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Human Anatomy
The Urinary System (Chapter 25)
29
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
12/13/2009

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Cards

Term
Is ammonia or uric acid more toxic? What is ammonias pH level?
Definition

Ammonia is more toxic, pH=11

Uric acid is the least toxic.

Term
What type of nitrogenous wastes do the kidneys excrete? Which is the most abundant?
Definition
Organic nitrogen-containing molecules such as urea, carbon dioxide, and ammonia. Urea is the most abundant.
Term
What a is a gout?
Definition
The build up of uric acid, usually in the big toe.
Term
Where is the ureter located? What is its function?
Definition

The paired ureters pass posteriorly to the bladder and enters it from below.

 

The ureters transport urine to the bladder.

Term
Where is the urethra located? What is its function?
Definition

In females, it is bound to the anterior wall of the vagina. In males, it begins at the bladder and ends at the end of the penis.

 

The urethra transports urine out of the body.

Term
Where are the kidneys located?
Definition

Beneath the parietal peritoneum against the dorsal body wall (RETROPERITONEAL).

 

In the superior lumbar region, they are protected by the lower rib cage.

Term
Name 3 functions of the kidney.
Definition

1. Filtering blood plasma

2. Regulating osmolarity

3. Regulating blood volume and blood pressure

4. Secreting erythropoeitin

Term
What are the 3 layers of the kidney from inner to outer?
Definition

1. Renal fascia-"anchoring system"

2. Adipose capsule-fat surrounding renal capsule

3. Renal capsule

Term
What is the hilus?
Definition
The opening into the renal sinus.
Term
What is a glomerulus? Bowmans capsule? What do they make up?
Definition

The glomerulus, a knot of capillaries, and the Bowmans capsule make up a nephron.

 

Bowman's capsule has 2 layers-parietal and visceral. It also contains podocytes.

Term
What is a nephron? How many are there per kidney?
Definition
A nephron is the kidneys filtration unit, and there are generally 1.25 million per kidney.
Term
Describe the process of nephron drainage. (Briefly)
Definition

1. Afferent anterioles supply one neuron and lead to the glomerulus

 

2. The glomulerus drains into efferent anterioles

 

3. Blood then flows to the interlobular, arcuate, and renal veins (in that order), then the blood travels to the parallel arteries

 

3. The renal vein leaves the hilum and drains into the inferior vena cava

Term
What is the PCT? What does it do in the renal tubule?
Definition
The proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) carries out tubular reabsportion and secretion. It arises from the glomerular capsule.
Term
What is the DCT? What does it do?
Definition
The distal convoluted tubule (DCT) is the end of the renal tubule. It absorbs sodium, chloride, calcium, and water. It also secretes potassium and hydrogen.
Term
Where is the Loop of Henle located? What does it do?
Definition
It is located in the medulla, is U-shaped, and contains ascending&descending limbs. It reabsorbs.
Term
What is a podocyte?
Definition
Found in Bowman's capsule, podocytes form filtration slits where fluid from blood leaks through.
Term
What type of cells make up the glomerulus layers? What does the inner wall contain?
Definition
Both are made of simple squamous epithelium, and the inner wall also contains capillaries, which the cells wrap around.
Term
Describe filtration. Where does it take place?
Definition
During filtration, blood in the afferent arteriole is under high pressure and leaves through efferent arteriole. It occurs in the glomerulus.
Term
Describe reabsorption. What type of transport does it use?
Definition
Reabsorption is dependent on active transport, because filtration contains wastes as well as useful substances, which are returned to the blood through reabsorption.
Term
What is secretion important in controlling the pH level of?
Definition
The blood-substances move from cells or blood into the filtrate.
Term
How do the ureters enter the bladder?
Definition

They connect the kidney to the bladder and enter obliquely.

 

This entrance serves to close off and prevent backflow of urine when the bladder is full.

Term
What can backflow of the bladder cause?
Definition
Bacterial kidney infection.
Term
What is the name of the muscle that squeezes the bladder? What type of muscle is it?
Definition
The detrusor muscle--smooth muscle.
Term
What is the name of the muscle that funnels urine into the urethra?
Definition
The trigone muscle, also the floor of the bladder.
Term
What type of reflex empties the bladder? How many mL of urine can a male hold?
Definition

A micturition reflex.

 

Up to 800 mL!

Term
What are the two sphincter muscles of the urethra? Differentiate between the two.
Definition

The external and internal urtheral sphincters.

 

External=voluntary control, encircles urethra&passes through pelvic floor, skeletal muscle

 

Internal=involuntary control, near detrusor muscle and urethra, compresses urethra and retains urine in the bladder, smooth muscle.

Term
What are the 3 sections of the male urethra? Where is each located?
Definition

1. Prostatic urethra-travels through prostate gland

 

2. Membranous urethra-travels through muscle at base of abdominopelvic cavity

 

3. Penile (spongy) urethra-from urogenital diaphragm to tip of penis

Term
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia? What are 3 symptoms?
Definition

Enlargement of the prostate gland after age 50. The prostate constricts the urethra.

 

Symptoms include:

 

1. Irritated bladder wall

2. Contracting little urine

3. Infection/stones in bladder

4. Hesitant/weak stream

5. Urgency

6. Frequent urination, particularly at night

Term
What are kidney stones made of? Where are the 2 places they tend to lodge?
Definition

Mostly calcium oxalate or uric acid.

 

It is very painful because they tend to lodge where the renal pelvis narrows into the ureter or where the ureter enters the bladder. It can also radiate to the inner thigh.

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