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HUMAN ANATOMY- EXAM III
university at buffalo ana113
330
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/11/2011

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Term
(LECTURE 30- ENDOCRINE)
endocrine gland characteristics
Definition
-secretion of hormones
-ductless glands (secrete directly into bloodstream)
-well vascularized (rich blood)
-affect activities of target tissues
-slow but long lasting effect
Term
control of hormone secretion
Definition
-negative feedback mechanism
-neural control
Term
neural control
Definition
the release of some hormones is controlled by hypothalamus of brain which secretes releasing factors
-ex GH releasing factor causes pituitary to release GH
Term
negative feedback mechanism
Definition
hormone levels=low, hormones are released
hormone level=increases, glands stop secreting hormone
Term
PITUITARY Gland (hypophysis)
Definition
-master gland
-regulates many body activities through its action on other endocrine glands
Term
Pituitary Gland: Location
Definition
-inferior surface of brain
-attached to hypothalamus
-surrounded by circle of willis
Term
Pituitary Gland: Secretion
Definition
-adenohypophysis
-neurohypophysis
Term
Pituitary Secretion: ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
Definition
-anterior lobe
-glandular portion
-produces 6 major hormones
Term
Pituitary Secretion: NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
Definition
-posterior lobe
-nervous portion
-stores and releases 2 hormones produced by hypothalamus
Term
Pituitary Gland: HORMONES
Definition
-GH
-TSH
-ACTH
-FSH
-LH
-prolactin
-oxytocin (posterior pituitary)
-ADH(posterior pituitary)
Term
Pituitary Hormone: GH
Definition
-Growth Hormone
-increases protein synthesis/mitosis
-regulates growth of most cells in the body
Term
Pituitary Hormone: TSH
Definition
-Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
-regulates the hormonal activity of the thyroid gland
Term
Pituitary Hormone: ACTH
Definition
-Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
-controls the secretins of hormones of adrenal cortex
Term
Pituitary Hormone: LH
Definition
-Luteinizing Hormone
-plays role in OVULATION
-stimulates secretion of sex hormones estrogen and testosterone
Term
Pituitary Hormone: FSH
Definition
-stimulates follicle (ova) development in the ovary and sperm in the testes
-stimulates sex hormone secretion
Term
Pituitary Hormone: PROLACTIN
Definition
-plays role in secretion of milk from the mammary glands (lactation)
Term
Pituitary Hormone: OXYTOCIN
Definition
-stimulates uterine contractions
-promotes milk ejection from breasts
-posterior pituitary
Term
Pituitary Hormone: ADH
Definition
-Antidiuretic Hormone
-affects permeability of kidney tubules to reduce excretion of water
-vasopressin: controls BP, constricts blood vessels
-posterior pituitary
Term
THYROID Gland: Location
Definition
-anterior neck
-inferior to larynx
-surrounds anterior and lateral parts of trachea
Term
THYROID Gland: Structure
Definition
-two lobes connected by an isthmus
-may contain a pyramidal lobe
-microscopic cuboidal cells
-follicle cells
Term
Thyroid Gland: Hormones
Definition
Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin
Term
Thyroid Hormone: T4 and T3
Definition
-both found in most cells of body
-regulates basal metabolic rate
Term
Thyroid Hormone: Calcitonin
Definition
-in bone
-regulates osteoclast activity and amount of calcium which leaves bone
-lowers blood Ca levels
Term
PARATHYROID Gland: Location
Definition
-embedded posterior side of thyroid
-pea shaped
Term
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Definition
-found in osteoclast, kidney, intestine
-increases blood Ca levels/osteoclast
Term
ADRENAL Glands: Location
Definition
-paired glands
-located superior to kidneys
Term
Adrenal Glands: Structure
Definition
-medulla
-cortex
Term
Adrenal Glands: MEDULLA
Definition
-inner
-activated by stress
-prepares fight/flight
Term
A. Medulla Hormone: EPINEPHRINE (catecholamine)
Definition
-found in many organs and tissues
-reinforces and prolongs sympathetic ANS
Term
Adrenal Glands: CORTEX
Definition
-outer
-responds to ACTH
Term
Adrenal Cortex: Hormones
Definition
-aldosterone
-cortisol/hydrocortisone
-androgens (estrogen/progesterone)
Term
A. Cortex Hormone: ALDOSTERONE
Definition
-works on kidneys tubules
-regulates Na and K levels
Term
A. Cortex Hormone: CORTISOL
Definition
-works on various tissues
-regulate metabolism (glucose)
-prevent of reduce inflammation
Term
A. Cortex Hormone: ANDROGENS
Definition
-works on various tissues
-supplement gonadal hormones
-promote development of secondary sex characteristics
Term
PANCREAS: Location (endo/exo)
Definition
-upper abdomen
-posterior inferior to stomach
Term
Pancreas: Structure
Definition
-exocrine
-endocrine (beta cells and alpha cells)
Term
Pancreas: EXOCRINE
Definition
-consists of cells and ducts
-production and secretion of digestive enzymes
-duodenum of small intestine
Term
Pancreas: BETA CELLS
Definition
-insulin
-all body cells
-regulates transport of glucose into cells
Term
Pancreas: ALPHA CELLS
Definition
-glucagon
-liver
-promotes conversion of glycogen to glucose
Term
PINEAL Gland: Location
Definition
suspended from root of third ventricle
Term
Pineal Gland Hormone: MELATONIN
Definition
-receives/responds to input from visual pathway
-highest at night
-may effect circadian rhythm
-inhibits hypothalamus stimulation of hormones which stimulate gonads
-delays sexual maturation
Term
(LECTURE 26- RESPIRATION I)
NOSE: nasal cavity
Definition
Boundaries: nares, nasopharynx, hard palate, skin, septum, roof
Lining: mucosa, goblet cells, blood vessels, olfactory epithelium
Term
Nasal Cavity boundaries: Nasopharynx (posterior)
Definition
-connects to middle ear via auditory tube
-contains pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
Term
Nasal Cavity boundaries: Floor (inferior)
Definition
-hard palate-maxilla/palatine bone
Term
Nasal Cavity boundaries: Skin (lateral)
Definition
Mucous membrane contain *conchae (meatuses for paranasal sinuses/nasolacrimal duct drain from these openings)
Term
Nasal Cavity boundaries: Septum (medial wall)
Definition
Anterior cartilage, posterior bone ethmoid/vomer
Term
Nasal Cavity boundaries: Roof (bridge)
Definition
-nasal, ethmoid, frontal bones
-cartilage
Term
Nasal Cavity lining: Mucosa
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Term
Nasal Cavity lining: Goblet Cells
Definition
mucous membrane of epithelium
Term
Nasal Cavity lining: Blood Vessels
Definition
very well vascularized
Term
Nasal Cavity lining: Olfactory Epithelium
Definition
-in roof; contains specialized nerve cells/fibers (CNI)
Term
Nasal Cavity: FUNCTION
Definition
-warms air
-sound resonance
-smell (relay to brain-CN1)
Term
Paranasal Sinuses
Definition
-frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
-lessen weight of bone
-sound resonance
Term
Pharynx (throat)
Definition
-5 in
-skeletal muscle
-mucous membrane of stratified squamous epithelium
-connects nasal/oral cavities to esophagus/larynx
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
-middle portion; posterior to oral cavity
-contains lingual/palatine tonsils
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
-lowermost portion (hyoid bone to larynx)
-region where food is directed posteriorly to esophagus and air is directed anteriorly to larynx
Term
Uvula/soft palate
Definition
prevent food from entering nasopharynx
Term
Larynx
Definition
-connects laryngopharynx to trachea
-C4 to C6
-triangular shaped box of 9 cartilaginous plates
Term
Larynx: 3 types of cartilaginous plates
Definition
-thyroid
-cricoid
-epiglottis
Term
Thyroid Cartilage ("Adam's Apple")
Definition
prominant anterior plate
Term
Cricoid cartilage
Definition
-signet ring shaped cartilage located inferior to thyroid cartilage
-complete ring
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
leaf shaped plate of cartilage attached posterior/inferior to thyroid cartilage
Term
Swallowing
Definition
larynx moves upward, epiglottis is tipped
Term
Vocal Cords
Definition
-located within larynx
-bands of elastic CT
-vibrate when air passes over to produce sound
Term
Trachea (windpipe): location
Definition
anterior to esophagus
-connects larynx to bronchi
Term
Trachea (windpipe): structure
Definition
-composed of 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
-fibrous CT composes posterior wall
-rigid yet flexible
-lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Term
Primary Bronchi (right and left)
Definition
-begin at sternal angle
-trachea bifurcates into right/left primary bronchi
-composed of c-shaped rings of cartilage composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelim and some smooth muscle
Term
Secondary Bronchi (lobar bronchi)
Definition
-one for each lobe of the lung
-left lung-2
-right lung-3
-increased amount of smooth muscle
Term
Tertiary Bronchi (segmental bronchi)
Definition
-one for each bronchopulmonary segment
-less cartilage, more smooth muscle
-cubiodal like epithelium
Term
Terminal Bronchioles
Definition
-only smooth muscle and epithelium
-open into alveoli ducts
Term
Alveoli
Definition
simple squamous lined rounded grapelike regions where air exchange occurs
Term
(LECTURE 27- RESPIRATION II)
LUNGS
Definition
Surfaces: medial, costal,apex,base
Pleura: visceral, parietal, pleural cavity
Term
Lung Surfaces: Medial=hilum
Definition
-hilum-region where pulmonary vessels and bronchi pass into lung tissue
Term
Lung Surfaces: Costal
Definition
in contact with ribs
Term
Lung Surfaces: Apex
Definition
extends above clavicle
Term
Lung Surfaces: Base
Definition
-concave
-fits over convex dome of diaphragm
Term
Lung Pleura
Definition
-double walled sac
-encloses and protects lungs
-composed of serous membrane that secretes pleural fluid
Term
Lung: Visceral pleura
Definition
adheres directly to surface of lung
Term
Lung: Parietal pleura
Definition
lines walls of thoracic cavity
Term
Lung: Pleural cavity
Definition
space between visceral and parietal which contains pleural fluid
Term
midclavicular line
Definition
lung rib 6 pleura rib 8
Term
midaxillary line
Definition
lung rib 8 pleura rib 10
Term
midscapular line
Definition
lung rib 10 pleura rib 12
Term
intercostal space for puncture
Definition
9
Term
alveoli
Definition
-functional units of lung
-350 million alveoli per lung
-type I and II cells
-macrophages
-capillaries
Term
type I cells
Definition
simple squamous epithelial
Term
type II cells
Definition
produce detergent like sufactant prevents sticking
Term
Lobes
Definition
left-2
right-3
Term
bronchopulmonary segments supplied by
Definition
tertiary bronchi
pulmonary arterioles/venules
Term
diaphragm
Definition
-thin, dome shaped sheet of skeletal muscle
-separates thoracic and abdominal cavities
-supplied by phrenic nerve
-contains openings for aorta, IVC, and esophagus
Term
intercostal muscles
Definition
internal and external layers of skeletal muscles which help alter size of thoracic cavity
Term
control of breathing
Definition
nervous system and peripheral chemoreceptors
Term
nervous system control
Definition
-medulla/pons are respiratory centers
-hypothalamus has input
-motor neurons contract diaphragm/intercostal muscles
-baroreceptors
Term
peripheral chemoreceptors
Definition
carotid body and aortic bodies respond to changes in pH via CO2 levels
-CN IX and X transmit message to brainstem
Term
air flows from
Definition
high to low pressure
Term
pressure can be altered by changing the size of the
Definition
thoracic cavity
Term
inspiration
Definition
-diaphragm contracts- lowers
-intercostal muscles contract-elevate ribs
-volume of throacic cavity increases, pressure decreases, air fills lungs
Term
forced expiration
Definition
abdominal muscles contract and push organs upward to decrease size of thoracic cavity
Term
(LECTURE 31-DIGESTIVE SYSTEM I)
Definition
GI Tract (alimentary canal)
-mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, SI/LI
Accessory Digestive Organs (secreted material important for GI tract): salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas
Term
lip
Definition
-obicularis oris, blood vessels, CT,skin sensory receptors
Term
Cheeks
Definition
lined with stratified squamous epithelium
Term
Hard palate
Definition
-maxilla/palatine bone
-mucous membrane
Term
Soft palate
Definition
-muscle arch
-mucous membrane
Term
Uvula
Definition
-cone shaped projection of soft palate
-deflects food into oropharynx
Term
Tongue: intrinsic muscles
Definition
-interwoven skeletal muscle
Term
Tongue: extrinsic muscle
Definition
-attached to base of tongue
-originate form other areas
Term
Tongue: dorsal surface
Definition
-papillae-taste buds
Term
Lingual tonsils
Definition
lymphoid tissue on posterior portion of tongue
Term
teeth
Definition
20 deciduous
32 permanant
-incisors, canines, premolars, bicuspids, molar
Term
peridontal membrane
Definition
-CT which lines socket
Term
gingiva
Definition
mucous membrane
Term
salivary glands
Definition
-parotid glands
-submandibular glands
-sublingual glands
Term
parotid glands
Definition
-exocrine glands
-anterior/inferior to ear
-drains near upper 2nd molar
Term
submandibular glands
Definition
-just inside mandible
-drains into floor of mouth
Term
sublingual glands
Definition
-under mucosa in floor of mouth
-drains into floor of mouth
Term
saliva
Definition
-99% water
-enzymes-lysozyme (kills bacteria, cleans teeth), amylase (starch breakdown)
-mucous
-salts (maintain pH)
Term
pharynx
Definition
-lined with stratified squamous epithelium , mucous, skeletal muscle
Term
layers of digestive tract
Definition
-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscularis
-serosa
Term
mucosa
Definition
-inner
-stratified squamous (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anal canal)
-simple columnar (stomach, intestines, lots of mitochondria)
-lamnia propia-basement membrane of mucosa
Term
submucosa
Definition
-many blood vessels (nourish mucosa/absorb nutrients)
-elastic/collagenous fibers for expansion
-nerve plexus-supply GI tract
-lacteals absorb fat
Term
muscularis
Definition
-skeletal muscle at beginning and end
-smooth muscle-inner-circular-mixes
-outer-longitudinal-propels
Term
serosa
Definition
outer covering of fibrous CT
Term
celiac/mesenteric plexus
Definition
-located around major arteries
-transmits impulses from vagus (CN X)
Term
Meissner's plexus
Definition
-located within submucosa
-controls glands and mucosal folds
Term
Myenteric plexus
Definition
-located in muscularis
-major supply to smooth muscle
Term
esophagus
Definition
-collapsible muscular tube
-connects pharynx to stomach
-posterior to trachea
-begins at larynx
-passes through hiatus in diaphragm to join stomach
Term
muscular layer of esophagus
Definition
-upper skeletal
-middle both
-lower smooth
Term
gastroesophageal sphincter
Definition
helps prevent regurgitation
Term
(LECTURE 32- DIGESTIVE SYSTEM II)
Peritoneum
Definition
serous membrane (CT) which lines the abdominopelvic cavity and supports and covers most of the organs located within this cavity
Term
parietal peritoneum
Definition
lines body cavity
Term
visceral peritoneum
Definition
covers organs
Term
peritoneal cavity
Definition
space btwn the 2 which contains small amount of peritoneal fluid
Term
special peritoneal membranes
Definition
-isolate/protect organs of abdominopelvic cavity
-support/attachment to body wall
-numerous blood/lymphatic vessels
-stores fat
-greater omentum, lesser omentum, falciform ligament, mesentary, mesocolon
Term
peritoneal membranes: GREATER OMENTUM
Definition
suspended from inferior curvature of stomach
Term
peritoneal membranes: LESSER OMENTUM
Definition
attaches lesser curvature of stomach to liver (superior)
Term
peritoneal membranes: FALCIFORM LIGAMENT
Definition
attaches liver to inferior side of diaphragm and anterior body wall
Term
peritoneal membranes: MESENTERY
Definition
attaches small intestine to posterior abdominal wall
Term
peritoneal membranes: MESOCOLON
Definition
attaches large intestine to posterior abdominal wall
Term
retroperitoneal
Definition
-not completely covered with peritoneum
-pancreas, kidney, portion of duodenum, ascending/descending colon
Term
Stomach: location
Definition
-upper left quadrant (ULQ)
-between esophagus and small intestine
-layer of stomach wall:
mucosa=columnar
submucosa=nerve/blood vessels
Term
Stomach: Regions
Definition
J shaped organ with 4 regions:
-cardiac
-fundus
-body
-pylorus (terminal part of stomach; has pyloric sphincter (skeletal muscle)-> regulates how much food gets into SI; common site for ulcers)
Term
Stomach: borders
Definition
-lesser curvature
-greater curvature
Term
stomach: layers of smooth muscle
Definition
circular, longitudinal, oblique
Term
Stomach: specializations of the inner wall (mucosal layer)
Definition
-rugae
-gastric glands
-pyloric sphincter
Term
Inner wall: RUGAE
Definition
-folds of mucosal layer
-permit stomach to distend
-increase surface area for secretion/digestion
Term
inner wall: GASTRIC GLANDS
Definition
-chief cells
-parietal cells
-mucous(goblet) cells
-enteroendocrine cells
Term
GASTRIC GLANDS: chief cells
Definition
-produce pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin for protein digestion
Term
GASTRIC GLANDS: parietal cells
Definition
produce HCl and intrinsic factor for B12 absorption
Term
GASTRIC GLANDS: mucous cells (goblet)
Definition
secrete protective mucous
Term
GASTRIC GLANDS: enteroendocrine cells
Definition
secrete hormones which influence digestive organs (gastrin)
Term
Inner wall: PYLORIC SPHINCTER
Definition
regulates what comes from stomach into duodenum
Term
Stomach: function
Definition
-mechanical mixing of food and production of chyme*
-initiates protein digestion
-storage of chyme until it passes to duodenum
-minimal absorption (some drugs, alcohol)
Term
Small Intestine: location
Definition
-extends from pyloric sphincter (URQ) to large intestine
-occupies central and lower portion of abdominal cavity
-mucous (innermost)=simple columnar
-submucosa=blood vsl, nerves, lymphatics
-muscularis=smooth muscle, serosa, CT
Term
Small Intestine: 3 Regions
Definition
duodenum, jejnum, ileum
Term
Duodenum
Definition
-c-shaped first 10 in
-retroperitoneal
-duodenal papilla
-Brunner's gland
Term
Duodenum: Duodenal papilla
Definition
opening through which bile and pancreatic enzymes enter duodenum
Term
Duodenum: Brunner's gland
Definition
secretes alkaline mucous
Term
Jejunum
Definition
middle, slightly larger lumen
Term
Ileum
Definition
-contains Peyer's patches (clusters of lymph)
Term
Small Intestine: function
Definition
-major site of chemical digestion
-mechanical mixing
-major site of absorption of nutrients
-propels undigested nutrients or materials to large intestine
Term
structural specialization of intestinal wall
Definition
-plicae circulares
-villi (microvilli, lacteals)
-intestinal glands
Term
intestinal wall: plicae circulares
Definition
deep folds of mucosa; increases surfae area (like rugae)
Term
intestinal wall: villi
Definition
fingerlike projections increase SA contain capillary network and a lacteal to transport nutrients
Term
intestinal wall: microvilli
Definition
columnar cells; promotes absorption
Term
intestinal wall: intestinal glands (crypts of Lieberkuhn)
Definition
secrete enzymes
Term
Large Intestine (colon): location
Definition
-start in LRQ
-extends superior to liver
-passes left to spleen
-descends left of pelvis
-terminates at anus
Term
Large Intestine: region
Definition
-cecum
-ascending colon
-transverse colon
-descending colon
-sigmoid colon
-rectum
-anal canal
Term
cecum
Definition
-dilated pouch at junction of small and large intestines
-ileocecal valve: prevents food from moving back up; guards opening
Term
ascending colon
Definition
located on right
Term
transverse colon
Definition
passes from right->left
Term
descending colon
Definition
left side
Term
sigmoid colon
Definition
-s-shaped from left side to center of body
Term
rectum
Definition
located in midline, leads to anal canal
Term
anal canal
Definition
passage leading to:
-anus=external opening (stratified squamous-protective epithelium)
-sphincters=guards opening
Term
internal anal sphincter
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
external anal sphincter
Definition
skeletal muscle (some control)
Term
hepatic flexure (right colic flexure)
Definition
ascending/transverse colon
Term
splenic flexure (left colic flexure)
Definition
-descending colon and transverse colon
Term
structural specialization of the wall of large intestine
Definition
-taeniae coli
-haustra
-epiploic appendages
Term
L.I Wall: taeniae coli
Definition
3 bands of smooth muscle
Term
L.I Wall: haustra
Definition
sac like regions
Term
L.I Wall: epiploic appendages
Definition
fat filled pouches
Term
Large Intestine: function
Definition
-completes absorption of water*
-manufactures vitamins
-contains normal flora
-formation, storage, expulsion of feces
Term
Appendix: location
Definition
-LRQ
-retrocecal (behind cecum)
Term
Appendix: structure
Definition
-fingerlike projections 2-3 in
-blind pouch
-contains lymph tissue
Term
(LECTURE 33- DIGESTIVE SYSTEM III)
Liver: location
Definition
-URQ
-just beneath diaphragm; partially protected by rib cage
(2nd largest organ)
Term
Liver: lobes
Definition
-right, left
-quadrate/caudate (posterior)
Term
falciform ligament
Definition
portion of peritoneum which attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and to the diaphragm
Term
ligamentum teres
Definition
-fibrous cord which extends from liver to umbilicus
-derived from umbilical vein of fetus
Term
Liver: lobule
Definition
-hepatocytes
-bile canaliculi
-central vein
-sinusoids
-portal triad
Term
liver lobule: hepatocytes
Definition
-glandular cuboidal cells
-arranged in "plates" or rows
Term
liver lobule: bile canaliculi
Definition
-small channels passing between rows of cells which transport bile secreted by liver cells
Term
liver lobule: central vein
Definition
-collects blood and transports to hepatic vein and onto IVC
Term
liver lobule: sinusoids
Definition
passageways which transport blood past hepatocytes
Term
liver lobule: portal triad
Definition
portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic duct (union of canaliculi)
Term
Liver: blood supply
Definition
hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
Term
Liver: flow of blood
Definition
-hepatic artery/hepatic portal vein
-liver/sinusoids
-central vein
-hepatic vein
-IVC
Term
Liver: function
Definition
-synthesis/storage
-removal of toxic substances
-Kupffer cells (phagocytes)
Term
Liver: synthesis/storage
Definition
-bile, glycogen, blood proteins (albumin, clotthing factors), vitamin (ADEK)
-removal of toxic substances**
-kupffer cells: phagocytize aged RBC, bacteria, ect
Term
Liver: composition of bile (yellowish green fluid)
Definition
-water
-cholesterol
-bile pigments
-bile salts
Term
Bile: function
Definition
emulsification of fats
Term
bilirubin
Definition
-bile pigment
-breakdown product of hemoglobin
Term
Bile: pathways for secretion
Definition
-canaliculi
-right/left hepatic ducts
-gall bladder (cystic duct)/small intestine (common bile duct)
Term
common bile duct
Definition
hepatic and cystic duct
Term
gall bladder: location
Definition
attached to inferior posterior surface of liver
Term
gall bladder: structure
Definition
-pear shaped sac
-lined with mucosa which absorbs water and contains smooth muscle to expel bile
Term
gall bladder: function
Definition
concentration, storage, expels bile
Term
pancreas: location
Definition
-posterior abdominal wall
-posterior stomach
-extends from spleen to duodenum
-retroperitoneal
Term
pancreas: structure
Definition
-glandular organ that contains several different cell types and an elaborate duct system
-head body tail
Term
pancreas: function
Definition
-exocrine-produces pancreatic enzymes which digest food in small intestine
-endocrine-insulin, glucagon
Term
(LECTURE 34- URINARY SYSTEM I)
Kidneys
Definition
-paired organs located in abdominal cavity
-3 types formed during embryonic development (3rd type become permanent during 8th week)
-urine expelled into amniotic fluid
-formed in pelvis->upper post of abdomen
Term
Kidney: location
Definition
-abdominal cavity
-retroperitoneal
-T12-L3
Term
Kidney: function
Definition
-clears blood of waste products/toxins
-regulates concentration of substances in body (water,salt)
-produces erthropoetin (affects RBC production)
-produces renin (influences BP)
Term
Kidney: structure
Definition
-lima bean shape
-hilum
Term
Kidney: Hilum
Definition
-indentation on medial side
-renal vessels enter/leave
-ureter leaves (transports urine)
Term
Kidney: coverings
Definition
-renal capsule-inner CT
-perirenal fat-adipose tissue
-renal fascia-CT that anchors kidney
Term
internal kidney
Definition
-renal cortex
-renal medulla
-major/minor calyces
-renal pelvis
Term
Internal Kidney: renal cortex
Definition
-outer
-contain glomeruli
Term
Internal Kidney: renal medulla
Definition
-inner
-contains primary tubules and vessels
Term
Internal Kidney: major/minor calyces
Definition
-funnel shaped chambers which receive urine produced by nephron
-located in renal pyramid
-join to form renal pelvis
Term
Internal Kidney: renal pelvis
Definition
-dilated, uppermost portion of ureter
-located at hilum
Term
Kidney: bloody supply
Definition
-renal artery
-afferent arterioles
-glomerulus
-efferent arterioles
-peritubular capillaries
-venules
-renal vein
Term
Kidney: vascular portion
Definition
glomerulus and peritubular capillaries
Term
Kidney: Glomerulus
Definition
-specialized network of capillaries
-in renal cortex between afferent/efferent arterioles
-composed of fenestrated epithelium
Term
Glomerulus: fenestrated epithelium
Definition
specialized epithelium in which there are spaces between cells
Term
Kidney: peritubular capillaries
Definition
-branches off efferent arteriole
-empty into kidneys venous system
-site of reabsorption of water and other substances
Term
TUBULAR portion of nephron
Definition
Bowman's capsule
Term
Bowman's capsule
Definition
-double walled cup shaped
-surrounds glomerulus
-lined with epithelium
-podocytes
-filtration slits
-selectively permeable
Term
Bowman's capsule: podocytes
Definition
specialized cells with extensions that surround glomerular capillaries
Term
filtration slits
Definition
spaces between foot processes guarded by a thin membrane
Term
filtration barrier
Definition
-fenestrated epithelium
-basement membrane of glomerular capillary
-thin membrane covering filtration slit
Term
drainage order
Definition
-proximal convoluted tubule
-loop of Henle
-distal convoluted tubule
-common collecting tubules
-renal pyramids
-minor/major calyces
-renal pelvis
-urinary bladder
-urethra
Term
(LECTURE 35- URINARY II)
Ureters: location
Definition
-renal pelvis to bladder
-retroperitoneal
Term
Ureters: structure
Definition
-muscosa: transitional epithelium
-submucosa: nerves/blood vessels
-muscularis layer: smooth muscle, fibrous CT
Term
Urinary bladder: location
Definition
-posterior to pubic bone
-anterior to rectum
-inferior to peritoneum
Term
Urinary bladder: extent
Definition
empty: within pelvic cavity
full: extends into abdomen (may reach umbilicus)
Term
Urinary bladder: layers
Definition
-mucosa: innermost, rugae, transitional epithelium
-submucosa: supports mucosa, nerves/blood vessels
-muscularis: smooth/detrusor muscle
-serosa: CT
Term
Urinary bladder: function
Definition
store/expel urine; PARASYMPATHETIC
Term
Urethra: location
Definition
neck of bladder to urethral orifice
Term
FEMALE urethra: structure
Definition
-urinary only
-3 cm (prone to UTI)
-urethral orifice between labii minor
-anterior to vaginal orifice
Term
MALE urethra: structure
Definition
-urinary and REPRODUCTIVE
-20 cm
-urethral orifice at end of penis
Term
Male Urethra: regions
Definition
-prostatic
-membranous
-penile
Term
Male: Prostatic urethra
Definition
-passes through prostate
-receives secretions from prostate and ejaculatory duct
Term
Male: Membranous urethra
Definition
pass through urogenital diaphragm
Term
Male: Penile urethra
Definition
within penis; ends at urethral orifice
Term
Urethral Sphincter
Definition
Internal: involuntary, smooth muscle
External: voluntary; skeletal muscle
Term
Steps to MICTURATION (urination)
Definition
-involuntary/voluntary responses
-bladder fills
-stretch receptors send message to sacral region
-parasympathetic nerve impulses travel to detrusor (contracts) and internal urethral sphincter (relaxes)
-brain perceives urgency to urinate
-brain relays efferent impulse to external urethral sphincter (pudenal nerve)to relax
Term
(LECTURE 36- Male Reproductive)
Testes: location/function
Definition
-outside of pelvic cavity within scrotum
-sperm/testosterone production
-well vascularized; surrounded by CT
Term
Testes contain:
Definition
-seminiferous tubules
-interstitial cells of Leydey
-mature sperm
Term
Testes: seminiferous tubules
Definition
-functional unit
-site of sperm production
-developing spermatogonia
-Sertoli cells
Term
Seminiferous Tubules: SERTOLI cells
Definition
-nurse cells
-line tubules and produce nutrients to maintain developing sperm
Term
Testes: Interstitial cells of Leydig
Definition
-part of endocrine
-produce and secrete testosterone
Term
Testes: mature sperm
Definition
-head body tail
-acrosome (located at top of head, enzymes to penetrate ovum)
-23 chromosomes
Term
Sperm: life expectancy
Definition
48-72 hours after ejaculation at body temp
Term
Sperm: per ejaculation
Definition
50-150 million/mL
Term
Sperm that reach ovum
Definition
200-400
Term
Inguinal Canal
Definition
allows passage of the spermatic cord and testes out of the abdomen into the scrotum
Term
Testes: Spermatic cord
Definition
*Very Tiny Penises Need Love
-vas deferens
-testicular artery
-pamipiniform plexus of veins
-nerves
-lymphatics
Term
Epididymis: location
Definition
attached to posterior surface of testes
Term
Epididymis: structure and contents
Definition
-17 ft coiled tube containing millions of sperm
Term
Epididymis: function
Definition
-stores sperm
-transports sperm from testes to vas deferens
Term
(Ductus)/Vas Deferens: location
Definition
-passes from scrotum within the spermatic cord to enter pelvis
Term
vas deferens: structure
Definition
fibromuscular tube
Term
vas deferens: function
Definition
transports sperm from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
Term
ejaculatory duct
Definition
-posterior to prostate
-passes through prostate gland to join the prostatic urethra
-formed by union of vas deferens and duct of seminal vesicles
Term
vasectomy
Definition
cut vas deferens to prevent sperm from entering urethra
Term
Accessory Glands
Definition
-seminal vesicles
-prostate gland
Term
Seminal vesicles: location
Definition
posterior to bladder near base
Term
seminal vesicles: structure
Definition
glandular organ which contain smooth muscle to release contents
Term
seminal vesicles: function
Definition
-produce alkaline secretion rich in fructose for sperm (60% sperm's energy)
-secretes prostaglandins to cause uterine contractions to help sperm move
Term
prostate gland: location
Definition
-inferior to neck of bladder
-surrounds prostatic urethra
Term
prostate gland: function
Definition
-secretes alkaline fluid containing enzymes to neutralize acidic vagina
Term
Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands: location
Definition
muscular layer of pelvic floor
Term
Bulbourethral glands: structure
Definition
small gland with a duct opening into the urethra
Term
Bulbourethra: function
Definition
secrete mucous like fluid which lubricates urethra
Term
Scrotum
Definition
-sac-like structure covered by fascia (CT) and skin
-contains muscle fibers (Cremaster muscle**)--> regulates temp and position of testes
-optimum temp for sperm production 95F
Term
(LECTURE 37- Female Reproductive)
Ovaries: location
Definition
-lateral wall of abdominopelvic cavity
-approx at lvl of anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Term
Ovaries embedded in:
Definition
tissue connected to both lateral pelvic wall and the uterus
Term
Ovaries: function
Definition
-production of mature ova, estrogen, progesterone (NEED FSH AND LH)
Term
Ovary Medulla
Definition
contains nerves and blood vessels
Term
Ovary Cortex
Definition
contains follicles
Term
Ovary: primordial (primary) follicles
Definition
-immature (ova and surrounding capsule)
-approx 400,000 at birth
-secondary follicles
Term
Ovary: Graafian follicles
Definition
-mature ova
Term
Ovary: corpus luteum
Definition
-"glandular" structure which develops from follicle after ova has been extruded
-secretes estrogen and progesterone
Term
Ovary: corpus albicans
Definition
degenerated corpus luteum
Term
ovaries contain ____ follicles at birth
Definition
400,000
Term
follicles that develop into mature ova
Definition
400
Term
Fallopian tubes: location
Definition
extend laterally from uterus
Term
Fallopian tubes (oviduct): structure
Definition
-10 in long muscular tube
-funnel shaped end
-fimbriae: fingerlike projections
Term
Fallopian tubes: function
Definition
-communicate with uterus (rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle)
-transport ova from ovaries to uterus
-site of fertilization
Term
Uterus: location
Definition
-between bladder and rectum
-anteflexed (tilted slightly anteriorly)
Term
Uterus: function
Definition
-provides a site for implantation/developing of fertilized ova
-capable of contracting to aid in delivering
Term
Uterus: structure
Definition
-hollow pear shaped
-thick muscular walls
-fundus, body, cervix
-4 paired ligaments
Term
Uterine wall
Definition
-perimetrium
-myometrium
-endometrium
Term
Uterine wall: perimetrium
Definition
thin, outer CT
Term
Uterine wall: myometrium
Definition
smooth muscle; affected by oxytocin- stimulates contraction
Term
Uterine wall: endometrium
Definition
-mucosal layer
-stratum functionale
-stratum basale
Term
Endometrium: stratum functionale
Definition
-superficial
-shed during menstruation
Term
Endometrium: stratum basale
Definition
-deep to stratum functionale
-very vascular
-rebuild tissue shed during menstruation
Term
Vagina (Birth Canal): location
Definition
posterior to bladder/urethra, anterior to rectum
Term
Vagina: fornices
Definition
spaces formed by protrusion of cervix into vagina (posterior/lateral/anterior fornix)
Term
Vagina Structure: hymen
Definition
membrane which may partially cover vaginal orifice
Term
Vagina Structure: vaginal wall
Definition
-mucosal layer
-muscular layer: smooth muscle
-fibrous layer: outermost, CT
Term
vaginal wall: mucosal layer
Definition
-innermost, stratified squamous
-secrete acidic environment
Term
Vulva (external genitalia): mons pubis
Definition
-pad of adipose tissue
-covers symphysis pubis
Term
Vulva: labia majora
Definition
thickened longitudinal folds of skin which protect genitalia
Term
Vulva: labia minora
Definition
small folds of skin located medial to labia majora
Term
Vulva: clitoris
Definition
-small rounded projection of erectile tissue
-anterior to urethral orifice
Term
Vulva: vestibule
Definition
-region enclosed by labia minora
-contains vaginal and urethral orifices
Term
Vulva: vestibular glands(Bartolin's gland)
Definition
secretes mucous into vestibule
Term
perineum
Definition
triangular region bounded by pubic arch, coccyx, ischiopubic rami
Term
Mammary Glands
Definition
-modified sweat glands and adipose tissue
-exocrine; uses ducts
-overlies pectoralis major
-extends from rib 2-6
Term
Mammary Glands: lobes
Definition
glandular tissue separated by adipose tissue
Term
Mammary Glands: lobules
Definition
-alveoli: sacs that secrete milk
-suspensory ligaments of Cooper: CT
-lactiferous duct: carries milk from gland to nipple (PROLACTIN)
Term
Mammary Glands: nipple
Definition
-T4
-areolar (dark area)
Term
Mammary Glands: lymphatic drainage
Definition
75% of lymph drains towards axillary nodes
Term
(LECTURE 38- Reproductive Cycle)
reproductive cycle occurs every
Definition
28 days
Term
Ovarian cycle
Definition
-production/release of ovum, estrogen+ progesterone (FSH+LH)
Term
Uterine/Endometrial cycle
Definition
prepares for implantation
Term
menstrual cycle (part 1)
Definition
-hypothalamus secretes FSH releasing factor
-anterior pituitary secretes FSH
-FSH stimulates follicle maturation
-follice produces estrogen
-estrogen causes endometrium to thicken
Term
menstrual cycle (part 2)
Definition
-anterior pituitary secretes LH
-LH stimulates ovulation and development of corpus luteum
-corpus luteum secretes estrogen/progesterone
-estrogen/progesterone cause endometrium to further develop
Term
Egg not fertilized
Definition
-corpus luteum degenerates
-concentration of hormones
-blood vessels of uterine lining constrict
-stratum functionale of endometrium sloughs away (menstrual flow)
Term
ovulation on day
Definition
14
Term
egg is fertilized
Definition
-fertilized egg travels to uterus
-implantation occurs
-HCG is produced by fetal membranes
-HCG prevents degeneration of corpus luteum
-corpus luteum maintain endometrium
-placenta develops and takes over production of hormones for corpus luteum (which degenerates)
Term
fertilization
Definition
-sperm travel through vagina and enter cervix of uterus
-300-500 million killed by acidic environment
-sperm pass through uterus and enter fallopian tubes with aid of contraction of myometrium
-fertilization occurs in fallopian tubes
Term
ovum only capable of being fertilized
Definition
24 hours after ovulation
Term
sperm can remain viable in reproductive tract for
Definition
48 to 72 hours
Term
implantation/placenta development (1-4)
Definition
-fertilized ovum takes about 6 days to reach uterus
-implantation occurs in posterior wall of body of uterus
-developing embryo burrows in endometrium of uterus until it is completely enclosed in a layer of maternal tissue
-placenta develops from maternal and fetal tissue
Term
implantation/placenta development (5-8)
Definition
-villi penetrate the endometrium until they are surrounded by pools of maternal blood which comes from uterine vessels
-internal iliac arteries of fetus give off two umbilical arteries which travel through umbilical cord and penetrate these villi
-oxygen and other nutrients diffuse from maternal blood into fetal blood (no mixing)
-fetal blood returned through umbilical
Term
Path of Sperm
Definition
*Seven Up
-seminal vesicle
-epididymis
-vas deferens
-ejaculatory duct
-urethra
-penis
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