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Human Anatomy and Physiology
Ch. 2 + 3
211
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/25/2017

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Term
Mass
Definition
anything that occupies space and has mass. amount of matter a substance contains.
Term
weight
Definition
force of gravity acting on mass
Term
3 states of matter
Definition
solid, liquid, and gas
Term
Elements
Definition
substances that can't be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions
Term
Elements are given chemical symbols
Definition
O = oxygen
C = carbon
H = hydrogen
N = nitrogen
Term
Elements found in the body
Definition
C, H, O, and N– 96%
Ca, P, K, S, Na, Cl, Mg, I, and Fe– 3.6%
Trace elements like I, and Cu– 0.4%
Term
Atoms
Definition
smallest portion of an element that retains its chemical properties
Term
Atoms consist of subatomic particles
Definition
Electrons
Protons
Neutrons
Term
Atoms
Definition
Electrons orbit the nucleus
Term
Number of protons and electrons in an atom
Definition
add up to zero
Term
atoms are electrically
Definition
neutral
Term
atomic number
Definition
number of PROTONS in the nucleus of an atom
Term
mass number
Definition
number of protons AND neutrons in an atom. Isotopes
Term
Carbon (C)
Definition
Atomic number = 6
Mass number = 12 or 13
Atomic mass = 12.01
Term
Ion
Definition
an atom that has lost or gained an electron
Term
Molecule
Definition
2 or more atoms sharing electrons
Term
Compound
Definition
a substance that can be broken down into 2 or more different elements
Term
Characteristics of Electrons
Definition
They move through regions of 3-D space called orbitals (electron shells)
Term
Electrons furthest from the nucleus have the most energy and are called
Definition
valence electrons
Term
valence electrons
Definition
participate in chemical reactions
Term
the 1st electron shell holds
Definition
2 electrons
Term
all remaining shells hold
Definition
8 electrons
Term
Ionic Bonds
Definition
involves the transfer of electrons. produces ions.
Term
ions
Definition
electrically charged particles
Term
cation
Definition
positively charged particle
Term
anion
Definition
negatively charged particle
Term
Covalent bond
Definition
sharing of electrons b/w atoms in which the valence shells of both atoms are filled
Term
Na, Sodium
Definition
1 valence electron
Term
H2
Definition
Covalent bond
Term
CH4
Definition
Covalent bond
Term
Hydrogen Bonds
Definition
Very weak attraction
Readily formed & broken
Water molecules bond this way
Term
Synthesis reaction
Definition
anabolism
Combination of 2 or more atoms to form larger atoms
Joining amino acids (a.a) to make protein

A + B → AB
Term
Decomposition reaction
Definition
catabolism
Breakdown of a chemical substance
Digestion, breakdown of protein into amino acids (a.a.)

AB → A + B
Term
Exchange reactions
Definition
Part synthesis, part decomposition
Maintenance of acid/base balance

AB + CD → AD + BC
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O
HCl + NaHCO3 → H2CO3 + NaCl
Term
Reversible reaction
Definition
Products may revert back to the reactants


ADP + P <=> ATP
Term
inorganic compounds
Definition
water
Term
water
Definition
most abundant substance in all living things
Water is the “universal solvent”
Term
substances that readily interact w/water are
Definition
hydrophilic -“water loving”
Term
Substances that do not interact with water are
Definition
hydrophobic -“water fearing”
Term
water participates in chemical reactions
Definition
Hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis
Term
hydrolysis
Definition
adds a water molecule, breaking a bnd
Term
Dehydration synthesis
Definition
removal of water molecule, has unlinked monomer (H2O) to create longer polymer.
Term
water has a high
Definition
specific heat
Term
water has a high
Definition
heat of vaporization
Term
lubricant
Definition
mucus in our body fluids
Term
ethanol
Definition
lower heat capacity than water but higher than hexane
Term
acid
Definition
a substance that dissociates in solution to yield hydrogen cations & an anion
Term
acids are proton
Definition
donors
Term
acids are very
Definition
reactive
Term
acid examples
Definition
HCL, H2SO4, lactic acid, acetic acid
Term
base
Definition
a substance that dissociates in solution yielding hydroxide anions & a cation
Term
bases are proton
Definition
acceptors
Term
bases are
Definition
reactive
Term
bases examples
Definition
KOH, NaOH, NH3
Term
negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration
Definition
Ex: If the H+ con.= 10-7, then the pH= 7
Term
A solution w/a pH of 1 has a
Definition
H+ conc. 10x that of a solution w/a pH of 2
Term
pH scale
Definition
Measures from 0 – 14
Term
pH < 7
Definition
acid
Term
pH > 7
Definition
base
Term
pH = 7
Definition
neutral [distilled water]
Term
Normal pH range for plant and animal cells is
Definition
7.2 – 7.4
Term
10(0)
Definition
increasingly acidic
Term
10(-14)
Definition
increasingly basic (alkaline)
Term
Battery acid
Definition
0.0 acidic
Term
Lye
Definition
14.0 basic
Term
buffer
Definition
help to regulate pH by converting strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases
H+ + HCO3- H2CO3
Term
Salts
Definition
Dissociates into anions and cations when dissolved in water
Term
Salt Examples
Definition
NaCl, KCl, CaCl
Term
Salts are important in the body
Definition
Teeth and bones. Lymph, blood, and interstitial fluid.
Term
Acid
Definition
HCl. H+ Cl-
Term
KOH
Definition
Base. K+ OH-
Term
KCl
Definition
Salt. K+ Cl-
Term
Carbon
Definition
Organic compounds always contain carbon
Term
Many carbons can combine in a
Definition
variety of shapes
Term
Carbon compounds do not
Definition
dissolve easily in water
Term
Carbon compounds are a good
Definition
source of energy
Term
Organic Compounds Example
Definition
Carbohydrates
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
Contain C, H, and O
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
simple sugars, building blocks of complex carbs. Hexoses.
Term
Hexoses
Definition
contain 6-carbon mol. Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose
Term
Glucose
Definition
blood sugar
Term
Fructose
Definition
fruit sugar
Term
Galactose
Definition
component of milk sugar
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
composed of 2 monosaccharides linked together. Maltose, sucrose, and lactose
Term
Maltose
Definition
glucose + glucose (malt sugar)
Term
Sucrose
Definition
glucose + fructose (table sugar)
Term
Lactose
Definition
glucose + galactose (milk sugar)
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
largest group of carbohydrates consisting of repeating units of simple sugars. Starch and Glycogen.
Term
Starch
Definition
Chief energy storage in plants. Ex. Potatoes, rice, and corn. Contains Glucose monomer.
Term
Glycogen
Definition
Chief energy storage in animals. stored mainly in liver and muscle tissue. Contain Glucose monomer.
Term
Cellulose
Definition
A Polysaccharide. Most abundant carbohydrate (50% or more of all carbon in plants). Structural carbohydrate. Most animals can't digest cellulose. Cellulose provides us w/fiber in our diet. Contains Glucose monomer.
Term
Lipids
Definition
Non-polar, insoluble in water. Composed most of C and H, w/few O. Long term energy storage. Insulation. Protection.
Term
Types of Neutral Fats
Definition
Long term energy reserve. Saturated Fatty Acids.
Term
Saturated Fatty Acids
Definition
All carbons are saturated w/the maximum # of hydrogen atoms. Found in animal products - lard and butter, and plants - vegetable shortening. solid at room temp. Pack closely together in artery walls. Molecules are linear. Block arteries and promote atherosclerosis. Ex. Palmitic acid (C15H31COOH)
Term
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Definition
Neutral Fat. Carbons aren't fully saturated w/hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbon chain contains double bonds. Double bonds create a bend or kink in molecule. Molecules aren't linear, they don't pack together. 2 types. Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated. Ex. Oleic acid (C17H33COOH) Monounsaturated.
Term
Triglycerides or triacylglycerols
Definition
Neutral fat. Composed of glycerol molecule attached to 3 fatty acids. Ex. Palmitic acid (C15H31COOH) Saturated, contains Ester linkage to link Stearic acid (C17H35COOH) Saturated, and Oleic acid (C17H33COOH) Monounsaturated.
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Important in the formation of plasma membranes. Composed of Phosphate group, 2 fatty acid tails, and 1 glycerol.
Term
Phosphate group
Definition
hydrophilic
Term
2 fatty acid tails
Definition
hydrophobic
Term
1 glycerol
Definition
hydrophilic
Term
Polar head in phospholipid
Definition
contains phosphate group
Term
Nonpolar tails
Definition
part of chemical structure of a phospholipid
Term
Cell membrane of a phospholipid includes
Definition
Arranged as: Polar heads, Nonpolar tails, polar heads
Term
Steroids
Definition
Cholesterol, Bile salts, Steroid hormones, and Vitamin D
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
structural component of plasma membranes
Term
Bile salts
Definition
break large fats into smaller ones
Term
Examples of steroids
Definition
Cholesterol, Estradiol, Testosterone, and Cortisol
Term
Cholesterol Steroid
Definition
Hydrocarbon tail, Hydroxyl group, 4 rings
Term
Estradiol
Definition
an estrogen or female sex hormone
Term
Testosterone
Definition
a male sex hormone
Term
Vitamins
Definition
Carotenes, E, and K
Term
Carotenes
Definition
Yellow-orange pigments in egg yolks, carrots, and tomatoes. Needed for vision.
Term
E
Definition
Promote wound healing, prevent scarring, antioxidant
Term
K
Definition
Blood clotting
Term
Proteins - functions
Definition
Structural components, Growth and repair, Enzymes, Hormones and chemical messengers, defense, Transport, Movement
Term
Proteins - composition and arrangement
Definition
Composed of C, H, O, N (some have P and S). Amino acids are building blocks. R group (side chain) - gives proteins their unique properties, each a.a. differs in their R group. 20 diff a.a.
Term
Amino Acids
Definition
nonpolar, polar, and electrically charged
Term
Nonpolar Amino Acids
Definition
Ex. Glycine (Gly) H3N+, H, C, H, C, O, O-
Term
Polar Amino Acid
Definition
Serine (Ser). H3N+, H, C, CH2, OH, C, O, O-
Term
Electrically Charged Amino Acid
Definition
Aspartic Acid (Asp). H3N+, H, C, CH2, C, O-, O, C, O, O-
Term
Joining of amino acids to form proteins
Definition
Join by condensation. Form a peptide bond.
Term
Peptide bond
Definition
covalent carbon/nitrogen bond. Ex. Glycine + Alanine >(Dehydration synthesis) <(Hydrolysis) Glycylalanine(a dipeptide) + Water
Term
Organization of Proteins
Definition
Primary structure (amino acid sequence): peptide bond > Secondary structure (twisting and folding of neighboring amino acids, stabilized by hydrogen bonds): Alpha helix and Beta pleated sheet > Tertiary structure (3D shape of polypeptide chain) > Quaternary structure (arrangement of two or more polypeptide chains)
Term
Alteration of Protein Structure
Definition
Biological activity can be disrupted by a change in a.a. sequence. Changes in 3D structure can also disrupt the activity: Heat and Changes in pH. Results of these changes: Protein unfolds due to breaking of H bonds and ionic interactions. This is called DENATURATION.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Substrate go into Enzyme, Product is released from Enzyme. An enzyme is a catalyst in a living cell. Enzymes lower the amount of energy required for a reaction to take place. Enzymes are: Highly specific, Extremely efficient, and Subject to cellular controls. The Energy of reactants is higher than the energy of products. The Activation energy needed w/out catalyst is higher than the activation energy needed w/catalyst. The longer the progress of the reaction, the lower the potential energy.
Term
Nucleic Acids - functions
Definition
Transmit hereditary information. Determines what protein the cell makes. There are 2 types: DNA and RNA.
Term
DNA
Definition
Deoxyribonucleic acid: comprises the genes and all information for synthesizing proteins. Double stranded.
Term
RNA
Definition
Ribonucleic acid: uses the information from DNA to synthesize the proteins. Single stranded.
Term
Building blocks of nucleic acids - Nucleotides
Definition
Nucleic acid's determined by the order of the nucleotides. Nucleotides are composed of: 5-carbon sugar, Phosphate group, and Nitrogen base.
Term
Base pair
Definition
part of nucleic acid. G---C
Term
Nitrogenous Bases
Definition
Portion of a DNA molecule. Phosphate group, Deoxyribose sugar, Hydrogen bond. Strand 1 and Strand 2. Key to bases: A=Adenine, G=Guanine, T=Thymine, C=Cytosine.
Term
ATP
Definition
Adenosine triphosphate. Primary energy molecule in all cells.
Term
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Definition
Adenosine (adenine and ribose). Phosphate groups.
Term
The cell can be subdivided into 3 parts
Definition
1. Plasma (cell) membrane 2. Cytoplasm (Cytosol and Organelles) 3. Nucleus (Chromosomes and Genes)
Term
Parts of a Cell
Definition
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Plasma Membrane
Term
The Plasma Membrane
Definition
The plasma membrane is a flexible yet sturdy barrier that surrounds and contains the cytoplasm of the cell. Contain phospholipids.
Term
Functions of the Plasma Membrane
Definition
Serves as a barrier b/w the outside and inside of the cell. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Cellular communication. Selectively permeable.
Term
The bulk of the plasma membrane is made of
Definition
phospholipids. Amphipathic.
Term
Amphipathic
Definition
molecules w/both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Term
Membrane Fluidity
Definition
Membranes are FLUID STRUCTURES because most of the membrane lipids and many membrane proteins move easily in their bilayer. Contains Phospholipids.
Term
Cholesterol stabilizes the
Definition
membrane and reduce membrane fluidity. It wedges itself b/w the fatty acid tails. Keeps the membranes fluid at low temps and stable at high temps.
Term
Membrane Proteins
Definition
There are 2 types of membrane proteins: Integral proteins(also called transmembrane) and Peripheral proteins
Term
Membrane Permeability
Definition
Plasma membranes are selectively permeable: The lipid bilayer is ALWAYS permeable to small, non-polar, uncharged molecules. Transmembrane proteins that act as channels or transporters help to increase the number of items that can enter the cell. Macromolecules are only able to pass through the plasma membrane by BULK TRANSPORT.
Term
Movement of Materials Across the Plasma Membrane
Definition
Transport processes that move substances across the cell membrane are: Passive processes and Active processes.
Term
Passive processes
Definition
no energy required. Simple diffusion. Facilitated diffusion. Osmosis.
Term
Active processes
Definition
requires the use of ATP to move molecules in and out of the cell. Active transport and Vesicular transport
Term
Passive Processes
Definition
Simple Diffusion: Random movement of molecules from an area of HIGH CONCENTRATION to an area of LOW CONCENTRATION. Only small, non-polar molecules can pass this way. ex: O2 and CO2
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
POLAR MOLECULES and LARGE IONS can't diffuse through the membrane like oxygen because the hydrophobic tails won't allow them to pass. They must use integral proteins to cross the plasma membrane.
Term
The processes involved in Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
Channel mediated facilitated diffusion, Carrier mediated facilitated diffusion. Concentration gradient goes in.
Term
Channel Mediated Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
Details of the K+ channel. In Extracellular fluid.
Term
Carrier Mediated Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
Glucose in the Extracellular fluid
Term
Diffusion: A Comparison
Definition
Simple diffusion just goes through, Channel-mediated facilitated diffusion goes through but with the help of a thing, Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion goes into a thing but can't actually go through without it.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Diffusion of water. Passive Transport.
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
Hypotonic Solution, Isotonic Solution, and Hypertonic Solution
Term
Hypotonic Solution
Definition
Water goes in
Term
Isotonic Solution
Definition
Water goes in and out
Term
Hypertonic Solution
Definition
Water goes out
Term
Water moves to
Definition
Hypertonic areas
Term
ISOTONIC, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic
Definition
Isotonic solution: The concentration of solutes is equal both inside and outside the cell. This is the normal solution for a cell. Has Normal RBC shape.
Term
Hypotonic solution
Definition
The concentration of solutes inside the cell are HIGHER than outside the cell. If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the cell will swell and burst -LYSIS. THE CELL TAKES ON WATER FROM THE ENVIRONMENT. RBC undergoes HEMOlysis.
Term
Hypertonic solution
Definition
The concentration of solutes are higher outside the cell than inside the cell. If a cell's placed in this solution, it will shrivel up - CRENATION. THE CELL WILL LOSE WATER BY OSMOSIS TO THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT. RBC undergoes crenation.
Term
Active Processes
Definition
Active Transport: Active transport requires the use of energy (ATP) to move molecules in and out of the cell. Molecules move AGAINST their concentration gradient. Molecules move from LOW to HIGH concentration. Uses integral proteins.
Term
Sodium-Potassium Pump
Definition
The pump's the protein complex the ions pass through. ATP powers the pump.
Term
Bulk Transport
Definition
Exocytosis: Removal of waste products or necessary secreted products from the cell.
Endocytosis: Phagocytosis "cell eating" and Pinocytosis "cell drinking"
Term
Parts of a Cell: Cytoplasm
Definition
Cytosol and Organelles
Term
Cytosol
Definition
intracellular fluid portion of the cytoplasm
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
Microfilament, Intermediate filament, and Microtubule
Term
Centrosome/Centrioles
Definition
Details of centrosome: Pericentriolar material and Centrioles
Arrangement of microtubules in centrosome: Microtubules (triplets)
Centrioles: in Pericentrolar material
Term
Flagella
Definition
Extension of the cytoskeleton, Usually occur singly or in pairs, Long, whip-like, Only human example: sperm
Term
Cilia
Definition
Extension of the cytoplasm, Numerous, Short, hair-like, Found in human respiratory tract. Helps to "sweep" out foreign particles. Ex. Cilia lining the trachea.
Term
Arrangement of microtubules in cilium or flagellum
Definition
Has Doublet microtubules inside. There's a central pair of microtubules. Plasma membrane and Basal body.
Term
Ciliary movement
Definition
Movement of liquid goes one way. The Cilium moves like a whip over the Cell surface with a Power stroke one way and a Recovery stroke the other.
Term
Flagellar movement
Definition
Like a rope at the gym. The movement of the cell goes opposite the Flagellar movement. The flagellar movement moves away from the cell surface.
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Contains rRNA and proteins. Free Ribosomes: synthesize proteins for use inside the cell. Attached Ribosomes: synthesize proteins for export out of the cell or membrane.
Term
Details of ribosomal subunits
Definition
Large subunit + Small subunit > Complete functional ribosome
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Details: Nuclear envelope, then Rough ER, which has Ribosomes, then Smooth ER
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ER
Definition
Synthesizes: Fatty acids, Phospholipids, and Steroids. Detoxifies chemicals including alcohol, pesticides, and carcinogens
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ER
Definition
Stores newly synthesized proteins. Modifies newly synthesized proteins. Prepares proteins for export out of the cell.
Term
Golgi Complex
Definition
Transport vesicle from rough ER goes in the Entry or cis face, medial cisterna, Transfer vesicles on outside, Exit or trans face, Secretory vesicles
Term
Synthesized protein
Definition
go in Transport vesicle
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Autophagy- break down and recycles worn out cell parts. In WBC's they digest bacteria and other cellular invaders. Autolysis (necrosis)- destruction of the host cell; results from trauma. Have Digestive enzymes.
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
Peroxisomes are structures that are similar in shape to lysosomes, but are smaller and contain enzymes that use oxygen to oxidize (break down) organic substances.
Term
Proteasomes
Definition
barrel-shaped structures that destroy unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins by cutting long proteins into smaller peptides
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Details: Outer mitochondrial membrane, inner mitochondrial membrane, mitochondrial matrix, lined by Mitochondrial cristae, contain little Ribosomes, which contain little Enzymes
Term
Function of Mitochondria
Definition
Generate cellular energy in the form of ATP. Aerobic cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + O2 > CO2 + H20 36-38 ATP. Anaerobic cellular respiration: C6H12O6 > lactic acid + 2 ATP
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Details of the nucleus: Nucleus, Chromatin, Nuclear envelope, contain Nuclear pore, Polyribosome, Rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Term
Nucleus
Definition
The nucleus contains the cell's hereditary units, called genes, which are arranged in chromosomes.
Term
Gene Expression
Definition
Step 1: Transcription. In the Nucleus (which inside the Cytoplasm, inside the Plasma membrane), the DNA turns into RNA, then through the Nuclear pore Step 1: Translation. The RNA has Ribosome and Protein.
Term
Protein Synthesis: Transcription
Definition
DNA's copied onto a strand of RNA to direct protein synthesis. Transcription occurs in the nucleus. Overview: DNA has promoter. A-U T-A G-C C-G
Term
Protein Synthesis: Translation
Definition
Translation - reading the mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the newly formed protein. Translation occurs in the nucleus.
Term
Components of a ribosome and their relationship to the mRNA and protein during translation.
Definition
mRNA goes into small subunit. Protein goes into Large subunit. The mRNA binding site is in the small subunit. The Large subunit has E, P, and A site.
Term
Protein Synthesis During Trnascription
Definition
Summary of movement of ribosome along mRNA. 1. Initiator tRNA attaches to a start codon. 2. Large and small ribosomal subunits join to forma functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site. 3. Anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs w/next mRNA codon at A site. 3. Amino acid on tRNA at P site forms a peptide bond w/amino acid at A site. 5. The two-peptide protein created from the formation of the peptide bond becomes attached to tRNA at A site. 6. Ribosomeshfits by one codon: tRNA previously at P site enters E site and is released from ribosome; tRNA previously at A site is now at P site. 7. Protein synthsis stops when the ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA.
Term
Cell Division
Definition
a process by which cells reproduce themselves. Cell cycle
Term
G1 phase
Definition
8-10 hours. Cell metabolically active; duplicates organelles and cytosolic components; centrosome replication begins.
Term
S Phase
Definition
DNA replicated (8 hrs) Interphase
Term
G0
Definition
Exit from cell cycle (nondividing cell)
Term
G2 Phase
Definition
Cell growth continues; enzymes and other proteins and synthesized; centrosome replication complete. 4-6 hours
Term
Mitotic (M) Phase
Definition
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Term
Interphase
Definition
G1 Phase, S, G2 Phase. Centrosome: Centrioles, Pericentriolar material, Nucleolus, Nuclear envelope, Chromatin, Plasma membrane, Cytosol
Term
Mitotic Phase: Prophase
Definition
During prophase chromatin condenses into chromosomes
Term
Prophase
Definition
Early, Centromere in center of Chromosome (two chromatids joined at centromere). Late, Kinetochore, Mitotic spindle (microtubules), Fragments of nuclear envelope.
Term
Mitotic Phase: Metaphase
Definition
During metaphase centromeres of chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
Term
Mitotic Phase: Anaphase
Definition
During anaphase centromeres of chromosomes split and sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Early, chromosomes are separated. Late, separate more and there's cleavage furrow.
Term
Mitotic Phase: Telophase
Definition
During telophase the mitotic spindle dissolves, chromosomes regain their chromatin appearance, and a new nuclear membrane forms. Has deeper Cleavage furrow.
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
During cytokinesis a cleavage furrow deepens and eventually the cytoblasm of the parent cell fully splits. When this is complete, interphase begins.
Term
anaphase>telophase>identical cells in interphase
Definition
anaphase is early
Term
Events of the Somatic Cell Cycle
Definition
Interphase: period b/w cell divisions
G1 Phase: metabolically active cell duplicates most of its organelles and cytosolic components; replication of chromosomes begins. (Cells that remain in the G1 phase for a very long time, and possibly never divide again, are in G0)
S phase: replication of DNA and centrosomes
G2 Phase: Cell growth, enzyme and protein synthesis continue; replication of centrosomes complete.
Mitotic phase: Parent cell produces identical cells w/identical chromosomes
Mitosis: Nuclear division; distribution of 2 sets of chromosomes into separate nuclei.
Prophase: Chromatin fibers condense into paired chromatids; nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear
Metaphase: Centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate
Anaphase: Centromeres split; identical sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles of cell.
Telophase: Nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear; chromosomes resume chromatin form; mitotic spindle disappears
Cytokinesis: Cytoplasmic division; contractile ring forms cleavage furrow around center of cell, dividing cytoplasm into separate and equal portion
Term
Control of Cell Destiny
Definition
3 possible destinies: 1. Remain alive and functioning w/out dividing. 2. Grow and divide. 3. Die.
Term
Aging and Cells
Definition
As we age: Our cells gradually deteriorate in their ability function normally and in their ability to respond to environmental stresses. The numbers of our body cells decreases. We lose the integrity of the extracellular components of our tissues.
Term
Free radicals
Definition
molecules that are highly reactive w/other cellular structures because they contain unpaired electrons
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