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Human Anatomy
Blood (Chapter 19)
21
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
12/12/2009

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Cards

Term
Describe blood plasma.
Definition
It is the matrix. 55% of the blood is plasma. It is 90% water, contains plasma proteins for blood clotting, and dissolved foods, wastes, gases and ions (Na, Cl and bicarbonate). It is a clear, light yellow fluid.
Term
What are the 5 formed elements (cells) in blood?
Definition

1. Erythrocytes-red blood cells with no nuclei in bone marrow

2. Thymus gland produces T cells

3. Hemocytoblasts create stem cells

4. Leukocytes-white blood cels

5. Thrombocytes-platelets

Term
What are the specific transport-related functions of blood? What other functions does it have?
Definition

Blood carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues, and picks up carbone dioxide from the tissue, then carrying it to the lungs to be removed.

 

Other functions include picking up nutrients from the digestive tract to deliver to tissues, carries metabolic waste to the kidneys, transports stem cells from bone marrow, regulations ph&maintains heat, and creates antibodies to help destroy pathogens!

Term
What are plasma proteins?
Definition
Protein is the most abundant plasma solute by weight. Proteins are produced by the liver. There are 3 different kinds.
Term
Describe the 3 plasma proteins and their function.
Definition

1. Albumin-smallest, most abundant, viscous. Transports fatty acids and steroids, responsible for osmotic pressure, buffers blood pH.

 

2. Globulin-immune function. alpha-beta-gamma. They play a role in transporting solutes and clotting.

 

3. Fibrinogen-makes fibrin, which is the framework of blood clotting (a clot is non-soluble fibrin)

Term
What is hemopoiesis?
Definition
The production of all formed elements in blood.
Term
Can red blood cells divide or grow?
Definition
No.
Term
What is a hemocytoblast?
Definition
An immature blood cell (stem cell). Also called pluripotent. It takes 3.5 days to mature to a RBC, and generates 2.5 million.
Term
What is hemoglobin made of? What is its function?
Definition

It is an iron-containing gas-transport protein found in RBCs. It makes blood red!

 

It contains 4 channel proteins called globins, which is 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains.

 

Heme (non-protein) is bound to each protein chain. Iron is the binding site for oxygen. It is in the center.

Term
What element makes up 97% of a red blood cell?
Definition
Iron (FE++)
Term
What is erythropoetin?
Definition
A chemical that is released when the oxygen level is low. It is a hormone that controls the production of red blood cells as well.
Term
What is erythropoiesis?
Definition
The production of RBCs.
Term
What is leukopoiesis? Where does it take place?
Definition
The process of making leukocytes in red bone marrow.
Term
What do leukocytes do?
Definition
Defend against pathogens and remove toxins, wastes, and abnormal/damaged cells.
Term
Describe a neutrophil, an eosinophil and a baophil.
Definition

Neutrophil=majority (60-70%) of WBCs, most abundant, phagocytic.

 

Eosinophil=2-4% of WBCs, associated with allergic response.

 

Basophil=less than 1% of WBCs, migrate to injury/damaged tissue. Histamine.

Term
Describe a lymphocyte. Differ between T and B cells.
Definition

4-8% of WBCs, in blood and lymph system, specific immunity (responds to invaders invidiually, they recognize specific antigens).

 

T cells mature in the thymus gland. Helper T cells stimulate immune response, while Killer T cells attack infected cells (cytotoxic).

 

B cells produce antibody proteins that bind with an antigen to kill invaders.

Term
Describe a monocyte.
Definition
4-8% of WBCs, largest cells, phagocytes, become macrophages in tissue after infection, eat 25% their volume per hour. "clean up team"
Term
Describe a thrombocyte.
Definition
Formed from megakaryocytes, these platelets have no nuclei, live 10-12 days, 350,000/mm3 of blood, involved in clotting.
Term
What determines blood type? Where are the antigens and antibodies found?
Definition

*incoming blood has NO antibodies*

 

Red blood cells contain an antigen as part of their cell body, A, B, AB, or O.

They also contain an antibody in the blood plasma.

 

 

For example, someone with type A blood would have antibody B.

Type O blood (meaning you inherited neither type from your parents) would have antibody AB. And AB blood would have NO antibody!

 

To donate, someone with type AB blood could only donate to someone with type O blood, since their antibodies would attack someone with A or B blood.

 

Positive=has Rh

Negative=no Rh

Term
What is the Rh antigen system?
Definition
Rhogan is a drug they give to moms who are positive for Rh, because Rh can cause erythroblastosis fetalis in the baby.
Term
What is hematocrit? What is the formula?
Definition

The count of RBCs and PCV (packed cell volume). It is used to diagnose anemia.

 

Formula=% erythrocytes by volume in blood.

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