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Human Anatomy
The Respiratory System (Chapter 23)
55
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
12/14/2009

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Cards

Term
Name 4 functions of the respiratory system.
Definition

1. Transports (air to lungs)

2. Exchanges (CO2 and O2 between air and blood)

3. Produces (sound, speech, laughing, crying)

4. Sense of smell

5. Controls pH level (of body fluids by releasing H+ ions)

6. Regulates (blood pressure)

7. Creates pressure gradients which help with the flow of lymph and venous blood

8. Deep breaths help with expelling abdominal contents (childbirth, urination, etc.)

Term
What is the difference between, external and internal respiration, and breathing?
Definition
External is from the lungs to the blood, while internal is from the blood to cells. Breathing is air to the lungs.
Term
What 2 systems supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide?
Definition
The respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
Term
What are the 3 structures of the upper respiratory system (superior to the larynx)? What are their functions?
Definition

1. The nose

2. Nasal cavity

3. Pharynx

 

Their functions include air intake, moistening, filtering and sensing.

Term
What are the 4 structures of the lower respiratory system? What are their 3 main functions?
Definition

1. Larynx

2. Bronchi

3. Trachea

4. Lungs

 

Functions include sound production, transporting air, and exchanging gas.

Term
What three parts project from the noses lateral septum walls? What are beneath these parts?
Definition
The superior, middle, and inferior nasal conchae in the nasal cavity. Beneath each are their corresponding meatuses-superior, middle, and inferior.
Term
What does the narowness and turbulence of the meatuses caused by the concae ensure?
Definition
That most air contacts the mucous membrane on its way through. Air sticks to the mucus and the air picks up the moisture and heat from the mucosa.
Term
What does the nose do to keep an unobstructed airflow? What enables it?
Definition
Heat and moisture the air picks up from the mucosa enables the nose to cleanse, warm and humidifty the air more effectively than if the air han an unobstructed flow.
Term
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses and what are they lined with? What cavity connects them?
Definition

Sphenoid, ethmoid, frontal and maxillary.

 

They are lined with a mucous membrane and are connected by the cavity.

Term
What do paranasal sinuses do? Where do they empty into?
Definition

They lighten the anterior portion of the skull, produce mucus, and add response to the voice (and sound production).

 

Paranasal sinuses empty into the nasal cavities.

Term
What type of tissue lines the nasal cavity (except the vestibule) and the upper respiratory system? What is special about this type of tissue for this system? What does the tissue have that helps the system?
Definition

Respiratory epithelium, psuedostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, has many goblet cells that secrete mucus. The cilia entraps and removes dust and other particles.

 

It also moistens incoming air and dissolves airborne chemicals for olfactory sensation. Capillaries under the epithelium warm incoming air.

Term
Is cilia immobile in olfactory epithelium?
Definition
Yes!
Term
How long is the pharynx? What are it's 3 regions?
Definition

The pharynx is about 5 inches (13 cm), and extends from the choanae to the larynx.

 

1. Nasopharynx

2. Oropharynx

3. Laryngopharynx

(all shared by digestive and respiratory systems)

Term
What tube empties into the nasopharynx? What type of tonsils are found here?
Definition
The eustachian (auditory) tube empties into it, and it contains pharyngeal ("adenoids") tonsils.
Term
Where is the oropharynx located? Which 2 types of tonsils does it have, and what do they have?
Definition

The space between the soft palate and root of the tongue. It extends inferiorly, sometimes as far as the hyoid bone, and its anterior border is formed by the tongue base and openings of the oral cavity into the pharynx.

 

It contains the palatine and lingual tonsils, which have antibody response to the flu, polio, diphteria, and others.

Term
Where does the laryngopharynx begin and end? What is the type of tissue in the nasopharynx? The other two?
Definition

It begins where the other two regions meet, at the level of the hyoid bone. It passes downward, posteriorly to the larynx. It endswhere the esophagus begins near the cricoid cartilage.

 

Nasopharynx=psuedostratified columnar

Other two=stratified squamous

Term
What is the difference between what it passes, and what the other 2 pharynxs pass?
Definition
The nasopharynx only passes air, while the other two pass air, food and drink.
Term
Which region holds the pharyngeal tonsils? How about the oropharynx? The laryngopharynx has no tonsils.
Definition

Nasopharynx=pharyngeal tonsils

 

Oropharynx=palatine and lingual tonsils

Term
Of the 9 cartilages in the larynx, which 4 connect the laryngopharynx to the trachea? Which cartilage has 2? Lightly describe each. Where in the larynx are they located?
Definition

1. Thyroid cartilage-the largest, covers anterior&lateral larynx. "Adams apple" (stimulates growth)

 

2. Cricoid cartilage-forms a complete ring, connects larynx to trachea. Located inferior to the thyroid cartilage.

 

3. The epiglottis (glottis=opening to trachea) is the superior opening of the larynx, surrounds larynx

 

4. 2 arytenoid cartilages-posterior to thyroid cartilage, connect with two corniculate cartilages for speech function (they are attached to the vocal cords)

Term
What structure are the arytenoid cartilages attached to? (besides the larynx)
Definition
Vocal cords.
Term
What do the extrinsic muscles of the larynx do during swallowing? (4 steps)
Definition

1. Extrinsic muscles pull larynx upward toward the epiglottis

2. The tongue pushes the epiglottis downward to meet it

3. The epiglottis closes the airway

4. The epiglottis directs the food and drink into the esophagus behind it

Term
What does the larynx do during swallowing? (5 steps)
Definition

1. Tongue forces bolus into the oropharynx

2. Larynx is elevated

3. The epiglottis covers the glottis

4. Pharyngeal muscles push the bolus into the esophagus

5. The larynx returns to its normal position

Term
Which lung is shorter than the other?
Definition
The right is shorter.
Term
What are the 4 bronchii? Where are they in the lungs?
Definition

The trachea divides into left and right bronchii.

 

Before entering the lung, the right main (primary) bronchus gives off a superior lobe, which enters the hilum of the lung together (the lobar and primary bronchii). The primary bronchii then divide into secondary bronchi, giving each lungs its own secondary bronchus.

Term
What two cartilages make up the "voice box" (larynx)?
Definition
The cricoid and thyroid cartilages. They form the "box".
Term
How many lobes do the lungs have?
Definition
5-3 right, 2 left.
Term
Describe the 6 steps, briefly, of the dividing and growth of the "respiratory tree".
Definition

1. The trachea divides into primary R&L bronchii

2. Primary bronchi divide into secondary bronchi

3. Secondary bronchi divides into tertiary bronchi

4. Tertiary bronchi divides many times, giving rise to the bronchioles

5. Bronchioles divide into 50-80 terminal bronchioles (65,000 per lung!), then respiratory bronchioles

6. The respiratory bronchioles divide into 2-10 alveolar ducts, which end in alveoli.

Term
What are the alveoli? How many are there in the lungs? What occurs during the exchange?
Definition

Alveoli are microscopic little sacs that provide 70m2 of surface area for gas exchange with blood.

 

The exchange occurs through diffusion (high to low concentration), the greater oxygen in alveoli instead of capillary beds moves to the bed.

 

There are 150 million in the lungs.

Term
What 2 layers make up the respiratory membrane?
Definition

1. Wall of capillary

2. The wall of the alveolus

Term
What are the 3 main cell types in the lungs? Which is the most abundant? Which takes part in exhalation?
Definition

1. Squamous Alveolar Cell (Type I)--lines alveolis, allows diffusion of gases. Covers 95% of the alveolar surface area.

 

2. Great Alveolar Cell (Type 2)--repair alveolar epithelium when squamous alveolar cells are damaged, secrete pulmonary surfactant (coats alveoli and smallest bronchioles), which prevents collapse during exhalation. Think of surfactant as soap that doesn't allow sinking.

 

3. Macrophages (dust cells)--most abundant, remove dust particles and carbon from the mucus in the higher parts of the respiratory tract. This keeps alveoli clean. They also eat loose cells and bacteria from infected/bleeding lungs.

Term
What is the hilus? What is it near?
Definition
The hilus is a slit through the lung, located on the medial "doorway" surface of the lung, where the primary bronchus, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit. Also called the '"root" of the lung.
Term
What do the pulmonary arteries do? What color are they?
Definition
The lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries. They are blue.
Term
What do the pulmonary veins? What color are they?
Definition
They drain the oxygenated blood and are red.
Term
What is the difference between intrapleural and intrapulmonary?
Definition

Intrapleural-pressure in the pleural cvavity

Intrapulmonary-pressure in the lung

Term
Because the intrapleural has more pressure, what does it do to the chest? What would less pressure do?
Definition

Intrapleural pressure allows the lungs to "stick" to the thoracic cage and move along with it.

 

Less pressure would inflate the chest cavity!

Term
What are the 3 muscles used in breathing? What does each do? Which is the prime mover and which is the synergist?
Definition

1. Diaphgram--separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity, prime mover

 

2. The internal&external intercostal muscles-synergists to the diaphgragm, stiffen thoracic cage during respiration to prevent inward caving when the diaphgragm descends.

Term
What is the difference between inspiration and expiration? What is the air doing? What about the diaphragm and ribs?
Definition

Inspiration=diaphgragm contracts, ribs elevate. Thoracic cavity is enlarged because air is flowing IN.

 

Expiration=diaphragm is released, ribs depress. Thoracic cavity is reduced because air is flowing OUT.

Term
What is the DRG responsible for? Where is it located? How do the axons move?
Definition

The dorsal respiratory group is located in the medulla oblangata and is responsible for inspiration.

 

Axons move via the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm, and via intercostal nerves to the external intercostal muscles.

Term
What is the VRG responsible for? Where is it located? What does it aid in that the DRG does not?
Definition

The ventral respiratory group is active during both inspiration and expiration. It is located in the medulla oblangata, just anterior to the DRG.

 

It is important in heavy breathing because it stimulates abdominal muscles and other accessory muscles which produce deep breaths.

Term
What are the pneumotaxic centers? Where are they located?
Definition
They are in the pons and they regulate the shift from inspiration to expiration, as well as modify the pace of respiration.
Term
What happens to breaths if the output is strong? Weaker?
Definition

The stronger the output, the breath comes shorter and the respiratory rate faster.

 

Weak input produces slow, long breaths.

Term
What is emphysema? What can appear late in the disease? What permanent change can occur?
Definition
Chronic inflammation that promotes lung fibrosis and airways collapse during expiration. Patients have to use a large amount of energy to exhale, and overinflation of the lungs leads to a permanently expanded barrel chest. Cyanosis can appear late in emphysema.
Term
What is chronic bronchitis? What other disease is common for one with CB? What two symptoms can occur early?
Definition

When mucosa of the lower respiratory passages become severely inflammed, mucus production increases. Pooled mucus impairs ventilation and gas exchange. Pneumonia is common because the risk of lung infection increases. Cyanosis and hypoxia (low oxygen) can occur early.

 

 

Term
What decreases in the lungs with age? Name 3. What does this put elderly people in danger of?
Definition

Lung elasticity, volume of air inhaled, blood oxygen levels, and stimulating effects of carbon dioxide all decrease with age.

 

This puts them in danger of respiratory tract infections.

Term
What is asthma?
Definition
A spasm of bronchioles.
Term
Sound coming from the larynx is formed into words by what 4 body parts?
Definition

1. Pharynx

2. Oral Cavity

3. Tongue

4. Lips

Term
How do intrinsic muscles control the vocal cords?
Definition
They pull on the corniculate and arytenoid cartilages, causing them to pivot. The arytenoid cartilages abduct or adduct the vocal cords then.
Term
How is high-pitched sound produced? Low-pitched?
Definition

Air forced between the tight adducted vocal cords makes them vibrate, producing high-pitch.

 

When abducted, they are more relaxed and therefore make low-pitched sound.

Term
What is a major difference between male and female vocal cords?
Definition
Adult males have thicker, longer vocal cords that vibrate slower and produced lower-pitched sounds than females.
Term
How is 'loudness' produced?
Definition
Force of the air passing between the vocal cords.
Term
What two types of input receptors do respiratory centers all have?
Definition

Chemoreceptors-peripheral and central

 

Stretch&irritant receptors

Term
Where are peripheral receptors found? What do they do?
Definition

They are found in the aortic arch and carotid bodies.

 

They respond to changes in pH, PCO2, and PO2.

Term
What do central receptors do? Where do they reside?
Definition
They are found in the medulla oblangata, and respond to pH changes in the CSF.
Term
What type of muscle are stretch receptors found in? What 3 places? What do they do?
Definition

Stretch receptors are found in smooth muscle of the bronchi, bronchioles and visceral pleura.

 

They inhibit overinflation of the lung via the vagus nerve.

Term
Where might irritant receptors be found? What do they do?
Definition

They are found in the epithelium of the airway and respond to smoke, dust, pollen, cold air, etc. Communicates with DRG.

 

i.e. coughing!=bronchoconstrict=hold breath=etc.

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