Term
| Where does the gastrointestinal tract start and end? |
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Definition
| It extends from the mouth to the anus. |
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Term
| What are the 6 accessory organs of the GI? |
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Definition
| Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
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Term
| What are the 6 organs that make up the digestive tract? |
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Definition
| Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine. |
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Term
| Name 3 functions of the digestive system. |
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Definition
1. Ingestion (intake) of food
2. Digestion (mechanical&chemical breakdown) of food
3. Absorption (uptake of nutrients) into blood and lymph
4. Compaction (absorbing water and making feces)
5. Defacation (elimination) |
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Term
| What are the 4 tunic layers of tissue of the digestive tract? (from inner to outer) |
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Definition
1. Mucosa-Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis Externa-Circular layer, longitudinal layer
4. Serosa-Areolar tissue, mesothelium |
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Term
| What are some functions of the mucosa? |
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Definition
| Absorbing nutrients, secreting mucus, protects against invaders (contains lymphoid and plica tissue), and has extensive capillaries for absorption. |
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Term
| What does MALT stand for? |
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Definition
| Mucosa-associated-lymphoid-tissue. |
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Term
| What does the submucosa contain? |
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Definition
| Exocrine glands secrete buffers and enzymes, nerves contain sensory neurons, and parasympathetic ganglia (nervous stomach), and MALT. |
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Term
| What layers does the muscularis externa contain? |
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Definition
| Concentric layers of smooth muscle, inner circular layer, and outer longitudinal layer. |
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Term
| Where is serosa found? Where is it not found? |
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Definition
| Serosa, the visceral peritoneum, is not present in the mouth, pharynx, or esophagus. It is found in the outer layer of the stomach and both intestines. |
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Term
| What types of tissues does the mucosa contain? |
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Definition
| Mucosa-Simple columnar epithelium, Lamina propria-loose connective tissue, muscularis mucosa-layer of smooth muscle and stratified squamous epithelium. |
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Term
| What does muscularis mucosa do to the mucosa? |
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Definition
| It tenses it, which creates ridges that enhance surface area and nutrient absorption. It improves digestion and absorption. |
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Term
| What type of tissue is in the submocsa? |
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Definition
| A thick layer of loose connective tissue. |
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Term
| What are the two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa? What does the circular layer form? |
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Definition
| Smooth layers-inner encircle, outer longitudinal. The circular layer can form valves and sphincters that regulate material through the digestive tract. |
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Term
| What type of tissue makes up the serosa? Where does it begin and end? |
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Definition
| A thin layer of aerolar tissue topped with mesothelium. It begins in the lower esophagus and ends before the rectum. |
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Term
| What kind of tissue surrounds the pharynx, rectum and most of the esophagus? |
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Definition
| Fibrous connective adventitia. |
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Term
| Define peristalis. Which muscle contracts first-circular or longitudinal? |
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Definition
| The mixing and moving of digestive material. Circular muscles contract first. |
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Term
| What are the 3 ways for cells to contract without moter innervation? |
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Definition
1. They can be adjacent to another with motor innervation
2. Response to chemicals, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, or irritation
3. Pacesetter cells-muscle undergoes random depolarization. |
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Term
| What are the 4 organs of the oral cavity? Where are they found? What does each part do? |
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Definition
1. Hard palate-separates oral cavity from nasal cavity, found in the anterior mouth. It aids the tongue in holding and moving food.
2. Soft palate-posterior mouth, separates oral cavity from nasopharynx during swallowing.
3. Uvula-hangs from soft palate to prevent food from entering the pharynx too soon.
4. Tongue-skeletal muscle with mucosa, lingual frenulum connects tongue to floor of mouth, papillae assist tongue in moving material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Moistens the mouth and mucous membranes, inhibits bacterial growth, lubricates and dissolves food, and begins carb digestion. |
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Term
| What elements are found in saliva? Name 3. |
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Definition
1. Salivary amylase (starch digestion)
2. Electrolytes
3. Lingual lipase (fat digestion)
4. Mucus
5. Lysosomes
6. Immunoglobulin A (an antibody that inhibits bacterial growth) |
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Term
| Where are extrinsic salivary glands located? |
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Definition
| Large organs located outside oral mucosa that communicate with the oral cavity by ducts. |
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Term
| What are the 3 intrinsic glands? What do they do? |
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Definition
| There's an indefinite number of lingual, labial and buccal glands that secrete saliva. |
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Term
| What are the 3 extrinsic glands? Describe them. |
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Definition
1. Parotid gland-beneath the ear lobe, duct passes masseter muscle, largest gland.
2. Submandibular gland-secretes the largest amount of saliva, contains ions and buffers, located in body of mandible.
3. Sublingual gland-smallest gland, located on floor of the mouth. |
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Term
| Mumps is the inflammation of what gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is salivation? What two nerves are involved? |
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Definition
| Neurons in the medulla and pons receive signals from the mouth and brains cranial nerves VII&IX (facial and vagus). |
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Term
| What are the 4 regions of the stomach? Where are they located? |
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Definition
1. Cardia-next to cardiac sphincter
2. Fundus-above cardia
3. Body-main portion
4. Pylorus-next to pyloric sphincter |
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Term
| What is the stomachs internal volume when full? Empty? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the two borders of the stomach. |
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Definition
Right concave-lesser curvature, lesser omentum is attached (stabilizes position of the stomach), walls highly folded into rugae.
Left convex-greater curvature, greater omentum attached (provides padding, fat is energy reserve) |
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Term
| What are the 4 muscles of the stomach? |
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Definition
| Longitudinal, oblique, circular, and pyloric sphincter. |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of cells in the stomach? What do they secrete? |
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Definition
1. Mucus cells-mucus
2. Chief cells-pepsinogen (digests protein)
3. Parietal cells-HCl
4. G cells-gastrin (stimulates parietal&chief cells to secrete gastric juice) |
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Term
| What is the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion? |
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Definition
Mechanical=food reaches pylorus as chyme
Chemical=digestion of proteins by pepsin |
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Term
| What does the stomach absorb? What does it not absorb? |
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Definition
| It absorbs water, electrolytes, alcohol and some drugs, but no food. |
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Term
| How long is the small intestine? What are it's 3 regions and what occurs in them? |
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Definition
18 ft long, 1 inch wide.
1. Duodenum-common bile duct&pancreatic duct empty here
2. Jejunum-digestion occurs here
3. Ileum-longest, absorption occurs here and ends in the ileocecal valve |
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Term
| What type of glands secrete intestinal juice? |
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Definition
| Intestinal glands in the crypts at the base of the villi. |
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Term
| Name 3 functions of the small intestine. |
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Definition
1. Chyme breaks down into proteins, carbs and fats
2. Absorption via blood in villi (amino acids and sugars) and lymph in lacteal (fats)
3. Enzymes break down polypeptides into amino acids
4. Carbs into simple sugars
5. Fats into glycerol and fatty acids |
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Term
| How long is the colon? What are the 5 parts? |
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Definition
The colon is 4.5 feet long, and connects to the rectum, which connects to the anal canal and empties through the anus.
1. Cecum-appendix is attached
2. Ascending colon
3. Transverse colon
4. Descending colon
5. Sigmoid colon |
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Term
| Name 3 functions of the colon. |
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Definition
1. Mucosa=completion of absorption of water and salts
2. Formation of feces
3. Expulsion of feces
4. Chemically secretes mucus
5. Bacteria prepares chyme for elimination |
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Term
| What valve is the colon mechanically regulated by? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the pancreas located? How does it connect to the duodenum? |
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Definition
| Located in the curvature of the duodenum. It connects to the duodenum by the pancreatic duct. |
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Term
| What does the pancreas secrete? What does the pancreatic duct secrete? |
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Definition
The pancreas secretes lipase(fats into fatty acids and glycerol), proteases (breaks protein), and amylase (breaks carbs).
The pancreatic duct produces pancreatic juice. |
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Term
| Name 3 functions of the pancreas. |
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Definition
1. Exocrine (digestion of all nutrient groups)
2. Regulating pH
3. Endocrine (producing insulin and glucagon)
4. Controls blood glucose level |
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Term
| Where is the liver located? What are its 4 lobes? |
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Definition
It is on the left side of the body, connected to the diaphgragm by the falciform ligament.
1. Right lobe
2. Left lobe
3. Caudate lobe
4. Quadrate lobe |
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Term
| What artery supplies blood to the liver? |
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Definition
| The hepatic artery, and the hepatic portal vein drains the blood. |
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Term
| Name 4 functions of the liver. |
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Definition
1. Produces bile (primary digestive function)
2. Emulsification of fats
3. Absorbing and storing iron, vitamin A, D &B12
4. Detoxifies toxins and hormones
5. Metabolizes proteins, carbs and lipids
6. Removes bacteria from blood with kupffer cells
7. Produces plasma proteins
8. Removes worn out/damaged RBCs |
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Term
| Where is the gallbladder located? What does it do with bile? |
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Definition
| It is underside the right lobe of the liver. It concentrates and stores bile. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the gastric/duodenal mucosa is eroded by acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Insoluble crystals of cholesterol and mineral salts. May block bile duct. |
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Term
| What is the difference between roundworm and pinworm? |
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Definition
Pinworm is more common in kids and occurs in the large intestine.
Roundworm is less common in most areas, and occurs in the small intestine. |
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Term
| Name the 2 functions of the enteric nervous system. |
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Definition
It has over 100 million neurons, and 1. monitors gut wall tension
2. Activates smooth muscle and glands |
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Term
| What type of innervation is from the esophagus to the anal canal? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do the parasympathetic nerves work in the digestive system? |
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Definition
| By way of the 2 vagus nerves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of gall stones. |
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Term
| What are 3 things gall stones can do? |
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Definition
1. Cause jaundice by blocking flow of bile to the duodenum
2. Poor fat digestion
3. Impaired absorption of fat-soluble vitamins |
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Term
| Who are gallstones most common in? How are they removed? |
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Definition
Most common in obese women over age 40, due to excess cholesterol.
They can only be removed with surgery. |
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