2 layers: papillary layer and reticular layer |
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Term
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Definition
-includes dermal papillae, projections up into the epidermis
-20% of the dermis
-is areolar connective tissue containing very thin collagen and elastic fibers |
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Term
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Definition
-deeper layer of dermis
-80% of thickness of dermis
-dense irregular connective tissue, contains thick bundles of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers
-less dense areas form cleavage lines or tension lines |
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Term
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Definition
-not part of the skin
-deep to the skin, aka superficial fascia
-contains areolar and adipose connective tissues
-anchors skin to underlying structures
-helps insulate the body, gets thinner as you get older, will generally be colder |
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Term
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Definition
-support
-movement, shorten to move must pull on something rigid to do so
-protection
-mineral storage, calcium phosphate get weaker when you take it out
-blood cell formation, red and yellow bone marrow
-energy metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
-35% (1/3) organic components, cells fibers and organic substances, also collagen resisting tension forces
-heating up bone destroys collagen and it becomes brittle
-65% inorganic mineral salts, primarily calcium phosphate, resists compression forces
-compression forces from body weight, bending type of force, bones give a little bend if not they would break
-without mineral salts the bone would become soft could tie up in a knot
-fractures are a twisting force |
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Term
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Definition
osteogenic cells- stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
-osteoblasts- actively produce and secrete bone matrix which is osteoid, cells that build up bone adds calcium and mineral salts
-osteocytes- keep bone matrix healthy, living cells found inside the bone
-osteoclasts- breakdown bone, responsible for resorption of bone, decrived from a line of wbc, secrete HCl and lysosomal enzymes, need this to remodel bone, takes mineral salts out of bone |
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Term
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Definition
-longer than they are wide
-shaft plus 2 distinctive ends
-ex: fingers, toes, humerus, femur, etc |
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Term
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Definition
-cube shaped
-sesamoid are a special type that form within a tendon to alter the pull of the tendon or reduce friction and modify pressur in tendons ex: patella
-ex: wrist and ankle bones |
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Term
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Definition
-thin flattened and usually somewhat curved
-ex: most cranial bones, ribs, sternum, and scapula |
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Term
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Definition
-various shapes that do not fit other categories
-ex: vertebrae and hip bones |
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Term
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Definition
-dense outer layer of bone that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye
-composed of many osteons, central canal in center for nerves and blood vessels, osteocytes reside in these spaces
-has space but not as much |
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Term
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Definition
-internal, honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces called trabeculae
-the open spaces between the trabeculae are filled with red and yellow bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
-tubular diaphysis or shaft forms the long axis
-epiphyses are the bone ends
-articular cartilage is the thin layer of hyaline cartilage that lines the joint surface of each epiphysis
-epiphyseal line lies between the diaphysis and each epiphysis
-this line is a remnant of the ephiphyseal plate (growth plate) a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone
-medullary cavity- the very center of the diaphysis which contains no bone tissue, filled with yellow bone marrow
-periosteum is a connective tissue membrane that covers the entire outer surface of each bone except the ends of the epiphyses where cartilage is
-endosteum is a thin connective tissue membrane that covers internal bone surfaces, covers the trabeculae of spongy bone and central canals of osteons |
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Term
| intramembranous ossification |
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Definition
-only a few bones (in skull and clavical) form from this mechanism
-form only from mesenchym |
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Term
| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
-all bones except some of the skull and clavicles
-bones are modeled in hyaline cartilage
-begins forming late in 2nd month of human development, fetal period to adulthood, made from cartilage then replaced with bone |
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Term
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Definition
-bone is dynamic living tissue
-500 mg of calcium may enter or leave the adult skeleton each day
-cancellous bone (spongy) of the skeleton is replaced every 3-4 years
-compact bone is replaced every 10 years
-osteoblasts, deposition
-osteclasts, reabsorption
-can see changes in bone tissue in a few weeks if you start working out, adaption to those forces |
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Term
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Definition
-sites where rigid elements of the skeleton meet
-greek word arthro
-can be bone to bone, bone to cartilage, teeth in bony sockets
-structure enables them to resist crushing, tearing, and other forces |
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Term
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Definition
-functional classification of a joint
-immovable
-common in axial skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
-functional classification of a joint
-slightly movable
-common in axial skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
-functional classification of a joint
-freely movable
-common in appendicular skeleton |
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Term
| structural classification of joints |
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Definition
-based on material that binds bones together and the presence or absence of a joint cavity
-include fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial |
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Term
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Definition
-structural classification of a joint
-connected by fibrous connective tissue
-no joint cavity
-typically immovable or slightly movable
-types: sutures (short fibers bone interlocks, skull), syndesmoses (held by ligament, tibia and fibula), gomphoses (peg in lock socket, periodontal ligament, teeth) |
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Term
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Definition
-structural classification of a joint
-bones are united by cartilage
-no joint cavity, not very movable
-types: synchondroses (hyaline cartilage, ribs sternum and costal cartilage), symphyses (fibrocartilage, resists tension and compression, slightly movable to provide strength with flexibility, intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis) |
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Term
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Definition
-structural classification of a joint
-move movable type
-all are diarthroses which means they are freely movable
-all have fluid filled joint cavities |
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Term
| structure of synovial joints |
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Definition
-articular cartilage: ends of opposing bones covered with hyaline cartilage, absorbs compression
-joint cavity: holds a small amount of synovial fluid
-articular capsule: two layers, outer fibrous capsule is dense irregular connective tissue made to strengthen the joint so bones dont pull apart, inner synovial membrane is made of loose connective tissue lines the internal surfaces and makes synovial fluid
-synovial fluid: viscous like raw egg white, used to filtrate blood arising from capillaries, contains glycoprotein molecules that make it slippery for minimum friction
-reinforcing ligaments: thickened parts of the capsule, can be extracapsular (outside the capsule) or intracapsular (inside the capsule)
-nerves and vessels: detect pain and monitor stretch, vessels supply the synovial membrane basis of the fluid
-articular discs: occur in joints where bone ends have different shapes, knee, jaw, sternoclavicular, fill the space and improves fit
-bursae and tendon sheaths: closed bags of lubricant, reduce friction between body elements, bursae occurs where ligaments bones skin muscles or tendons overlie and rub together, tendon sheaths occur where tendons are subjected to friction in crowded areas, wrist |
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Term
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Definition
-type of synovial joint movement
-sliding the flat surfaces of 2 bones across eachother
-ex: movement of the wrist when waving the hand |
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Term
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Definition
-type of angular synovial joint movement
-decreasing the angle between two bones
-ex: tilting head down chin to chest, bending forward at the waist, bending knee back heel to butt, fingers by making a fist |
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Term
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Definition
-type of angular synovial joint movement
-increasing the angle between 2 bones
-ex: tilting head back at neck, bending back at waist, kicking leg forward at knee, straightening fingers as much as you can |
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Term
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Definition
-type of angular synovial joint movement
-moving a limb away from the body midline
-ex: moving arm away from body, spreading fingers apart |
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Term
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Definition
-type of angular synovial joint movement
-moving a limb toward the body midline
-ex: bringing arm toward the body, |
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Term
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Definition
-type of angular synovial joint movement
-moving a limn or finger so that it describes a cone in space
-ex: rotating arm in circle at shoulder
-combines flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction |
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Term
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Definition
-type of rotational synovial joint movement
-turning a bone around the longitudinal axis toward the medial plane
ex: rotating leg at hip toward the inside of body |
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Term
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Definition
-type of rotational synovial joint movement
-turning a bone around the longitudinal axis toward the lateral plane
ex: rotating leg at hip toward the outside of body |
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Term
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Definition
-type of synocial joint movement
-turning a bone around the longitudinal axis
-only movement allowed between the first 2 vertebrae
-subtypes that occur at the limbs
-ex: twisting vertebrae, turning head right and left |
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Term
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Definition
-special movement of movable joints
-lifting body part superiorly
-ex: closing jaw |
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Term
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Definition
-special movement of movable joint
-moving body part inferiorly
-ex: closing jaw, chewing |
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Term
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Definition
-special movement of movable joints
-moving body part in anterior direction
-ex: pushing jaw forward |
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Term
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Definition
-special movement of movable joints
-moving a body part in the posterior direction
-ex: pulling jaw in towards back |
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Term
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Definition
-special movement of movable joints
-rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly
-turning palm facing down |
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Term
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Definition
-special movement of movable joint
-rotating the forearm so the palm faces anteriorly |
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Term
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Definition
-special movement of movable joints
-moving the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers |
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Term
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Definition
-special movement of movable joints
-turning sole of foot medially
-sickeling the foot |
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Term
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Definition
-special movement of movable joints
-turning the sole of the foot laterally
-turning out the foot |
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Term
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Definition
-special movement of movable joints
-lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin
-flexing at the ankle
-corresponds to extension of the hand at wrist |
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Term
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Definition
-special movement of movable joint
-depressing the foot and elevating the heel
-pointing the toes in dance
-corresponds to flexion of the hand |
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Term
| functions of synovial joints |
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Definition
-nonaxial: bones don't move around a specific axis
-uniaxial: movement around single axis
-biaxial: movement around 2 axes, joint enables motion along frontal and sagittal planes
-multiaxial: movement around all three axes and all three body planes |
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Term
| structure of synovial joints |
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Definition
| -plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, and ball and socket |
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Term
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Definition
-shape of synovial joint
-articular surfaces are flat planes
-short gliding movements are allowed
-nonaxial movements, gliding
-ex: intercarpal, intertarsal, vertebral articular surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
-shape of synovial joint
-cylidrical end of one bone fits into a trough on another bone
-angular movement, uniaxial
-flexion/extension
-ex: elbow, interphalangeal, ankle |
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Term
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Definition
-shape of synovial joint
-uniaxial movement
-rotation
-ex: proximal radioulnar joint, joint between atlas and axis |
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Term
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Definition
-shape of synovial joint
-allow moving bone to travel side to side or back and forth
-flexion/extension, adduction/adbuction
-biaxial movement
-ex: first knuckle joints |
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Term
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Definition
-shape of synovial joint
-each articular surface has concave and convex surfaces
-biaxial movement, flexion/extention and abduction/adduction
-carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs |
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Term
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Definition
-shape of synovial joint
-spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another
-multiaxial movement
-flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, rotation
-ex: shoulder and hip joints |
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Term
| shoulder (glenohumeral) joint |
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Definition
-freely movable, lacks stability
-articular capsule is thin and loose making it freely movable
-only strong thickening of the capsule is the coracohumeral ligament which supports the weight of the upper limb, antieror part of capsule thickens slightly into 3 weak glenohumeral ligaments
-muscle tendons provide joint stability, 4 of which make up the rotator cuff, helps hold humerous to glenoid cavity
-synovial, ball and socket, diarthoric, multiaxial, flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, rotation of humerous |
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Term
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Definition
-ulna and radius with humerus
-synovial, hinge
-diarthoric, uniaxial, flexion/extension of forearm
-anular ligament connects articular capsule with humerus and ulna
-lateral and medial movements are prevented by the radial collateral and ulnar collateral ligaments
-tendons of biceps and triceps brachii provide stability |
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Term
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Definition
-hip bone and femur
-synovial, ball and socket
-diarthorotic, multiaxial, flexion/extension, adbuction/adduction, rotation, circumduction of femur
-acetabular labrum adds to depth of the acetabulum of the socket
-iliofermoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofermoral ligaments screw the femur into the acetabulum
-ligament of the head of the femur is more slack during movements, not important in stability
-muscle tendons somewhat contribute to stability, but most comes from the 3 capsular ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
-femur and tibia
-synovial, modified hinge
-diarthrotic, biaxial, flexion/extension of leg, some rotation allowed if knee flexed
-largest most complex joint
-biconcyloid structure because both bones have 2 condylar surfaces
-two fibrocartilage menisci stabilize the joint by guiding the condyles during movement preventing side to side rocking of the femur on the tibia
-extracapsular ligaments are fibular/tibial collateral, oblique popliteal, and arcute popliteal
-intracapsular ligaments are anterior cruciate (ACL) and posterior cruciate, both work to prevent undesirable movements, cross linked like an X, runs from proximal tibia to distal femur |
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Term
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Definition
-tibia and fibula with talus
-synovial, hinge
-diathrotic, uniaxial, dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot
-medial and lateral (contains 3 sub ligaments) ligaments prevent anterior and posterior slippage of the talus and the foot
-anterior an posterior tibiofibular ligaments (tibiofibular syndesmosis) stabilize the socket so that forces can be transmitted to it from the foot |
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Term
| properties of muscle tissue |
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Definition
-contractility- myofilaments responsible for the shortening of muscle cells, shorten and generate force
-excitability- nerve signals causing impulses to initiate contraction, respond to chemicals
-extensibility- stretching of muscle tissue
-elasticity- recoils to resting length after being stretched, return to original shape
-conductivity- propagate electrical signals over membrane |
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Term
| functions of muscle tissue |
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Definition
-produce movement: skeletal muscles move the bones, visceral organs squeeze fluids and such through hollow organs
-open and close body passages: sphincter muscles, muscles around mouth and eyes
-maintain posture and stabilize joints: enable body to remain standing or sitting, helps stabilize synovial joints
-generate heat: contraction produces heat to maintain normal body temp, excess generated during exercise |
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Term
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Definition
-attaches to bone
-voluntary control
-single, very long cylindrical, multinucleated cells with obvious striations, dark and light stripes
-conn tissue: epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium
-presence of myofibrils composed of sarcomeres
-two T tubules and site of invagination at each sarcomere at A-I junctions
-has elaborate sarcoplasmic reticulum which is the sorce for Ca in calcium pulse
-no gap junctions
-cells exhibit individual neuromuscular junctions
-aerobic and anaerobic |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs on wall of the heart
-involuntary control, can contract with no nervous stimulation
-branching chains of cells, uni or binucleaate, striated
-endomysium attached to fibrous skeleton of heart
-has sarcomeres but myofibrils are irregular thickness
-has T tubules and site of invagination, one at each sarcomere at Z discs, larger diameter than those of skeletal muscle
-elaborate sarcoplasmic reticulum is less than skeletal muscle
-sarcoplasmic reticulum and extracellur fluid is source of Ca for calcium pulse
-gap junctions at intercalated discs
-no neuromuscular junctions in cells
-aerobic |
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Term
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Definition
-found in walls of hollow internal organs (stomach, bladder, blood vessels, and resp. tubes)
-single, fusiform, uninucleate, lack striations in cells
-endomysium, connective tissue comps.
-no myofibrils but actin and myosin are present throughout
-no T tubules, has caveolae along the sarcolemma
-sarcoplasmic reticulum is equivalent to cardiat muscle, some contact with sarcolemma
-sarcoplasmic reticulum anf extracellular fluid is source of Ca for calcium pulse
-gap junctions in single unit muscles
-neuromuscular junctions only in multi unit muscle, not single unit
-involuntary control
-mainly aerobic |
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Term
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Definition
-outer layer, dense irregular connective tissue
-surrounds whole skeletal muscle
-sometimes blends with deep fascia that lies b/w neighboring muscles
-"outside the muscle" |
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Term
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Definition
-surrounds each fascicle
-muscle fibers are seperated into groups in skeletal muscle
-fascicle = group like bundle of sticks
-"around the muscle" |
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Term
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Definition
-loose connective tissue layer surrounding each muscle fiber within a fascicle
-"within the muscle" |
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Term
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Definition
-origin: attachment of the muscle on the less movable bone, more proximal attachment on the limbs
-insertion: attachment of the muscle on the more movable bone, more distal attachement on the limbs
-on contractions the insertion is pulled toward the origin
-belly/gaster: central region of muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
-one somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers the motor neuron innervates
-approx. 10 to 2,000 cells
-fibers are not clustered, spread throughout
-muscles requiring precise movements have few muscle fibers per each (muscles moving eyes and fingers
-bulky weight bearing muscles with less precise movements have many muscle fibers per each (hip muscles) |
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Term
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Definition
-involuntary contraction, small number of motor units, goal not to produce movement
-maintains posture, head upright, and blood pressure with the smooth muscles in walls of blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
-point where nerve ending and fiber meet aka motor end plate
-terminal boutons or axon terminals are the enlargements at the end of the axonal process that stores neurotransmitters
-synaptic cleft is the space between the terminal boutons and the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber
-ensures only one twitch of the fiber from each nerve impulse |
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Term
|
Definition
| READ OVER DIAGRAMS IN CHAPTER 10 |
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Term
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Definition
-muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement
-"against the leader"
-ex: flexion of the arm by the pectoralis major is opposed by the latissimus dorsi which is a prime mover for extension of the arm |
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Term
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Definition
-muscle that has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement
-"leader"
-ex: pectoralis major is prime mover for flexing the arm at the shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
-"together worker"
-help the prime movers either by adding a little extra force to the movement being carried out or by reducing undesirable extra movements that the prime mover may produce
-ex: muscles that flex the fingers cross both wrist and finger joints but you can make a fist without flexing your wrist because these stabilize the wrist
ex: pectoralis major will act as this to the latissimus dorsi to prevent extension and produce only adduction |
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Term
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Definition
-type of synergist that holds a bone firmly in place so that a prime mover has a stable base on which to move a body part
-ex: the muscles that fix the scapula when the arm moves, and muscles that maintain posture and stabilize joints |
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Term
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Definition
-flucrum located between the load/resistance and the point at which effort is applied, as in a see saw or scissors
-some work at mechanical advantage, some at disadvantage
-ex: head- posterior neck muscles provide the effort, atlanto occipital joins is the fulcrum, and the resistance/weight to be lifted is the facial skeleton (tilting head back) |
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Term
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Definition
-the effort is applied farther away from the fulcrum than the load, as in a wheel barrow
-small muscular effort moves a larger load, mechanical advantage
-ex: standing on tip toe, effort on the calf muscles puling up from the heel, joints on ball of foot are fulcrum, and the weight of body is load/resistance |
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Term
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Definition
-the effort is applied closer to the fulcrum than the load, as like a shovel
-load arm is longer than effort arm, work at a mechanical disadvantage
-great effort is needed but speed and distance are gained, most skeletal muscles are this type
-ex: lifting weight with one arm, effort on the proximal radius pulling up toward shoulder, fulcrum is the elbow joint, load/resistance is the hand and whatever weight it is lifting |
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Term
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Definition
-allow a given effort to move a heavier load or move a load farther
-mechanical advantage moved a large load over small distances
-mechanical disadvantage allows a load to moved over a large distance
-fulcrum: fixed point, joint
-effort: applied force, muscle contraction
-load: resistance, bone, overlying tissue, and anything lifted |
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Term
| parallel fascicle arrangement |
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Definition
-run parallel to the long axis of the -muscle
-extend from origin to insertion
-muscles are either fusiform with expanded belly like the biceps brachii of the arm, or straplike like the sartorius muscle of the lower limb |
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Term
| convergent fascicle arrangement |
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Definition
-the origin of the muscle is broad and the fascicles converge toward the tendon of insertion
-can be triangular or fan shaped
-extend the length of the muscle from origin to insertion
-ex: pectoralis major muscle |
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Term
| pennate fascicle arrangement |
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Definition
-short and attache obliquely to a tendon that runs the whole length of the muscle
-makes muscle look like a feather
-multi: fascicles instert into one large tendon from all sides, looks like many feathers, deltoid muscle
-bi: fascicles insert into the tendon from both sides, rectus femoris of the thigh
-uni: fascicles insert into one side of the tendon, extensor digtorum longus of the anterior leg |
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Term
| circular fascicle arrangement |
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Definition
-fascicles are arranged in concentric rings
-surround external body openings which close by contracting
-general name is sphincter
-ex: orbicularis oris around the mouth and the orbicularis oculi around the eyes |
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Term
|
Definition
| LOOK AT DIAGRAMS IN CHAPTER 11 |
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Term
| muscles of the extremities |
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Definition
| LOOK AT DIAGRAMS IN CHAPTER 11 |
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Term
| process of endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| LOOK AT DIAGRAMS IN CHAPTER 6 |
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