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Human Anatomy
The Digestive System (Chapter 24)
55
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
12/13/2009

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Cards

Term
Where does the gastrointestinal tract start and end?
Definition
It extends from the mouth to the anus.
Term
What are the 6 accessory organs of the GI?
Definition
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Term
What are the 6 organs that make up the digestive tract?
Definition
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine.
Term
Name 3 functions of the digestive system.
Definition
1. Ingestion (intake) of food
2. Digestion (mechanical&chemical breakdown) of food
3. Absorption (uptake of nutrients) into blood and lymph
4. Compaction (absorbing water and making feces)
5. Defacation (elimination)
Term
What are the 4 tunic layers of tissue of the digestive tract? (from inner to outer)
Definition
1. Mucosa-Epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis Externa-Circular layer, longitudinal layer
4. Serosa-Areolar tissue, mesothelium
Term
What are some functions of the mucosa?
Definition
Absorbing nutrients, secreting mucus, protects against invaders (contains lymphoid and plica tissue), and has extensive capillaries for absorption.
Term
What does MALT stand for?
Definition
Mucosa-associated-lymphoid-tissue.
Term
What does the submucosa contain?
Definition
Exocrine glands secrete buffers and enzymes, nerves contain sensory neurons, and parasympathetic ganglia (nervous stomach), and MALT.
Term
What layers does the muscularis externa contain?
Definition
Concentric layers of smooth muscle, inner circular layer, and outer longitudinal layer.
Term
Where is serosa found? Where is it not found?
Definition
Serosa, the visceral peritoneum, is not present in the mouth, pharynx, or esophagus. It is found in the outer layer of the stomach and both intestines.
Term
What types of tissues does the mucosa contain?
Definition
Mucosa-Simple columnar epithelium, Lamina propria-loose connective tissue, muscularis mucosa-layer of smooth muscle and stratified squamous epithelium.
Term
What does muscularis mucosa do to the mucosa?
Definition
It tenses it, which creates ridges that enhance surface area and nutrient absorption. It improves digestion and absorption.
Term
What type of tissue is in the submocsa?
Definition
A thick layer of loose connective tissue.
Term
What are the two layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa? What does the circular layer form?
Definition
Smooth layers-inner encircle, outer longitudinal. The circular layer can form valves and sphincters that regulate material through the digestive tract.
Term
What type of tissue makes up the serosa? Where does it begin and end?
Definition
A thin layer of aerolar tissue topped with mesothelium. It begins in the lower esophagus and ends before the rectum.
Term
What kind of tissue surrounds the pharynx, rectum and most of the esophagus?
Definition
Fibrous connective adventitia.
Term
Define peristalis. Which muscle contracts first-circular or longitudinal?
Definition
The mixing and moving of digestive material. Circular muscles contract first.
Term
What are the 3 ways for cells to contract without moter innervation?
Definition
1. They can be adjacent to another with motor innervation

2. Response to chemicals, hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, or irritation

3. Pacesetter cells-muscle undergoes random depolarization.
Term
What are the 4 organs of the oral cavity? Where are they found? What does each part do?
Definition

1. Hard palate-separates oral cavity from nasal cavity, found in the anterior mouth. It aids the tongue in holding and moving food.

 

2. Soft palate-posterior mouth, separates oral cavity from nasopharynx during swallowing.

 

3. Uvula-hangs from soft palate to prevent food from entering the pharynx too soon.

 

4. Tongue-skeletal muscle with mucosa, lingual frenulum connects tongue to floor of mouth, papillae assist tongue in moving material.

Term
What does saliva do?
Definition
Moistens the mouth and mucous membranes, inhibits bacterial growth, lubricates and dissolves food, and begins carb digestion.
Term
What elements are found in saliva? Name 3.
Definition

1. Salivary amylase (starch digestion)

2. Electrolytes

3. Lingual lipase (fat digestion)

4. Mucus

5. Lysosomes

6. Immunoglobulin A (an antibody that inhibits bacterial growth)

Term
Where are extrinsic salivary glands located?
Definition
Large organs located outside oral mucosa that communicate with the oral cavity by ducts.
Term
What are the 3 intrinsic glands? What do they do?
Definition
There's an indefinite number of lingual, labial and buccal glands that secrete saliva.
Term
What are the 3 extrinsic glands? Describe them.
Definition

1. Parotid gland-beneath the ear lobe, duct passes masseter muscle, largest gland.

 

2. Submandibular gland-secretes the largest amount of saliva, contains ions and buffers, located in body of mandible.

 

3. Sublingual gland-smallest gland, located on floor of the mouth.

Term
Mumps is the inflammation of what gland?
Definition
The parotid gland.
Term
What is salivation? What two nerves are involved?
Definition
Neurons in the medulla and pons receive signals from the mouth and brains cranial nerves VII&IX (facial and vagus).
Term
What are the 4 regions of the stomach? Where are they located?
Definition

1. Cardia-next to cardiac sphincter

2. Fundus-above cardia

3. Body-main portion

4. Pylorus-next to pyloric sphincter

Term
What is the stomachs internal volume when full? Empty?
Definition

Full=50 mL

Empty=1.5 mL

Term
Describe the two borders of the stomach.
Definition

Right concave-lesser curvature, lesser omentum is attached (stabilizes position of the stomach), walls highly folded into rugae.

 

Left convex-greater curvature, greater omentum attached (provides padding, fat is energy reserve)

Term
What are the 4 muscles of the stomach?
Definition
Longitudinal, oblique, circular, and pyloric sphincter.
Term
What are the 4 types of cells in the stomach? What do they secrete?
Definition

1. Mucus cells-mucus

2. Chief cells-pepsinogen (digests protein)

3. Parietal cells-HCl

4. G cells-gastrin (stimulates parietal&chief cells to secrete gastric juice)

Term
What is the difference between chemical and mechanical digestion?
Definition

Mechanical=food reaches pylorus as chyme

 

Chemical=digestion of proteins by pepsin

Term
What does the stomach absorb? What does it not absorb?
Definition
It absorbs water, electrolytes, alcohol and some drugs, but no food.
Term
How long is the small intestine? What are it's 3 regions and what occurs in them?
Definition

18 ft long, 1 inch wide.

 

1. Duodenum-common bile duct&pancreatic duct empty here

2. Jejunum-digestion occurs here

3. Ileum-longest, absorption occurs here and ends in the ileocecal valve

Term
What type of glands secrete intestinal juice?
Definition
Intestinal glands in the crypts at the base of the villi.
Term
Name 3 functions of the small intestine.
Definition

1. Chyme breaks down into proteins, carbs and fats

2. Absorption via blood in villi (amino acids and sugars) and lymph in lacteal (fats)

3. Enzymes break down polypeptides into amino acids

4. Carbs into simple sugars

5. Fats into glycerol and fatty acids

Term
How long is the colon? What are the 5 parts?
Definition

The colon is 4.5 feet long, and connects to the rectum, which connects to the anal canal and empties through the anus.

 

1. Cecum-appendix is attached

2. Ascending colon

3. Transverse colon

4. Descending colon

5. Sigmoid colon

Term
Name 3 functions of the colon.
Definition

1. Mucosa=completion of absorption of water and salts

2. Formation of feces

3. Expulsion of feces

4. Chemically secretes mucus

5. Bacteria prepares chyme for elimination

Term
What valve is the colon mechanically regulated by?
Definition
The ileocecal valve.
Term
Where is the pancreas located? How does it connect to the duodenum?
Definition
Located in the curvature of the duodenum. It connects to the duodenum by the pancreatic duct.
Term
What does the pancreas secrete? What does the pancreatic duct secrete?
Definition

The pancreas secretes lipase(fats into fatty acids and glycerol), proteases (breaks protein), and amylase (breaks carbs).

 

The pancreatic duct produces pancreatic juice.

Term
Name 3 functions of the pancreas.
Definition

1. Exocrine (digestion of all nutrient groups)

2. Regulating pH

3. Endocrine (producing insulin and glucagon)

4. Controls blood glucose level

Term
Where is the liver located? What are its 4 lobes?
Definition

It is on the left side of the body, connected to the diaphgragm by the falciform ligament.

 

1. Right lobe

2. Left lobe

3. Caudate lobe

4. Quadrate lobe

Term
What artery supplies blood to the liver?
Definition
The hepatic artery, and the hepatic portal vein drains the blood.
Term
Name 4 functions of the liver.
Definition

1. Produces bile (primary digestive function)

2. Emulsification of fats

3. Absorbing and storing iron, vitamin A, D &B12

4. Detoxifies toxins and hormones

5. Metabolizes proteins, carbs and lipids

6. Removes bacteria from blood with kupffer cells

7. Produces plasma proteins

8. Removes worn out/damaged RBCs

Term
Where is the gallbladder located? What does it do with bile?
Definition
It is underside the right lobe of the liver. It concentrates and stores bile.
Term
What is a peptic ulcer?
Definition
When the gastric/duodenal mucosa is eroded by acid.
Term
What are gallstones?
Definition
Insoluble crystals of cholesterol and mineral salts. May block bile duct.
Term
What is the difference between roundworm and pinworm?
Definition

Pinworm is more common in kids and occurs in the large intestine.

 

Roundworm is less common in most areas, and occurs in the small intestine.

Term
Name the 2 functions of the enteric nervous system.
Definition

It has over 100 million neurons, and 1. monitors gut wall tension

2. Activates smooth muscle and glands

Term
What type of innervation is from the esophagus to the anal canal?
Definition
Autonomic innveration.
Term
How do the parasympathetic nerves work in the digestive system?
Definition
By way of the 2 vagus nerves.
Term
What is cholelithiasis?
Definition
The formation of gall stones.
Term
What are 3 things gall stones can do?
Definition

1. Cause jaundice by blocking flow of bile to the duodenum

2. Poor fat digestion

3. Impaired absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Term
Who are gallstones most common in? How are they removed?
Definition

Most common in obese women over age 40, due to excess cholesterol.

 

They can only be removed with surgery.

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