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Human Anatomy Exam 1
anatomy
156
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/02/2017

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Term
Gross Anatomy
Definition
(macroscopic): the study of structures visible to the unaided eye
Term
Microscopic anatomy
Definition
(fine): the study of structures not visible without magnification
Term
Developmental Anatomy
Definition
The study of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adulthood
Term
Embryology
Definition
first two months of development
Term
comparative anatomy
Definition
considers different types of animals
Term
medical anatomy
Definition
anatomical changes during disease
Term
Regional Anatomy
Definition
considers all structures on a specific area of the body; superficial, deep, etc
Term
systemic anatomy
Definition
study of anatomy one organ system at a time.
Term
anterior
Definition
(ventral): near the front; kneecap is on the anterior side of the body
Term
posterior
Definition
(dorsal): toward the back, dorsum
Term
rostral
Definition
toward the nose,
Term
caudal
Definition
toward the tail
Term
medial
Definition
close to the midline
Term
lateral
Definition
away from the midline
Term
supermedial
Definition
toward the head and close to the midline
Term
superlateral
Definition
toward the head and away from the midline
Term
inferiomedial
Definition
toward the feet and close to the midline
Term
inferiolateral
Definition
toward the feet and away from the midline
Term
superior
Definition
toward the head or top
Term
inferior
Definition
toward the feet or bottom
Term
proximal
Definition
close to the point of attachment
Term
distal
Definition
away from the point of attachment
Term
superficial
Definition
toward or at the body's surface
Term
deep
Definition
away from the body's surface
Term
sagittal
Definition
vertical separation into left and right
Term
mid-sagittal
Definition
divides body through midline vertically
Term
para sagittal
Definition
divides body parallel to midline
Term
coronal
Definition
(frontal); vertical seperation into front and back
Term
transverse
Definition
horizontal or cross-sectional through the longitudinal axis of the body
Term
dorsal body cavity
Definition
1. Cranial cavity: brain
2. Vertebral Cavity: spinal cord
Term
Ventral body cavity
Definition
1. Thoracic cavity: heart, lungs,
2. Abdominopelvic cavity: detective viscera, kidneys, and peritoneal cavity. (stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, gall bladder, kidneys, reproductive organs, rectum, etc).
Term
apoptosis
Definition
programmed cell death
Term
necrosis
Definition
irreversible cell death due to disease
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
covering tissue, line body surfaces & cavities, forms gland
Term
epithelial tissue functions
Definition
a. provides physical protection,
b. control permeability
c. provide sensation
d. secrete
Term
simple epithelium
Definition
one layer of cells
Term
stratified epithelium
Definition
more than one layer of cells
Term
squamous
Definition
cells wider than tall (plate like)
Term
cuboidal
Definition
cells are as wide as they are tall, like cubes
Term
columnar
Definition
cells are taller than they are wide, like columns
Term
simple squamous epithelium location
Definition
found in Alveoli of lungs, Lining of heart, blood & lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity
Term
simple squamous epithelium function
Definition
transport of materials, facilitates movement of viscera
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium location
Definition
kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary
Term
simple cuboidal epithelium function
Definition
secretion and absorption
Term
simple columnar epithelium location
Definition
lining of digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of glands,
ciliated form lines of small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus
Term
simple columnar epithelium function
Definition
absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
ciliated form propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action
Term
stratified squamous epithelium location
Definition
Keratinized-forms epidermis
Non-keratinized- forms lining of esophagus, mouth, and vagina
Term
stratified squamous epithelium function
Definition
protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium location
Definition
forms largest ducts of sweat glands
forms ducts of mammary glands and salivary glands
Term
stratified cuboidal epithelium function
Definition
protection
Term
stratified columnar epithelium location
Definition
rare tissue type
male urethra and large ducts of some glands
Term
stratified columnar epithelium function
Definition
protection and secretion
Term
transitional epithelium location
Definition
lines uterus, urinary bladder and part of urethra
Term
transitional epithelium function
Definition
stretches and permits dissension of urinary bladder
Term
pseudostratisfied epithelium location
Definition
lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract
Term
pseudostratisfied epithelium function
Definition
secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia
Term
exocrine gland
Definition
makes more than one substance like sweat, tears, saliva, or milk.
release the substances into a duct or opening to the inside or outside of the body
Term
endocrine gland
Definition
release hormones into the blood
Term
connective tissues
Definition
have extensive extracellular materials such as collagens between cells.
Term
matrix
Definition
the collective term for the extracellular component of any connective tissue that is made up of the protein fibers and the ground substance.
Term
fibroblast
Definition
connective tissue; produces fibers and maintains matrix
Term
macrophage
Definition
connective tissue; small dark nucleus, engulf damaged cells and pathogens
Term
adipocyte
Definition
connective tissue; fat cell- synthesizes and stores fat
Term
melanocyte
Definition
synthesizes & produces melanin
Term
collagen fiber
Definition
-very long, cylindrical fibers made up of three subunits coiled around one another.
–Collagen is the most common and strongest fiber.
-think pink fibers
Term
reticular fiber
Definition
single unit of collagen protein
-
Term
elastin fiber
Definition
contain the protein elastin
-thin dark stringy fibers
Term
areolar tissue
Definition
loose connective tissue
- gell like matrix with all three fiber types
- wraps and cushions organs
Term
[image]
Definition
areolar tissue
Term
adipose tissue
Definition
loose connective tissue
-closely packed adipocytes (fat cells)
- nucleus pushed to the one side
- provides reserve food fuel, insulates, and protects
- located under skin: around kidneys and eyeballs, abdomen & breasts
Term
[image]
Definition
adipose tissue
Term
reticular tissue
Definition
loose connective tissue
- form a soft inner skeleton that support other cell types like blood cells, mast cells and macrophages
- located in lymphoid organs, lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
Term
[image]
Definition
reticular tissue
Term
[image]
Definition
dense regular connective tissue
Term
[image]
Definition
dense irregular connective tissue
Term
fluid connective tissues
Definition
-blood
-lymph
Term
hyaline cartilage
Definition
-semi-rigid tissue consisting of cells (chondrocytes) embedded in a rubbery extracellular matrix
- covers ends of long bones in joints, costal cartilage of ribs, nose and trachea.
- supports and protects
Term
general functions of human body cells
Definition
-covering
-lining
-storage
-movement
-connection
-defense
-communication
-reproduction
Term
cartilage is?
Definition
avascular. _ nutrition & waste removal occurs by diffusion. little turnover of its components and has very poor capacity for repair.
Term
cartilage aging changes
Definition
some cartilages acquire calcium phosphate deposits in the matrix in older individuals. brittle and prone to fracture.
Term
elastic cartilage
Definition
- contains many elastic fibers
- more flexible than hyaline cartilage
- found in eternal ear and epiglottis
Term
fibrocartilage
Definition
- more collagen fibers than hyaline
- has characteristics of bine cartilage and dense fibrous CT
- stronger than hyaline
- found in intervertebral discs & public symphysis
- tensile strength and shock absorption
Term
bone
Definition
- mineralized, rigid extracellular matrix
- vascular and is constantly undergoing turnover and renewal
Term
muscle
Definition
- specialized for contraction
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
for voluntary movements
- striated, long, consistent
- attached to bone and occasionally skin
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
for involuntary movements
- branching, striated,
- walls of the heart
- contract and propels blood into the circulation
Term
smooth muscle
Definition
- lines internal organs
Term
neural tissue
Definition
conducts electrical signals through the body
Term
neurons
Definition
cells that transmit the electrical signals
Term
neuroglia
Definition
supporting cells of neural tissue
Term
anatomy of the bone
Definition
epiphyses
diaphysis
shaft
metaphysis
Term
epiphyses
Definition
end of long bone
wider than shaft
either entirely cartilaginous or separated from shaft w/ cartilage
Term
diaphysis
Definition
(shaft) - portion of long bone between ends
Term
metaphysis
Definition
growth zone located between epiphyses & diaphysis
Term
osteocytes
Definition
mature cells
-maintain bone tissue
Term
lacunae
Definition
small pit or hollow cavity
Term
lamellae
Definition
thin plate of bone matrix
mature bone
- layer of an onion
Term
canaliculi
Definition
extremely narrow tubular channel
oxygen/nutrient diffusion
Term
osteoprogenitor cells
Definition
found on inner and outer surfaces of the bone
Divide and differentiate to form new osteoblasts.
Term
osteoblasts
Definition
immature active cells
-inner and outer parts of the bone
-produce osteoid
-bone forming cells
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
giant multinucleated cells
- break down and remove bone tissue
- perform osteolysis
- softening/dissolution of bone
Term
periosteum
Definition
outer covering
osteoblasts are present
activated after a fracture
Term
endosteum
Definition
inner cellular lining
lives in marrow cavity
osteoblasts anf osteoclasts
Term
compact bone
Definition
outer part
-osteon
-central canal
-perforating canals
Term
spongy bone
Definition
inner part of bone
Term
yellow marrow
Definition
yellow w/ fat, found @ ends of longbones in adults
Term
red marrow
Definition
children & adult bones
required for formation of red blood cells
Term
osteoporosis
Definition
bones are weak and prone to fracture
-bone replacement does not keep up with bone removal
Term
calcium & vitamin D
Definition
calcium is required for healthy bones
vitamin D is required for uptake of calcium in the gut
Term
parathyroid hormone
Definition
removes mineral from the bone
Term
long bone
Definition
longer than wide
Term
flat bone
Definition
extensive protection or muscle attachment
pelvis, skull,
Term
sutural bone
Definition
located at sutures in the cranial
Term
short bone
Definition
as wide as they are long
carpal bones
Term
sesamoid bone
Definition
knee cap
independent bone that passes over a joint or tendon
Term
synarthroses joints
Definition
immovable joints
axial skeleton
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
head, vertebrates, ribs, sternum etc
Term
suture
Definition
found only in the skull
fibrous tissue that binds bones of the skull
allow bone growth
Term
gomphosis
Definition
between a tooth and the alveolar fossa of the maxillae or mandible
connecting ligament - periodontal ligament
Term
synchrondosis
Definition
hyaline cartilage separates the ends of bones
growth plate, epiphyseal plates
Term
amphiarthroses
Definition
slightly moveable joints
axial skeleton
Term
diarthroses
Definition
freely moveable joints
appendicular skeleton
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
arms, legs, shoulder, hips
Term
synovial joints
Definition
ends of long bones in upper and lower limbs
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
hyaline
compression absorption
Term
joint cavity
Definition
unique to synovial joints
hold synovial fluid
prevents friction
potential space
Term
articular capsule
Definition
two layered capsule
-fibrous capsule ( dense irr CT) strengthens joint
-synovial membrane (loose CT) makes synovial fluid
Term
synovial fluid
Definition
"raw egg white"
lubricates
nourishes the chondrocytes
shock absorber
Term
linear motion
Definition
Gliding
-one bone across the surface of another
-carpals & tarsus
Term
angular motion
Definition
movements change the angle between bones
Term
flexion
Definition
angle gets smaller
Term
extension
Definition
angle gets larger or flat
Term
abduction
Definition
away from midline
Term
adduction
Definition
toward the midline
Term
rotation
Definition
movement around a bone's long axis
hip & shoulder joints
Term
supination
Definition
forearm rotates laterally
"hold the soup"
palm faces anteriorly
Term
pronation
Definition
forearm rotates medially
palm faces posteriorly
"drop the soup"
Term
inversion
Definition
turning the sole medially
foot
Term
eversion
Definition
turning the sole laterally
foot
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
lifting the foots so its superior surface approaches the shin
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
depressing the foot
pointing the toes
Term
protraction
Definition
nonsingular movement of jutting out the jaw
Term
retraction
Definition
opposite movement to protraction
pulling the chin in
Term
opposition
Definition
movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers
Term
elevation
Definition
lifting a body part superior
Term
depression
Definition
moving the elevated part inferiorly
Term
plane joints
Definition
inter tarsal
inter carpal
non axial movements
gliding
Term
hinge joints
Definition
cylindrical end of bone fits into a trough on another bone
angular movement
elbow, ankle, joints between phalanges
uniaxial-allows movement around one axis only
Term
pivot joints
Definition
rotating bone only turns around its line axis
uniaxial
radiulnar joint
Term
condylar joints
Definition
biaxial
allow moving bone to travel:
-side to side (adduction/adduction)
-back and forth (flexion/extension)
biaxial
Term
saddle joints
Definition
each articular surface has concave and convex surfaces
biaxial
Term
ball and socket joints
Definition
spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another bone
multiaxial
shoulder and hip
Term
epimysium
Definition
dense regular CT that surrounds entire muscle
Term
perimysium
Definition
surrounds each fascicle
Term
fascicle
Definition
group of muscle fibers
Term
endomysium
Definition
wrapping each muscle cell
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