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HUMAN ANATOMY-EXAM II
University at Buffalo ANA113
390
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/24/2011

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Term
EYE: Associated Structures
Definition
eyebrow/eyelashes/eyelid, conjunctive, lacrimal gland, nasolacrimal duct, extrinsic muscles of the eye
Term
EYE: Conjunctive
Definition
-thin mucous membrane that covers underlying part of eyelid and eyeball
-helps reduce friction btwn eyeball and eyelid
Term
EYE: Nasolacrimal duct
Definition
-Excess of tears makes nose run
-passes from medial corner of orbit and nose to the eye cavity
Term
EYE: Extrinsic muscles of the eye
Definition
Skeletal muscles attached to eyeball (can be controlled) that helps move it
Term
Conjunctivitis ("pink eye")
Definition
-dilated blood vessels->cause red color
-inflammation of conjunctive due to bacteria
-contagious; tears move from lateral to medial side
Term
EYEBALL: 3 Layers
Definition
Outermost, Middle (vascular), Innermost
Term
EYEBALL: Outermost (surrounds eyeball)
Definition
Sclera and Cornea
Term
EYEBALL: Sclera
Definition
white of eye (extrinsic muscles attached to it)
Term
EYEBALL: Cornea
Definition
transparent (in front of sclera)
Term
EYEBALL: Middle (vascular)
Definition
choroid, ciliary body, iris
Term
EYEBALL: Choroid
Definition
contains blood vessels supplying interior of eyeball and sclera
Term
EYEBALL: Ciliary Body
Definition
contains muscles which change shape of lens; smooth (involuntary muscle) and connects to lens (constantly moving to keep things in focus)
Term
EYEBALL: Iris
Definition
colored part, contains muscle (smooth: 2 types ->constrict/dilate) that changes size of pupil to protect retina from strong light
Term
EYEBALL: Innermost (Retina)
Definition
-has 9 NERVOUS layers + 1 PIGMENTED layer (color)
-3 layers needed for conduction of visual image: rods + cones, bipolar cells, ganglionic cells
Term
EYEBALL: Fovea Centralis
Definition
dead center of back of the eyeball; SHARPEST vision ->intense focus (acute vision)
Term
EYEBALL: Optic Disc
Definition
-has no rods/cones-> "blindspot"
where optic nerve attaches and blood vessels extend from it
Term
Rods
Definition
dim light, dark vision
Term
Cones
Definition
bright light
Term
EYEBALL: Chambers
Definition
anterior: iris->cornea
posterior: iris->lens
Term
Aqueous Humor
Definition
btwn cornea and lens; holes release excess fluid that build up in chamber
Term
Glaucoma
Definition
fluid being made but hold are plugged and can't get released (inc. pressure)
Term
Vitreous humor
Definition
-gelatinous (clear)
-formed during embryonic development; same amount from birth-adult
-eyeballs stay same throughout life
Term
EYEBALL: Lens
Definition
-contains elastic connective tissue
-changes shape to focus image
-crystal clear=lets light in
-contains some protein (if amt inc., lens become cloudy
Term
Cataracts
Definition
pupil grows big to try to maintain light passage
Term
LENS: Visual Response
Definition
look at something distant=lens move posteriorly (thin)
look at near object=lens move anteriorly (thicker)
Term
Convergence
Definition
eyeballs rotate medially to allow for better focusing of light when viewing an object close up
Term
Dilation
Definition
Dim light; pupils bigger in diameter
Term
Constriction
Definition
Bright light; pupil smaller in diameter
Term
EAR: 3 Regions
Definition
External ear, middle ear, and inner ear
Term
External ear
Definition
auricle, external meatus, tympanic membrane (eardrum)
Term
Middle ear
Definition
tympanic cavity, auditory (eustachian tube), ossicles
Term
Inner earing
Definition
receptors for hearing and equilibrium; sometimes called the labyrinth consists of an outer bony portion and membranous portion
Term
External Ear: auricle
Definition
may be used to gather sound (not useful in humans)
Term
External Ear: external auditory meatus
Definition
s-shaped tube; outer 2/3 is made of cartilage, inner 1/3 made of bone
-contains hairs and glands, cerumen (earwax)
Term
Otitis Externa
Definition
inflammation of external auditory meatus (swimmer's ear)
Term
External Ear: Tympanic Membrane (eardrum)
Definition
separates outer ear from middle ear; translucent enough to see malleous attached to inner surface
Term
Tympanic Membrane: 3 Layers
Definition
1. outer-modified skin
2. middle-fibrous later
3. Inner-mucous later
Term
Middle Ear: auditory (eustachian tube)
Definition
connects middle ear and nasopharynx; horizontal children and vertical in an adult
Term
Middle Ear: Ossicles (bones)
Definition
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Term
Ossicles: Malleus
Definition
attached to tympanic membrane; shaped like a hammer
Term
Ossicles: Incus
Definition
Interposed between malleus and stapes; anvil
Term
Ossicles: Stapes
Definition
Inserted into oval window of inner ear; smallest of the 3 bones
Term
Otitis Media (middle ear infection)
Definition
in children, bacteria can easily travel from nasopharynx to middle ear
Term
Cochlea
Definition
organ for hearing
Term
Cochlea: endolymph
Definition
inside of membranous portion
Term
Cochlea: perilymph
Definition
inside of bone is fluid
Term
Organ of Corti
Definition
series of cell with hair that goes around the coil tube; bending of hairs-> electrical impulse-> brain to be analyzed
Term
Auditory Pathway
Definition
cochlear division of CN VIII-> nucleau f VIII in the medulla-> thalamus-> auditory cortex of temporal lobe
Term
Vestibular apparatus
Definition
Semicircular canals, utricle and saccule, vestibular pathway
Term
Vestibular apparatus: Semicircular canals (3)
Definition
sense dynamic equilibrium; hair cells move and create and electrical impulse when we are moving such as in an elevator or a car
Term
Vestibular apparatus: utricle and saccule
Definition
sense static equilibrium; sense position of head in space
Term
Vestibular apparatus: Vestibular Pathway
Definition
cochlear nerve+vestibular nerves
*vestibulo-cochlear nerve (8th cranial nerve)
Term
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM: 2 branches
Definition
Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Brain and Spinal Cord (both contain components of autonomic NS)
-Sensory and Dorsal=Afferent
-Motor and Ventral=Efferent
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
Somatic (voluntary) and Autonomic (involuntary)
Term
Nervous System
Definition
composed of conducting elements or cells called neaurons and accessory elements called neuroglia (supporting cells) and meninges (coverings)
Term
Neurons: Functional Classification
Definition
sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), associative (interneuron)
Term
Neurons: sensory (afferent)
Definition
neuron that delivers info to CNS
Term
Neurons: motor (efferent)
Definition
neuron that carries info to PNS
Term
Neurons: associative (interneuron)
Definition
neuron located btwn sensory and motor neurons=>modifies message
Term
Neurons: Structural Classification
Definition
multipolar, bipolar, unipolar
Term
Neurons: Multipolar
Definition
neurons found throughout brain and spinal cord
Term
Neurons: Bipolar
Definition
found in retina of eyes and inner ear
Term
Neurons: unipolar
Definition
found in ganglia clusters of neurons adjacent to spinal cord
Term
Neurons: Cell body
Definition
contains most of the organelles typically found in cells ego nucleau, mitochondria, golgi complex, ect (*NO CENTRIOLE, NO reproduction)
Term
Cell Body: Nissi bodies (chromatorphilic bodies)
Definition
clusters of free ribosomes that produce proteins (in RER)
Term
Cell Body: Neurofibrils
Definition
represents cytoskeleton of neuron; helps maintain shape of nerve
Term
Neuron: Fibers
Definition
Dendrites and Axon (nerve fiber)
Term
Fibers: Dendrites
Definition
-more than one per neuron
-transmits INTO cell body
Term
Fibers: Axons
Definition
-only ONE per neuron
-transmits FROM cell body
Term
Nerve Fibers: characteristics
Definition
Myelin sheath, neurilemma, nodes of ranvier, synaptic vesicles,
Term
Myelin sheath
Definition
-cells wrap around axon that conduct electrical impulses
-produced by oliogodendrocytes (in CNS) and schwann cells (in PNS)
-composed of lipid
Term
Neurilemma
Definition
cell wall of oligodendrocytes or schwanna cell (every cell has a cell wall specific to the 2 cells)
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
area of axon NOT covered by myelin sheath (activity occurs btwn myelin sheath)
Term
Neuroglia (in CNS)
Definition
oligodendrocyte, microglia, astrocyte, ependymal cells
Term
Neuroglia (in PNS)
Definition
schwanna cells and satellite cells
Term
Neuroglia (CNS): Oligodendrocyte
Definition
produces myelin covering around nerve fibers (axons) in CNS
Term
Neuroglia (CNS): Microglia (smallest)
Definition
phagocytic cell of CNS; ingest dead of damaged tissue (ex. hitting head)
Term
Neuroglia (CNS): Astrocyte
Definition
assists in nourishment of neurons in CNS; helps for Blood-Brain Barrier
*Foot Processes: closer together in adults, infants-less effect BBB, premies-extra material in CNS/blood bc of faulty BBB
Term
Blood Brain Barrier
Definition
composed of:
1. astrocyte
2. basement membrane
3. endothelial wall of capillaries
-regulates what substances pass from blood stream into CNS; bigger gap between astrocytes=more things able to pass thru
Term
Neuroglia (CNS): Ependymal Cells
Definition
lines cavities or ventricles of brain filled with fluid; forms a wall btwn fluid and brain
Term
Neuroglia (PNS): Schwanna Cells (neurolemmocytes)
Definition
produces myelin covering around nerve cells (axons) in PNS
Term
Neuroglia (PNS): Satellite Cells
Definition
regulates nourishment to neurons in PNS
Term
Nuclei
Definition
cluster of neurons in CNS
Term
Ganglia (ganglion)
Definition
cluster of neurons in PNS
Term
Nerve
Definition
bundles of axon in PNS
Term
Tract
Definition
bundles of axons in CNS (spinal cord)
Term
Foot Processes (of astrocytes)
Definition
Term
Synapse
Definition
communication btwn neurons; space between the axon of pre-synaptic neuron and dendrite of postsynaptic neuron
Term
Synapse: components
Definition
Presynatpic neuron, synaptic cleft, post synaptic neuron
Term
Synapse: presynaptic neuron
Definition
neuron before synapse; sends the signal
Term
Synapse: synaptic cleft
Definition
space between two neuron
Term
Synapse: post synaptic neuron
Definition
neuron after synapse; recleves signal
Term
Neuromuscular Junction
Definition
composed of a terminal part of axon and receptor site on a muscle fiber; causes muscle weakness
-neurotransmitter=Ach
Term
Synapse: Nerve Impulse
Definition
-Na+ moves in, K+ moves out
-impulse travels alongside of surface of axon
-continuous conduction vs. saltatory conduction
Term
Nerve Impulse: Continous conduction
Definition
travels in a continuous flow along axon (type C)
Term
Nerve Impulse: Saltatory Conduction
Definition
impulse jumps or is transmitted from one node of ranvier to another (type A)
Term
Nerve Fibers: types
Definition
A fibers, B fibers, C fibers
Term
A Fibers
Definition
most heavily myelinated; sharp stabbing pain and fastest conducting
Term
B Fibers
Definition
Intermediate in the amount of myelin; dull pain depending on system
Term
C Fibers
Definition
least amount of myelin; dull pain
Term
Excitatory neurotransmitters
Definition
cause depolarization of the postsynaptic neuron
Term
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Definition
-NT of neuromuscular junction
-controls skeletal muscle
Term
Myastenias Gravis
Definition
body produces antibodies that block binding of ACh to muscles
Term
Inhibitory neurotransmitters
Definition
hyperpolarize the postsynaptic neuron preventing the transmission of the nerve impulse across the synapse
Term
Enkephalins and Endorphins
Definition
natural pain killer made in the body
Term
Spinal Cord
Definition
located on the vertebral column; extent from foramen magnun to intevertebral disc btwn L1-L2**
Term
Conus Medullaris
Definition
a cone-shaped terminal part of spinal cord
Term
cauda equine ("horse's-tail")
Definition
composed of nerve fibers or axons
Term
filum terminale
Definition
from tip of conus medullaris a connective tissue fiber extends to the sacrum- composed of pia mater
Term
Cervical Enlargements
Definition
need a lot of neurons to control upper limbs (for FINE movement)
Term
Lumbar Enlargements
Definition
thickened regions of spinal cord
Term
Meninges
Definition
connective tissue coverings; 3 layers-dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
Term
Meninges: Dura Mater
Definition
outermost layer; tough as parchment (strongest)
Term
Meninges: Arachnoid
Definition
most delicate, very thin middle layer; like cellophane (transparent web-like)
Term
Meninges: Pia Mater
Definition
connective tissue covering that touches spinal cord and brain
Term
SUBarachnoid Space
Definition
-located deep to arachnoid btwn arachnoid and pia mater
-filled with CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID
Term
Cerebralspinal Fluid (CSF)
Definition
-CLEAR, COLORLESS, ODORLESS
-produced by specialized capillaries called the choroid plexus produced in ventricles of brain
Term
Epidural Space
Definition
located EXTERNAL to dura mater; contains fat
Term
Subdural Space
Definition
located INTERNAL to dura mater; normally nothing found in this space-arachnoid is pressed against dura
Term
Meningitis
Definition
inflammation of themeninges (arachnoid and pia mater)
diagnosis: spinal tap or lumbar puncture
Term
Spinal Tap: vertebral level at which this procedure can be done safely
Definition
*L4-L5 OR L3-L4; use illiac crest to draw imaginary line (where L4-L5 is)
Term
Spinal tap: order of structures to reach subarachnoid space
Definition
skin-> subcutaneous tissue-> ligaments-> dura mater-> arachnoid mater
Term
Spinal Segments (31)
Definition
cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5), coccygeal (1)
Term
White Matter
Definition
composed of fibers (bundles of axons->tracts)
Term
gray matter
Definition
contains CELL BODIES of neurons (ventral gray horn-motor neuron cell bodies)
Term
dorsal root
Definition
contains SENSORY nerve fibers
Term
dorsal root ganglion
Definition
contains SENSORY neuron CELL BODIES
Term
ventral root
Definition
contains MOTOR fibers
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
dorsal AND ventral root (has both sensory/afferent AND motor/efferent fibers)
Term
Withdrawal Reflex
Definition
Receptor-> Sensory Neuron-> Interneuron (associated neuron)-> Motor Neuron-> Effector (muscle)
*3 neurons, 2 synapses connecting neurons
Term
Stretch Reflex Arc
Definition
-contract to prevent overstretch
Receptor-> Sensory Neuron->Motor Neuron-> Effector (muscle)
Term
Dorsal (posterior) primary ramus
Definition
supplies to lower spinal area (deep back muscles)
Term
Ventral (anterior) primary ramus
Definition
larger in diameter bc supplies upper and lower extremities
Term
Nerve Plexuses (4)
Definition
Cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral
*Lumbar and Sacral= Lumbo-sacral plexus
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Cervical (C1-C4)
Definition
Phrenic nerve (major branch)
"C3, 4, 5 Keeps You Alive"
-innervates diaphragm
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Brachial (C5-T1)
Definition
-supplies upper extremities
-Axillary, Musculocutaneous, Radial, Ulnar, Median
Term
Brachial Plexus: Axillary
Definition
-supplies DELTOID; deep in armpit
-can't abduct
-lose flexion/extension
Term
Brachial Plexus: Musculocutaneous
Definition
-supplies BICEPS BRACHII
-lose most of supination
-lose flexion of arm at elbow
Term
Brachial Plexus: Radial (posterior)
Definition
-supplies TRICEPS
-lose extension of elbow, wrist, finger
-"Wrist-Drop": can't grab
Term
Brachial Plexus: Ulnar (medial, anterior aspect of forearm)
Definition
-supplies LUMBRICALS
-weakness in wrist flexion
-"Claw-Hand": nerves of lumbricals on ulnar side
Term
Brachial Plexus: Median
Definition
-supplies THENAR EMINENCE (thumb, 1st, 2nd digit)
-"Ape-Hand" and "Carpal Tunnel Syndrome"
Term
Nerve Plexuses: Lumbo-Sacral Plexus (L1-S4)
Definition
Femoral, Obturator, Sciatic (Tibial+Common Fibular), Pudendal
Term
Lumbo-Sacral Plexus: Femoral
Definition
-anterior; quadraceps
-lose extension of knee
Term
Lumbo-Sacral Plexus: Obturator
Definition
-foramen of ox coxae
-muscles on medial aspect of thigh
-lose adduction of thigh
Term
Lumbo-Sacral Plexus: Sciatic
Definition
posterior aspect of thigh; hamstrings
Term
Lumbo-Sacral Plexus: Tibial (larger branch of SCIATIC)
Definition
posterior aspect of calves; gastronemius
Term
Lumbo-Sacral Plexus: Common Fibular (SCIATIC)
Definition
-anterior lateral component of leg; tibualis anterior and muscles of dorsiflexion
-"Foot-Drop": dorsiflexion
-lose eversion
Term
Lumbo-Sacral Plexus: Pudendal
Definition
-blocked during childbirth
-innervated by pelvis
-lose continence (i.e of urinary bladder)
Term
(LECTURE 16-NS: BRAIN I)
BRAIN: 3 Major Parts
Definition
Cerebrum, Brain Stem. Cerebellum
Term
Cerebrum (cerebral hemisphere)
Definition
-divided into two hemisphere (left+right)
-tracts (fiber bundles) provide connections between the cerebral hemispheres->corpus collosum
Term
Cerebrum: Corpus Collosum
Definition
-a large fiber bundle connecting one cerebral hemisphere with the other
-allows for a transfer of info
Term
Cerebrum: Gray Matter (cerebral cortex)
Definition
contains NEURON CELL BODIES
-gyri: ridges
-sucli: grooves
Term
Cerebrum: White Matter
Definition
contains AXONS most of which are myelinated
Term
Cerebrum: Frontal Lobe
Definition
motor function
Term
Cerebrum: Parietal Lobe
Definition
Sensory in function (general sense)
Term
Cerebrum: Temporal Love
Definition
auditory function (special sensory)
Term
Cerebrum: Occipital Love
Definition
Visual Function
Term
Cerebrum: Insula (lobe)
Definition
deep to the lateral sulcus (fissure); although its function is not completely known, it is thought to integrate nervous activity
Term
Cerebrum: Central Sulcus
Definition
located btwn frontal and parietal lobes
Term
Cerebrum: Lateral Sulcus (fisher)
Definition
separates temporal from frontal and parietal
Term
Brodmann's Areas
Definition
primary motor area (4), primary sensory area (3,1,2), area for hearing (41,42), visual area (17,18,19), Broca's area (44,45), Wernicke's Area (22)
Term
Primary Motor Area/Pre-Central Gyris (4)
Definition
gyris parallel to central sulcus in frontal lobe; initiates movement
Term
Primary Sensory Area/Post-Central Gyris (3,1,2)
Definition
gyris posterior, parallel to central sulcus; touch, pressure, pain, temperature
Term
Area for hearing (41,42)
Definition
41->sound, 42->where sound is; in temporal lobe for perception and identifying sound
Term
Visual Area (17,18,19)
Definition
17->flashes of light, 18->location of colors, 19->picture
Term
Broca's Area (44, 45)
Definition
primary motor area (speech); located in frontal lobe
Term
Wernicke's Area (22)
Definition
composing the written word (order of words); in temporal region
-disorder: dyslexia
Term
Homunculus ("little man")
Definition
A body map of the primary motor cortex and the somatic sensory cortex. *size of cortex does not correspond to the size of body part--- it depends on NEURONS that are needed to control eacjh function (biggest: hand+face)
Term
Arterial Supply (brain's blood vessels)
Definition
Internal Carotid and Vertebral Arteries
*forms Circle of Willis
Term
INTERNAL Carotid
Definition
Middle cerebral artery and Anterior cerebral artery
Term
Internal Carotid: Middle Cerebral Artery
Definition
supplies the LATERAL surface of the cerebrm; supplies neurons that control UPPER LIMB
Term
Internal Carotid: Anterior Cerebral Artery
Definition
supplies the MEDIAL surface of the cerebrum; supply neurons that control LOWER LIMB
Term
Venous Drainage
Definition
veins draining the brain empty into folds of dura called dural VENOUS SINUSES.
blood is carried to the INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN
Term
cerebral spinal fluid
Definition
produced within cavities of the brain called ventricles-> into the subarachnoid space and protects brain and spinal cord
Term
choroid plexus
Definition
VASCULAR structure; filters blood (cells and liquid) to clear watery fluid
Term
Path of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF)
Definition
Lateral Ventricle-> Third Ventricle-> Cerebral Aqueduct-> Fourth Ventricle-> Subarachnoid Space
Term
Hydrocephalus
Definition
an abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles and or subarachnoid space
Term
(LECTURE 17-NS: BRAIN II)
Brain Stem: 3 Parts
Definition
-Medulla Oblongata
-Pons
-Midbrain
Term
Brain Stem: Medulla Oblongata
Definition
location: foramen magnum
contents: cardiovascular and respiratory centers
Term
Brain Stem: Pons
Definition
location: superior to medulla
contents: part of respiratory system
Term
Brain Stem: Midbrain
Definition
location: superior to pons
contents: auditory and visual reflex centers
Term
Diencephalon: 2 parts
Definition
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Term
Diencephalon: thalamus
Definition
location: superior to midbrain (beneath corpus collosum)
contents: relay center for all sensations except smell
Term
Diencephalon: Hypothalamus (below)
Definition
location: superior to midbrain (inferior to thalamus) and connects to pituitary gland
contents: nuclei control sleep/wake cycle, control eating, autonomic NS
Term
Reticular Activating Center(RAS)
Definition
column of neurons that are located in middle of brainstem from the thalamus to the medulla. These neurons maintain a conscious state. When damaged, coma may result
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
coordinated movement (e.g controls flexor and extensor muscles)
Term
Basal Ganglia
Definition
initiates movements in an adult (controls movements of newborn babies)
-substantia nigra (black substance): involved in gross movements. when damaged, PARKINSON'S disease develops
Term
Limbic System
Definition
Formed by many parts of the brain; functions include sex drive, major memory center
Term
Tracts/Pathwayss
Definition
composed of ascending or descending bundles of nerve fibers which conduct info between the brain and spinal cord
-sensory pathway: fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus
-motor pathway: corticospinal tract
Term
Fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus (sensory)
Definition
stimulus received from right side-> synapsed-> stimulus (left side)-> thalamus (RELAYS INFO)
-origin: spinal cord
-decussation (where it crosses over): medulla
-destination: area 3,1,2
Term
Corticospinal Tract (motor)
Definition
descending tract: left side of brain-> pons-> medulla-> bends/crosses over to left (does not synapse)
-origin: area 4 (upper motor neuron)
-decussation: medulla
-destination: spinal cord
Term
upper motor neurons
Definition
-cell body usually located in GRAY matter of cortex (precentral gyris-area 4)
-its axons synapses on a LOWER motor neuron
Term
lower motor neurons
Definition
-cell body is in the brain STEM or SPINAL CORD
-its axon synapses on SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS
Term
Paralysis
Definition
damage to either upper/lower motor neurons. the specific effects this damage has on muscular activity depends upon # of neurons damaged and location
Term
Poliomyelitis (Lower Motor Neuron Lesion)
Definition
results from viral infection which damages the lower motor neurons located in the ventral gray horn of the spinal cord. neurons in lumbar enlargement are more affected resulting in symptoms in lower limb (flaccid paralysis, reflexes absent, muscles atrophy)
Term
Cerebrovascular Accident-CVA/Stroke (Upper Motor Neuron Lesion)
Definition
blockage or rupture of blood vessels supplying the brain may result in ISCHEMIA (inadq. BF). neurons will die resulting in LOSS OF FXN.
if damage occured in neurons of motor cortex or corticospinal tract these symptoms may occur: spastic paralysis, reflexes intact (but abnormal-exaggerated), babinski response present (big toe-> dorsiflex; other toes-> fan out)
Term
(LECTURE 18-NS)
Cranial Nerves
Definition
12 pairs of motor and/or sensory nerves emerge from the inferior surface of the brain. nerves supply head, neck, or trunk.
*olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
Term
Cranial Nerves: Olfactory
Definition
-SENSORY
-sense of smell
Term
Cranial Nerves: Optic
Definition
-SENSORY
-axons gather at eyeball to form nerve -formed by ganglionic cells
Term
Cranial Nerves: Oculomotor
Definition
-MOTOR
-controls skeletal muscle (move eyeball)
-controls smooth muscle of iris and ciliary body
Term
Cranial Nerves: trochlear
Definition
-MOTOR
-controls ONE muscle that moves the eyeball
Term
Cranial Nerves: trigeminal
Definition
-BOTH
-supplies teeth (toothache)
-muscles of massification (masseter, temporalis, later/medial pterygoid)
-sensory nerve to face, skin, teeth
Term
Cranial Nerves: abducens
Definition
-MOTOR
-controls one extrinsic muscle of eyeball
Term
Cranial Nerves: Facial
Definition
-BOTH
-muscles of facial expression (obicular oris/facilis)
-sensory for the earlobe
-carries taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue to brain
-controls lacrimal gland secretion (tears) and salivary glands (submandibular+sublingual)
Term
Cranial Nerves: vestibulocochlear
Definition
-SENSORY
-hearing and balance (equilibrium)
Term
Cranial Nerves: Glossopharyngeal
Definition
-BOTH
-controls skeletal muscle in pharynx (gag reflex/pain)
-carries posterior 1/3 of tongue
-one salivary gland: parodal
Term
Cranial Nerves: Vagus
Definition
-BOTH
-controls skeletal muscle in larynx
-autonomic fxn: supplies smooth muscle and cardiac muscle (heart)
-sensory to larynx and ear
Term
Cranial Nerves: Accessory
Definition
-MOTOR
-controls sternalclydomastoid and trapezius
Term
Cranial Nerves: Hypoglossal
Definition
-MOTOR
-supplies muscles of the tongue
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
a MOTOR system which regulates activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands (not carried out at a conscious lvl)
-components of CNS and PNS: hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinalcord
-2 neuron chain: neuron #1=PREglanglionic (visceral->CNS)
neuron #2=POSTganglionic (efferent->PNS)
Term
ANS: Somatic Motor (Skeletal Muscle)
Definition
motor unit= 1 motor neuron and ALL the skeletal muscle fibers in innervates
-most nerves are thick/myelinated, rapid conduction
Term
ANS: Visceral Motor (smooth/cardiac muscle, glands)
Definition
autonomic NS 2 neuron chain (pre and post ganglionic)
-most post nerves are thin and unmyelinated, slow conduction.
Term
ANS: Sympthatic
Definition
"Thoracolumbar"-where 1st and 2nd neurons are located
Term
Sympathetic: LOCATION
Definition
-PREganglionic: at all thoracic lvls and some of lumbar (L1+L2); neuron=Ach
-POSTganglionic: sympathetic chain or paravertebral ganglia OR prevertebral ganglia
Term
Sympathetic: NEUROTRANSMITTER
Definition
norepinephrine
Term
Sympathetic: EFFECT
Definition
"Flight or Flight" response (excited)
Term
Adrenal Medulla
Definition
contains cells derived from postganglionic neurons
-location: center of adrenal gland (on top of kidneys)
-secretions: norepinephrine (neurotransmitter) and epinephrine(hormone)
Term
ANS: Parasympathetic
Definition
"CranioSacaral"- brain and sacral lvl of spinal cord
Term
Parasympathetic: LOCATION
Definition
-PREganglionic: nuclei of CRANIAL NERVES located in brainstem
cranial nerve (3)
facial nerve (7)
glossopharyngeal (9)
Vagus (10)
and sacral region of spinal cord (lvls 2,3,4)
-POSTganglionic: inside/next to target
Term
Parasympathetic: NEUROTRANSMITTER
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
Parasympathetic: EFFECT
Definition
"resting and digesting"
Term
Effects on Organs: Heartrate
Definition
sympathetic: INC
parasympathetic: DEC
Term
Effects on Organs: Smooth Muscle of Bronchioles
Definition
sympathetic: DILATE
para: CONSTRICT
Term
Effects on Organs: Urinary Bladder
Definition
sympathetic: FILL
para: EXPEL
Term
Effects on Organs: Digestive Tract
Definition
sympathetic: DEC movement
para: INC movement
Term
Effects on Organs: Sweat Glands
Definition
sympathetic: INC
para: NO EFFECT
Term
Effects on Organs: Arrector pili m.
Definition
sympathetic: INC (goosebumps)
para: NO EFFECT
Term
Effects on Organs: Eye
Definition
sympathetic: DILATE
para: CONSTRICT
Term
vasoconstriction
Definition
generally in sympathetic division constricts most blood vessels. INC BP-> divert blood away from skin/abdominal organs-> more blood for heart/skeletal muscles-> dilate blood vessels
Term
(LECTURE 21: HEART I)
foramen ovale
Definition
-opening in septum between atria
-closes to form fossa ovale
Term
pericardium
Definition
-double walled sac enclosing heart and vessel roots
-visceral and parietal
Term
visceral pericardium
Definition
-inner sac
-attached to heart like skin of an apple
Term
parietal pericardium
Definition
-outer sac
Term
serous fluid
Definition
-thin layer of watery fluid that reduces friction when heart pumps
Term
atrioventricular sulcus
Definition
-seperates atria from ventricles
-contains CORONARY ARTERIES AND CIRCUMFLEX ARTERIES
Term
anterior and posterior interventricular sulci
Definition
-seperates ventricles
-contains interventricular arteries
Term
heart wall (3 LAYERS)
Definition
-epicardidium
-myocardium
-endocardium
Term
epicardium
Definition
-outer
-composed of fibrous CT
Term
myocardium
Definition
-middle
-composed of cardiac muscle
Term
endocardium
Definition
-inner
-composed of simple squamous epithelium and covers valves
Term
ways to enter heart
Definition
-superior/inferior vena cava
-coronary sinus
Term
Flow of blood
Definition
-right atrium
-tricuspid valve
-right ventricle
-pulmonary trunk
-pulmonary semilunar valve
-pulmonary arteries
-lungs
-pulmonary veins
-left atrium
-bicuspid (mitral) valve
-left ventricle
-base of aorta
-aortic semilunar valve
-arch of aorta
Term
papillary muscles
Definition
-finger-like projections from wall of heart
-prevents valve inversion
-stabilizes valve
Term
chordae tendonae
Definition
-cord-like tendons that attach papillary muscles to tricuspid and bicuspid valve
Term
pulmonary trunk
Definition
-divides into two pulmonary arteries
Term
(LECTURE 22: HEART II)
SA node
Definition
-pacemaker
-collection of specialized "conducting cells" in RIGHT ATRIUM
-initiates heartbeat
Term
AV node
Definition
-receives message from SA node and sends to bundle of His
-located in right atrium
Term
bundle of His
Definition
-collection of nerve fibers (tract) located in interventricular septum
-transmits message to Purkinje fibers
Term
Purkinje fibers
Definition
-located in walls of ventricles
-conduct impulse to myocardium
-results in ventricular contraction
Term
sympathetic stimulation
Definition
-releases norepinephrine
-acts on SA node
-INC HR/strength of contraction
Term
parasympathetic stimulation
Definition
-releases acetylcholine
-inhibitory
-DEC HR/strength of contraction
Term
cardiac cycle
Definition
-SA node initiates
-atria contract, force blood into both ventricles
-complete heartbeat
Term
systole
Definition
-ventricles contract
-AV valves close/semilunar valves open
-blood in right ventricle exits through pulmonary arties
-blood in left ventricle exits through aorta
-blood is under highest pressure
Term
diastole
Definition
-ventricles relax
-semilunar valves close/AV valves open
-blood fills atria waiting for signal from SA node
Term
cardiac cycle occurs
Definition
-70 times per minute
-systolic/diastolic = 120mmHg/80mmHg
Term
amount of blood pumped every minute
Definition
-5 Liters
Term
auscultation
Definition
-act of listening to sounds of body
Term
1st Heart Sound: "lubb"
Definition
-AV valves closing
Term
2nd Heart Sound: "dupp"
Definition
-Semilunar Valves closing
Term
ausculatory areas (lateral sides of heart)
Definition
-aorta
-pulmonic
-tricuspid
-mitro/bicuspid
*A Physical ToMorrow
Term
aorta area
Definition
-aortic semilunar valve
-2nd intercostal space
-right side
Term
pulmonic area
Definition
-pulmonic semilunar valve
-2nd intercostal space
-left side
Term
tricuspid area
Definition
-right AV valve
-5th intercostal space
-right side of sternum
Term
bicuspid valve
Definition
-left AV valve
-5th intercostal space
-left side of sternum(apex of heart)
Term
coronary veins
Definition
blood is drained from heart tissue through here
Term
coronary sinus
Definition
coronary veins enter here and empties into right atrium
Term
right coronary artery (SA NODE)
Definition
-marginal
-supplies myocardium of lateral side of right heart
-posterior interventricular
-travels in septum to supply posterior ventricles
-right atrium/ventricle
Term
left coronary arteries (BUNDLE OF HIS)
Definition
-circumflex
-supplies left atrium
-anterior interventricular
-supplies interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles
Term
(LECTURE 23: Blood Vessels I)
Definition
Arteries-> Arterioles-> Capillaries-> Venules-> Veins-> HEART
Term
blood vessels transport...
Definition
-oxygen
-nutrients
-waste
-hormones
Term
general structure of blood vessels
Definition
-tubular structure containing a lumen (opening)surrounded by walls composed of layers (tunics)
Term
tunica intima
Definition
-inner layer "endothelium"
-composed of simple squamous epithelium
Term
tunica media
Definition
-middle layer
-composed of smooth muscle
Term
tunica externa
Definition
-outer layer
-composed of connective tissue (collagen)
Term
vaso vasorum
Definition
-vessels of vessels
-supply vessel walls
Term
arteries
Definition
-3 tunics
-thick tunica media
-elastic fibers in wall (for INC BP)
-tansport blood from heart
Term
arterioles
Definition
-3 tunics
-tunica media regulates blood flow to capillaries
Term
capillaries
Definition
-endothelium only
-very thin permeable walls
-tunica intima
Term
venules
Definition
-3 tunics
-very thin
-take blood TO heart
Term
veins
Definition
-3 tunics
-fewer smooth muscle than arteries
-larger lumen
-contain "valves" to direct blood flow (low BP)
Term
sympathetic stimulation (autonomic system)of blood vessels
Definition
-constricts blood vessels of abdominal viscera (most vessels)
-dilates blood vessels of heart and skeletal muscle
-accomplished by acting on smooth muscle of tunica media
Term
aortic arch
Definition
-supplies brachiocephalic and right/left coronaries (righ-supplies right atrium and posterior both ventricles; left-supplies left atrium and anterior both ventricles)
Term
brachiocephalic
Definition
-supplies right subclavian and right common carotid
Term
right common carotid
Definition
supplies internal (brain) and external carotid (face and neck)
Term
right subclavian (shoulder)
Definition
supplies vertebral (supplies brain) and axillary
Term
axillary (muscles of pectoral region)
Definition
supplies brachial
Term
brachial (arm)
Definition
supplies radial and ulnar
Term
radial and ulnar (forearm)
Definition
supplies palmer arteries
Term
palmer arches (thumb and fingers)
Definition
supply digits
Term
abdominal aorta
Definition
-celiac trunk
-superior mesenteric
-inferior mesenteric
-renal and gonadal
-common illiac
Term
celiac trunk
Definition
supplies stomach (gastric), spleen (splenic), liver (hepatic)
Term
superior mesenteric
Definition
supplies intestines
Term
inferior mesenteric
Definition
supplies colon and rectum
Term
common illiac
Definition
supplies internal/external illiac
Term
internal illiac
Definition
supplies pelvis
Term
external illiac
Definition
supplies femoral
Term
femoral
Definition
supplies popliteal
Term
popliteal
Definition
supplies anterior and posterior tibial
Term
anterior tibial
Definition
supplies dorsalis pedis and dorsal/plantar arches
Term
dorsal and plantar arches
Definition
supply digits
Term
posterior tibial
Definition
supplies dorsal/plantar arches
Term
(LECTURE 24: Blood Vessels II)
special circulation
Definition
pulmonary circuit and hepatic-portal circulation
Term
pulmonary circuit
Definition
-right ventricle
-pulmonary trunk
-pulmonary arteries
-lungs
-pulmonary veins
-left atrium
Term
hepatic portal circulation
Definition
-blood enters liver from hepatic artery (brings O2 to liver) and portal vein (receives blood from superior/inferior mesenteric vein and splenic vein)
*Blood is DRAINED from the liver by the hepatic vein which empties into the INFERIOR Vena Cava
Term
Smooth Muscle Sphincters (AV Shunts)
Definition
-located at the junction of arterioles and capillaries and the junction of arterioles and veins.
-constriction of these sphincters determine direction of BLOOD FLOW.
-controlled under sympathetic (autonomic) system
Term
dural sinuses
Definition
-(brain, deep face, neck)
-drains into internal jugular
Term
internal jugular
Definition
drains into subclavian
Term
superficial veins
Definition
-(face and neck)
-drains into external jugular
Term
external jugular
Definition
drains into subclavian
Term
subclavian
Definition
drains into brachiocephalic
Term
brachiocephalic (2 branches)
Definition
drains into superior vena cava-> HEART
Term
axillary
Definition
drains into subclavian
Term
brachial
Definition
drains into axillary
Term
radial and ulnar
Definition
drains into brachial
Term
dorsal palmer arches
Definition
drains into radial and ulnar
Term
cephalic
Definition
-(lateral upper limb)
-drains into subclavian and basilic
Term
basilic
Definition
-(medial upper limb)
-drains into axillary
Term
medial cubital
Definition
connects cephalic and basilic
Term
venapuncture
Definition
-vein for drawing blood: MEDIAL CUBITAL
-easy to find;superficial
-low BP
Term
Brachial-cephalic
Definition
-1 Brachial-Cephalic ARTERY
-2 Brachial-Cephalic VEINS
Term
superior/inferior mesenteric/splenic (filter blood)
Definition
drains into portal vein
Term
portal vein
Definition
drains into hepatic (liver)
Term
hepatic/renal gonadal/common illiac
Definition
drains into inferior vena cava-> HEART
Term
internal/external illiac
Definition
drains into common illiac
Term
femoral
Definition
drains into external illiac
Term
great saphenous
Definition
-(medial lower limb)
-drains into femoral
-superficial vein in leg commonly used for coronary bypass surgery
Term
popliteal
Definition
drains into femoral
Term
anterior/posterior tibial
Definition
drains into popliteal
Term
venous arches (foot) digitals
Definition
drains into anterior/posterior tibial
Term
(LECTURE 25: Lymphatic System)
Definition
consists of lymphatic vessels which carry a fluid, lymph. clusters of lymphoid tissue called lymph nodes are located along vessels.
Term
lymphatic vessels
Definition
-widely distributed throughout body
-run alongside blood vessels within loose CT
Term
lymphatic capillaries
Definition
-begin as blind ended tubes
Term
medium large lymphatic vessels
Definition
-thicker walled than capillaries
-smooth fibers surround vessel
-valves; permit fluid to flow in one direction ONLY
Term
lymphatic ducts
Definition
-right (20% of people) lactealsand thoracic
-largest lymph vessels
-thickest walled
-valves
Term
lacteals
Definition
-found only in intestine
-transport products of fat digestion
Term
function of lymphatic system
Definition
-removal and transport of tissue fluid
-immunological defenses
-drainage system (one direction)
Term
lymph drainage
Definition
tissue-> lymph capillaries-> lymph vessels-> lymph ducts-> venous system
Term
right lymphatic duct
Definition
-drains right upper extremeties (limb,thorax,face)
-empties into right subclavian vein
Term
thoracic duct
Definition
-drains right abdomen/lower right limbs and whole left side of body
-empties into left subclavian
Term
lymph
Definition
-clear, watery
-plasma
-plasma proteins
-lipids
-lymphocytes
-misc debris (bacteria, malignant cells, viruses)
Term
formation of lymph
Definition
-due to differences in pressure, more fluid leaves capillaries than is returned
Term
transport of lymph
Definition
-rhythmic contraction of skeletal muscles
and abdominal organ muscles push fluid along
-negative pressure in thorax helps drain fluid up through thoracic duct
-valves
Term
lymph nodes
Definition
-small, oval, clusters of lymphoid tissue
Term
lymph node function
Definition
-filtration of foreign particles
-production of lymphocytes
Term
structure and contents of lymph nodes
Definition
-enclosed in fibrous capsule
-afferent/efferent vessels
-reticular fibers
-macrophages
-aggregation of t-cells
-germinal centers
Term
reticular fibers
Definition
-meshwork which traps debris
Term
germinal centers
Definition
area where B cells develop and become plasma cells which make antibodies
Term
spleen
Definition
-left upper quadrant
-between 9th and 11th ribs
-lateral posterior to stomach
Term
spleen structure
Definition
-red pulp
-white pulp
-reticular fibers
-sinusoids
Term
red pulp
Definition
-blood flowing though meshwork of fibers
Term
white pulp
Definition
-clusters of lymphoid tissue
Term
sinusoids
Definition
-irregular passageway of blood
Term
spleen function
Definition
-production of blood cells (fetal-all, adult-lymphocytes)
-storage: platelets, WBC, RBC, iron
-filtration: disposes old RBCs
-immune function: produces lymphocytes and antibodies
Term
thymus
Definition
-bilobed mass of lymphoid tissue
-in thorax
Term
thymus function
Definition
-during prenatal and postnatal it produces T cells
-usually degenerates with age
Term
tonsils
Definition
-clusters of lymphoid tissue
-guard entrance to resp/dig system
-pharyngeal
-paletine
-lingual
Term
pharyngeal tonsils
Definition
-roof of nasopharynx (adenoids)
-can cause ear infection if inflamed
Term
palatine
Definition
-"the tonsils"
-each side of oropharynx
Term
lingual
Definition
located posterior 1/3 of tongue
Term
(LECTURE 28: Blood)
FUNCTIONS
Definition
-transport
-protection
-regulation
Term
protection
Definition
WBCs and clotting
Term
regulation
Definition
-body temp (water it contains provides means for dissipation of heat)
-volume of body water
-pH
Term
composition of blood
Definition
-55% plasma
-45% cellular components
Term
plasma
Definition
-90% water
-plasma proteins
-ions
-compounds
Term
plasma proteins
Definition
-albumin
-fibrinogen
-globulin
Term
albumin
Definition
-many functions including transport and BP regulation
-very large, affects osmotic pressure
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
-necessary for clotting
Term
globulin
Definition
-transport of lipids
-antibody formation
Term
ions
Definition
K, Na, Cl
Term
compounds
Definition
glucose, urea
Term
cellular elements
Definition
-erythrocytes
-leukocytes
-thrombocytes (platelets)
Term
erythrocyte function
Definition
uses hemoglobin for oxygen transport
Term
neutrophil function
Definition
-phagocytosis of bacteria/debris
Term
eosinophil function
Definition
-fights parasitic infections and allergies
Term
basophil function
Definition
-contain histamine
-affects vascular permeability
-increase in number in some leukemias
Term
monocyte function
Definition
-phagocytosis
-moves into tissues and becomes macrophage
Term
lymphocyte function
Definition
-immune defense
-fight viral infection
Term
thrombocyte
Definition
-small, granular fragments
-portion of cytoplasm of a megakaryocyte in bone marrow
Term
granulocytes
Definition
-neutrophil
-eosinophil
-basophil
Term
hemopoiesis
Definition
-blood cell production
Term
location of fetal hemopoiesis
Definition
-yolk sac, liver, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, bone marrow
Term
location of adult hemopoiesis
Definition
-red bone marrow-sternum, ribs, vertebrae, pelvis, head of humerus/femur, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes
Term
at birth all bone marrow is
Definition
red
Term
adults have this much red bone marrow
Definition
half
Term
erythropoietin
Definition
-hormone produced in kidney
-influences rate of production of new blood cells
Term
Pleuripotential stem cells
Definition
gives rise to all blood cells
Term
Hemostasis
Definition
stopping of bleeding to prevent blood loss
Term
Blood Clot Process
Definition
tissue damage-> platelets adhere to collagen-> constriction of clood vessels at tunica media-> becomes sticky and release thrombin-> fibrinogen-> fibrin-> forms clot with calcium and vitamin K
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