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Human Anatomy and Physiology
CH. 1
98
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/22/2017

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Term
Anatomy
Definition

study of structure & the relationship among structures
Term
Physiology
Definition
study of the functions of body parts
Term
Levels of Biological Organization
Definition
Atom
Molecule
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Term
There are 11 major body systems:
Definition
Integumentary (ch.5)
Skeletal (ch. 6-9)
Muscular (ch. 10-11)
Nervous (ch. 12-15)
Endocrine (ch. 18)
Cardiovascular
(ch.19-21)
Lymphatic (ch. 22)
Respiratory (ch. 23)
Digestive (ch. 24-25)
Urinary (ch. 26- 27)
Reproductive
(ch. 28-29)
Term
Basic Life Processes
Definition
All living things have certain characteristics that distinguish them from nonliving things
Term
Life processes in humans include
Definition
metabolism
responsiveness
movement
growth
differentiation
reproduction
Term
Organisms regulate their metabolic processes
Definition
metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism, important in maintaining homeostasis
Term
metabolism
Definition
sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Term
catabolism
Definition
breakdown of complex molecules into simpler substances
Term
Anabolism
Definition
building of complex molecules from simpler ones
Term
Responsiveness
Definition
ability to respond to changes in the internal & external environment
Term
Stimuli
Definition
any physical or chemical change in the environment that elicits a response
Term
Movement:
Definition
Motion of organelles, cells, organs, body
Term
Growth
Definition
increase in the number or size of cells & organism
Term
Development
Definition
changes that take place during the life of an organism
Term
Differentiation
Definition
change that a cell undergoes to develop from unspecialized → specialized
Term
Organisms reproduce
Definition
formation of new cells, there are 2 types
Term
asexual
Definition
only one parent is involved
Mitosis
Term
mitosis
Definition
Provides for genetic continuity
Growth
Repair
Replacement
Term
sexual
Definition
2 parent cells are involved
Meiosis
Term
meiosis
Definition
Provides genetic variability
Ex. Sperm & egg unite to form a zygote
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body’s internal environment
Homeostasis is maintained by regulatory processes
When homeostasis is disrupted, disease, disorder, or even death may result.
Term
Control of Homeostasis
Definition
Stimulus (disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a) > Controlled Condition (that's monitored by) > Receptors (INPUT - that send nerve impulses or chemical signals to a) Control Center (OUTPUT - that receives the input and provides nerve impulses or chemical signals to) > Effectors (that bring about a change or) > Response that alters the controlled condition > Return to homeostasis when the response brings the controlled condition back to normal >
Term
Control of Homeostasis: Negative Feedback
Definition
Stimulus (disrupts homeostasis by increasing) > Controlled Condition (blood pressure) > Receptors (baroreceptors in certain blood vessels, INPUT - nerve impulses) > Control Center (brain, OUTPUT - nerve impulses) > Effectors (heart, blood vessels) > Response (a decrease in heart rate and the dilation of blood vessels cause blood pressure to decrease > Return to homeostasis when the response brings blood pressure back to normal >
Term
Control of Homeostasis: Positive Feedback
Definition
Contractions of the wall of the uterus force the baby's head or body into the cervix (increasing) > Controlled condition (stretching of the cervix) > Receptors (stretch-sensitive nerve cells in the cervix, INPUT - nerve impulses) > Control Center (brain, OUTPUT - brain interprets input and releases oxytocin) > Effectors (muscles in the wall of the uterus, contract more forcefully) > Response (baby's body stretches the cervix more > Interruption of the cycle: The birth of the baby decreases stretching of the cervix, thus breaking the positive feedback cycle OR > Increased stretching of the cervix causes the release of more oxytocin, which results in more stretching of the cervix >
Term
Positive Feedback
Definition
There's no intermediate situation
Term
Negative Feedback
Definition
Equilibrium
Term
Basic Anatomical Terminology
Definition
Body positions
Regional names
Directional terms
Planes and sections
Body cavities
Term
Anatomical position
Definition
a standardized method of observing or imaging the body that allows precise and consistent anatomical reference.
Standing feet together
Facing the observer
Arms at side
Palms facing forward
Term
Regional Names
Definition
Regional names are names given to specific regions of the body for reference.
Term
Cephalic (Head)
Definition
Cranial (skull), Facial (face)
Term
Cervical
Definition
Neck
Term
Axillary
Definition
armpit
Term
Brachial
Definition
arm
Term
Antecubital
Definition
front of elbow
Term
Antebrachial
Definition
forearm
Term
Carpal
Definition
wrist
Term
Palmar or volar
Definition
palm
Term
Digital or phalangeal
Definition
fingers
Term
Femoral
Definition
thigh
Term
Patellar
Definition
anterior surface of knee
Term
Crural
Definition
leg
Term
Pedal (foot)
Definition
Tarsal (ankle), Digital or phalangeal (toes)
Term
Hallux
Definition
great toe
Term
Dorsum
Definition
top of foot
Term
Pubic
Definition
pubis
Term
Manual
Definition
hand
Term
Pollex
Definition
thumb
Term
Inguinal
Definition
groin
Term
Coxal
Definition
hip
Term
Umbilical
Definition
navel
Term
Mammary
Definition
breast
Term
Abdominal
Definition
abdomen
Term
Thoracic
Definition
chest
Term
Sternal
Definition
breastbone
Term
Mental
Definition
chin
Term
Oral
Definition
mouth
Term
Nasal
Definition
nose
Term
Buccal
Definition
cheek
Term
Otic
Definition
ear
Term
Orbital or ocular
Definition
eye
Term
Temporal
Definition
temple
Term
Frontal
Definition
forehead
Term
Upper Limb
Definition
Lower Limb
Term
Occipital
Definition
base of skull
Term
Scapular
Definition
shoulder blade
Term
Vertebral
Definition
spinal column
Term
Olecranal or cubital
Definition
back of elbow
Term
Dorsal
Definition
back
Term
Lumbar
Definition
loin
Term
Sacral
Definition
b/w hips
Term
Gluteal
Definition
buttock
Term
Perineal
Definition
region of anus and external genitals
Term
Popliteal
Definition
hollow behind knee
Term
Sural
Definition
calf
Term
Plantar
Definition
sole
Term
Directional Terms
Definition
used to precisely locate one part of the body relative to another
Term
Lateral<--->Medial<--->Lateral
Definition
Midline
Term
Proximal
Definition
away from digits
Term
Distal
Definition
toward digits
Term
Superior
Definition
above
Term
Inferior
Definition
below
Term
Planes & Sections
Definition
imaginary flat surfaces that are used to divide the body
Term
Parasagittal plane
Definition
lateral on nipple
Term
Transverse plane
Definition
horizontal at hip
Term
Frontal plane
Definition
lateral front
Term
Midsagittal plane
Definition
through midline, lateral
Term
Oblique plane
Definition
slanted
Term
Body Cavities
Definition
spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
Term
Cranial cavity
Definition
formed by cranial bones and contains brain
Term
Vertebral canal
Definition
formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves
Term
Thoracic cavity
Definition
chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and the medastinum
Term
Pleural cavity
Definition
a potential space b/w the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung
Term
Pericardial cavity
Definition
A potential space b/w the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart.
Term
Mediastinum
Definition
Central portion of thoracic cavity b/w the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.
Term
Abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity's the pertoneum
Term
Pelvic cavity
Definition
Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction
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