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HUMAN ANATOMY-EXAM I
University at Buffalo ANA113
277
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/20/2011

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Term
Organic Compounds
Definition
Contain CARBON (living)
Term
Inorganic Compounds
Definition
Do NOT contain Carbon (nonliving)
Term
Types of Organic Compounds
Definition
Protein, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
Term
Cell membrane is composed of
Definition
Lipids, Proteins, Carbohydrates
Term
Types of Protein
Definition
Structural, Enzymes, Hormones
Term
Types of Carbohydrates
Definition
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
Term
Types of Lipids
Definition
fats (storage), cholesterol, phospholipids (structural)
Term
Types of Nucleic Acid
Definition
DNA and RNA (involved in protein synthesis)
Term
Cell Membrane: Fluid Mosaic Model
Definition
Arrangement theory for the cell membrane (i.e- lipid bilayer)
Term
Main Functions of the Cell Membrane
Definition
Permeability, Communication, Receptors, Compartmentalization of the cell
Term
Chromatin
Definition
DNA and Protein
Term
Function of Nucleus
Definition
-Stores genetic material
-Mitosis
-Cellular metabolism regulation
Term
Function of Ribosome
Definition
Site of protein synthesis (especially in PANCREAS)
Term
Where RNA synthesis occur and what does it produce?
Definition
Nucleolus and Protein
Term
Why don't RBC's divide?
Definition
No nucleus
Term
Which cells have a lot of ribosomes and which cells have less?
Definition
a lot: endocrine and digestive
a little: skin, muscle cells
Term
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Definition
-multiple ribosomes
-protein production
Term
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Definition
-Lipid production and metabolism
-calcium storage
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
-provide ENERGY to the cell
-cellular respiration
Term
What cells would have a lot of mitochondria?
Definition
Muscle cells and digestive cells
Term
Golgi complex
Definition
Stores Protein
Term
Cytoplasmic Inclusions
Definition
secretory granules, hemogobin (carries O2), lipids droplets, pigments, lysosomes, peroisomes, vacuoles
Term
Microtubules
Definition
-formed by tubulin
-structural component of centrioles (cell division) and cilia (motility)
Term
Centrioles
Definition
-9 triplets of microtubules
-cell division
Term
Microfilaments
Definition
-Muscle contraction
-contractile activities and cell locomotion (in muscle cells)
Term
3 Phases of Interphase
Definition
G1, S, and G2
Term
G1 Phase(growth)
Definition
-normal cellular activities
-cellular growth and duplication of organelles
Term
S Phase
Definition
DNA replication
Term
G2 Phase
Definition
Synthesis of Protein
Term
Mitotic Phase
Definition
Nuclear Division
Term
Cells which are specializes and don't divide
Definition
RBC, Neurons, Muscle Cells
Term
Cells that normally don't divide but can be induced to do so
Definition
Liver Cells and White Blood Cells (Lymphocytes)
Term
Cells that undergo constant division
Definition
Skin, cells of intestinal lining (digestive tract), bone marrow cells
Term
Chromatid
Definition
duplicated chromosomes
Term
Centriole
Definition
Microtubules used in mitotic spindle
Term
Stages of Mitosis
Definition
(PMAT): Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Term
Prophase
Definition
chromosomes become condensed
Term
Metaphase
Definition
paired chromosomes line up in the middle
Term
Anaphase
Definition
chromosomes separate and migrate to the opposite side of the cell
Term
Telophase
Definition
Nucleus divides
Term
Result of Mitosis
Definition
2 identical daughter cells (23 pairs: 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosomes)
Term
Result of meiosis
Definition
4 daughter cells which contain 1/2 the # of chromosomes as the parent cell (occurs in gonads)
Term
Hypertrophy
Definition
increase in size of the cells (particularly in muscle cells)
Term
Hyperplasia
Definition
increase in mitotic activity (leads to cancer)
Term
Atrophy
Definition
Decrease in size of cells
Term
Metaplasia
Definition
transformation of cell into diff cell type in response to disease
Term
Kayotype
Definition
Number of chromosomes a person has (46)
Term
Benign
Definition
not dangerous to health
"benign is fine"
Term
Malignant
Definition
more invasive and may cause death
Term
Four Types of Tissue
Definition
(CryingMEN): Connective Tissue (CT), Muscle, Epithelium, and Nervous
Term
Four Types of Tissue
Definition
Epithelium, Connective Tissue (CT), Muscle, and Nervous
Term
Characteristics of the Epithelium
Definition
-AVASCULAR (not penetrated by blood vessle)
-Cells held closed together resting on basement membrane
-Highly cellular, little intracell. material
Term
FUNCTIONS of Epithelium
Definition
Membranous and Grandular
Term
Membranous Epithelium
Definition
(PLZ LET SandS F): Protection, Lining of body cavities (digestive, blood vessels), Sensory perception, Absorption and Secretion, Filtration (kidney)
Term
Epithelium: Cell Layers
Definition
simple (one), stratified (many), pseudostratified (one but LOOKS like multiple)
Term
Epithelium: Shapes
Definition
squamous (flat, thin), cuboidal (cube), columnar (rectangular)
Term
Cilia
Definition
-fingerlike projections on cells to increase surface area
-found in respiratory system
Term
Keratin
Definition
waterproof protein
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
-VASCULAR
-secrete hormones into bloodstream (insulin)
Term
Exocrine Glands
Definition
-secrete though ducts; cuboidal cells
-unicellular=goblet cell
-multicellular=salivary gland
Term
Simple Squamous
Definition
-one thin layer of cells
-found in alveoli and blood vessels
Term
Simple Cuboidal
Definition
-GLANDS: salivary, thyroid, pancreas
Term
Simple Columnar
Definition
-make digestive enzymes
-digestive tract (intestines, stomach)
Term
Stratified Squamous
Definition
-many layers of flat cells
-protection from friction/irritation
-found in anus, skin, vagina, oral cavity
Term
Stratified Cuboidal
Definition
-Glandular Epithelium
Term
Stratified Columnar
Definition
RARE- found in Larynx
Term
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar
Definition
-Respiratory Epithelium
-Nasal Cavity, Tranchea, Bronchi
Term
Transitional
Definition
-Can be stretched
-found in bladder, uterus
Term
Connective Tissue
Definition
-VASCULAR; Most abundant
-Protection, support, providing nutrients to other tissues
Term
Types of Tissue
Definition
Connective tissue proper *(loose, dense, elastic, adipose), cartilage, bone, blood
Term
CT: Fibers
Definition
(CATS EAT RATS): Collagenous, Elastic, Reticular
Term
Collagenous Fibers
Definition
composed of collagen; MOST ABUNDANT
Term
Elastic Fibers
Definition
composed of elastin; able to STRETCH
Term
Reticular Fibers
Definition
Forms a network of thin threads
-found in lymph nodes and spleen
Term
CT: Cell Types
Definition
Fibroblast, fat cells, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells
Term
Fibroblast
Definition
-MOST ABUNDANT
-produce and maintain CT fibers
Term
Fat Cells (adipose)
Definition
stores fat
Term
Macrophages (phagocytes)
Definition
engulf bacteria and debris
Term
Plasma Cells
Definition
produce antibodies
Term
Mast Cells
Definition
produce histamine
Term
CT Proper: Loose(areloar)
Definition
-VASCULAR
-flexible, few cells, few fibers
-found all over the body
-support, package material
Term
CT proper: Dense
Definition
-AVASCULAR
IRREGULAR-fibers all over the place but still packed together; skin
REGULAR-fibers packed really tightly; tendons and ligaments
Term
Ct proper: Elastic
Definition
-irregularly arranged fibers; stretch
-walls of arteries, larynx, trachae, bronchi
Term
CT proper: Adipose
Definition
-composed of fat cells
-found all over the body
Term
Cartilage (type of CT)
Definition
-AVASCULAR=poor blood supply=slow to heal
-composed of chondrontin sulfate
Term
Types of Cartilage
Definition
Hyaline, Fibrocartilage, Elastic Cartilage
Term
Cartilage: Hyaline
Definition
-MOST ABUNDANT
-forms cartilagenous skeleton during fetal development
-covers long bone, articular joints, respiratory tracts (nose, trachea, bronchi, ends of ribs)
Term
Cartilage: Fibrocartilage
Definition
-withstands compression
-found in intervertebral disc, symphysis pubis
Term
Cartilage: Elastic
Definition
-can stretch, flexible
-found in auditory, external ear, larynx-epiglottis
Term
Function of a bone
Definition
Support, Protection, Movement, Storage (Ca2+, phosphorus), Blood cell production
Term
Bone Cells
Definition
osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast, chondrocytes/chondroblasts (ossification and calcification)
Term
Osteocyte
Definition
mature bone cell
Term
Osteoblast
Definition
forms bone
Term
Osteoclast
Definition
breakdown of bone (bone resorption)
Term
Compact Bone
Definition
more likely to be found outside of a bone, more protective. dense and smooth appearance
Term
Spongy Bone (cancellous)
Definition
wide spaces in bone that resembles holes in sponge; filled with red marrow
Term
Flat Bone
Definition
spongy bone between compact bone
"swiss cheese sandwich"
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
long portion of bone "shaft"
has hyaline cartilage for growth
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
contains the spongy bone/end of bone
Term
Epiphyseal plate ("growth plate")
Definition
-where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
Term
Medullary Cavity ("marrow cavity")
Definition
cavity within diaphysis that contains bone marrow (yellow marrow)
Term
Periosteum (around bone)
Definition
protective covering composed of dense CT
Term
Articular cartilage
Definition
Hyaline cartilage, protective covering, synovial fluid
Term
Organic component of bone
Definition
Collagen
Term
Inorganic component of bone
Definition
Ca++
Term
Types of Bone Formation
Definition
Intramembranous (fetal development) and Endochondral (epiphyseal plate fuses)
Term
Bone: Hormone Requirement
Definition
Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, growth hormone, sex hormones
Term
Bone Remodeling
Definition
bone formation=bone resorption
-continual process; involves osteoclast/osteoblast
Term
The Skull
Definition
Frontal, Temporal, Occipital (post inferior), Parietal (sup lateral), Zygomatic (cheek), Sphenoid (above temporal), Ethmoid (inf to nasal), Mandible (infereior), Maxilla (superior), Palatine, Nasal, Vomer (inf to ethmoid), Orbit, External auditory meatus, Mastoid process (inf to temporal bone), styloid process, foramen magnum (spinal cord meets brain stem)
Term
7 bones that form the Orbit
Definition
Frontal, lacrimal, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, sphenoid
Term
"process"
Definition
something that sticks out
Term
"foramen or "meatus"
Definition
hole
Term
"foramen or "meatus"
Definition
hole
Term
What is directly beneath the occipital bone?
Definition
Atlas C1
Term
Hyoid Bone
Definition
-involves in swallowing
-doesn't articulate to any other bone (only muscle and cartilage)
-inferior to mandible
Term
Fontanels
Definition
soft spot on baby's head--- during birth, has to pass the pelvis bone
Term
True Ribs
Definition
Ribs 1-7
-articulate with sternum anterior side
Term
False Ribs
Definition
Ribs 8-10
-articulate to sternum thru cartilage attached to rib 7
Term
Floating Ribs
Definition
Ribs 11 and 12
-articulate to nothing anterior side
Term
Where does every rib attach to?
Definition
Posterior attachment to thoracic (12) vertabrae
Term
Intercostal Spaces
Definition
spaces btwn the ribs
Term
Sternum
Definition
most superior to most inferior: jugular notch, *manubrium, sternal angle, *body, costal cartilage, *xiphoid process
Term
Sternal Angle of Louis
Definition
where MANUBRIUM meets BODY (level of rub 2)
Term
Classification of Vertebrae
Definition
cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5)
Term
Cervical Vertebrae
Definition
bifid spinous process, transverse foramen
Term
Thoracic Vertebrae
Definition
circular foramen, articular facets for ribs, spinous process points posteriorly and inferiorly
Term
Lumbar Vertebrae
Definition
Large body, flat-quadrangular shaped spinous process
Term
"Sarah Likes To Pick Berries"
Definition
12 o'clock going counterclockwise:
spinous process, lamina (holds spinous and transverse), transverse process, pedicle (holds transverse and body), body
Term
Articular Facet
Definition
where ribs attach to thoracic vertebrae
Term
Cervical Vertebrae: Atlas C1
Definition
No body, no spinous process, circular, articular facets for cranium, large transverse process
Term
Cervical Vertebrae: Axis C2
Definition
has DENS and transverse LIGAMENT
Term
Scoliosis
Definition
s-shape curvature of the spine
Term
Kyphosis
Definition
bent forward (old people)
Term
Lordosis
Definition
think: "pompous lords"
Term
Pectoral Girdle
Definition
consists of the scapula and clavicle
Term
Scapula: Glenoid Fossa
Definition
depression on the lateral side of the scapula for the head of the humerus
Term
Scapula: Acromion process
Definition
bony projection, posterior and lateral
-articulates with clavicle
Term
Scapula: Coricoid process
Definition
anterior lateral portion
Term
Clavicle
Definition
medially articulates with the manubrium, laterally attaches to acromion process
Term
Humerus: head
Definition
articulates with scapular; proximal end, facing medially to the glenoid fossa
Term
Humerus: anatomical neck
Definition
inferior to head
Term
Humerus: surgical neck
Definition
frequent site of fracture
Term
Humerus: lateral and medial epicondyles
Definition
inferior projections for muscle attachment (tendons)
Term
Humerus: Olecranon fossa
Definition
hinge joint on distal and posterior end
Term
Ulna (MEDIAL bone): olecranon process
Definition
proximal end; sits in olecranon fossa of humerus
Term
Ulna (MEDIAL bone): head
Definition
always MEDIAL side; distal end
Term
Ulna (MEDIAL bone): styloid process
Definition
medial prjection, distal end
Term
Radius (LATERAL bone): head
Definition
VERY flat; superior and proximal
Term
Radius (LATERAL bone): styloid process
Definition
pointy projection inferior to head; articulates with scaphoid (wrist)
-radius moves during supination and pronation
Term
Carpal Bones (8)
Definition
Touches styloid process of radius
-most likely to break
Term
Metacarpals (5)
Definition
in the palm of hands
Term
Phalanges (14)
Definition
3 phalanges make up fingers, except thumb (2)
Term
Pelvic Girdle: Os Coxae (hips)
Definition
Illium- superior, largest
Ischium-posterior, inferior; sit on
Pubis/Pubic Bone-anterior, superior to ischium
Term
Pelvic Girdle: Illiac crest
Definition
bony landmark of the os coxae and ridge of illium (where L4 and L5 is)
Term
Pelvic Girdle: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Definition
bump on front of ilium
Term
Pelvic Girdle: Symphysis pubis
Definition
consist of fibrocartilage connecting os coxae
Term
Pelvic Girdle: Acetabulum
Definition
a deep fossa for the head of the femur
Term
Pelvic Girdle: Ischial Tuberosity (weight baring)
Definition
posterior and inferior; we sit on this
Term
Pelvic Girdle: Obturator Foramen
Definition
hole in os coxae for muscle attachment
Term
Femur: head
Definition
proximal and medial
Term
Femur: head
Definition
proximal and medial
Term
Femur: neck
Definition
medial, distal to head, between head and greater tronchanter
Term
Femur: greater trochanter
Definition
lateral side of femus where the muscles attach
Term
Fibula (LATERAL bone): Lateral Malleolus
Definition
distal end of fibula
Term
Tibia (MEDIAL Bone): Medial Malleolus
Definition
Distal end of tibia
*proximal end of tibia articulates with femur
Term
Tarsals (7)-Ankles
Definition
talus- superior; articulates with tibia
calcaneus- heel
Term
Metatarsals (5)
Definition
bone of foot
Term
3 Articulations/Joints
Definition
(SAD): Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses (synovial joint)
Term
Synarthroses
Definition
joint with no movement such as the skull
Term
Amphiarthrosis
Definition
Joint with limited movement in intervertebral discs and symphasis pubis
Term
Diarthroses (synovial joint)
Definition
joints that move; articulating ends of bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
Term
Synovial fluid
Definition
fluid which lubricates the joint found in bursae; used to reduce friction
Term
TYPES of Diarthrotic Joints
Definition
Pivot, Ellipsoidal (Condyloid), Gliding, Hinge, Saddle, Ball-and-Socket
Term
Diarthrotic Joints: Pivot
Definition
-uniaxial rotation around a central axis
-atlas and axis (dens), radioulnar
Term
Diarthrotic Joints: Ellipsoidal (Condyloid)
Definition
Biaxial, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
-Metacarpal Phalangeal (knuckle joints), radiocarpal
Term
Diarthrotic Joints: Gliding
Definition
-side to side, back and forth
-wrist, ankle, vertebrae, ribs
Term
Diarthrotic Joints: Hinge
Definition
-uniaxial, flexion, extension
-knee, elbow, interphalangeal, TMJ
Term
Diarthrotic Joints: Ball-and-Socket
Definition
multiaxial, flexion, extension, rotate, adduct, abduct, circumduct
-hip, shoulder
Term
Diarthrotic Joints: Saddle
Definition
wide range of movement; THUMB ONLY
Term
Tendons
Definition
connect bone to muscle; AVASCULAR
*aponeurosis=thin sheet of tendon;abs, skull
Term
ligaments
Definition
connect bone to bone; AVASCULAR
-composed of DENSE CT
Term
Bursae
Definition
fluid-filled sacs to reduce friction
Term
Menisci
Definition
located in the dense of CT in knee; fibrocartilage discs located btwn tibia and femur
Term
Joint Capsule
Definition
tough CT that surrounds the joints
Term
articular cartilage
Definition
hyaline cartilage that protects the ends of the bones of a joint
Term
synovial membrane
Definition
membrane which lines the joint cavity and produces a lubricating fluid
Term
Acromioclavicular Ligament
Definition
connects acromion and clavicle
Term
Coracoclavicular Ligament
Definition
connects coracoid process and clavicle
Term
Ligaments on the LATERAL/FIBULAR side of the knee
Definition
Lateral Collateral Ligament, Lateral Condyle, Lateral Meniscus
Term
Ligaments on the MEDIAL side of the knee
Definition
Medial Collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and medial epicondyle
Term
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
Definition
anterior ligament of knee
Term
UNHAPPY TRIAD**
Definition
Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL), Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL), Medial Meniscus
Term
shoulder dislocation
Definition
head of humerus out of glenoid fossa
Term
shoulder separation
Definition
ligaments torn
Term
Coracoacomial Ligament
Definition
connects the acromion and coracoid process
Term
Classification of Muscle
Definition
Skeletal (voluntary-limbs), Smooth(INvoluntary-GI, walls of blood vessles), Cardiac (INvoluntary-heart)
Term
Connective Tissue Coverings
Definition
endomysium (innermost muscle-individual), perimysium (outermost muscle-bundles), epimysium (covers entire muscle)
Term
Myofilament
Definition
contractile proteins actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
cytoplasm of muscle
Term
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
SER stores large amount of Ca++
Term
mitochondria
Definition
provides energy to muscle cells
Term
sarcomere
Definition
shortens when muscle contracts
Term
myofibril
Definition
"contractile organelles"
Term
myoglobin
Definition
iron containing pigment; deliver oxygen
Term
Motor unit
Definition
motor neuron and all the fibers it controls; more precise movement, smaller the motor unit
Term
synergistic muscles
Definition
similar functions; quads and calf muscles
Term
antagonistic muscles
Definition
muscles that do opposite function (extensors and flexors); Hamstrings/Quads, biceps/triceps
Term
Isometric
Definition
NO MOVEMENT
Term
Isotonic
Definition
muscle shortens and MOVEMENT occurs
Term
Fibers in Skeletal Muscle
Definition
Red (slow twitch) and White (fast twitch)
Term
Red Slow-Twitch Fibers
Definition
-high myoglobin, many mitochondria, aerobic metabolism, fatique resistant, contract slowly; i.e posture
Term
White Fast-Twitch Fibers
Definition
large glycogen reserves, anaerobic pathway, powerful contraction, fatigue quickly; i.e muscles of shoulders and arms
Term
Occipitofrontalis
Definition
occipital bone to the frontal bone; WRINKLES FOREHEAD
Term
Orbicularis oculi
Definition
close eye, WINK, squint
Term
Orbicularis oris
Definition
around the lip; CLOSED/pursed lips
Term
Zygomaticus major
Definition
cheeks; SMILING MUSCLE
Term
Depressor anguli oris
Definition
depress the angle of the mouth; FROWN
Term
Levator labii superoris
Definition
superior to lips; elevates the UPPER lip.
Term
Depressor labii inferioris
Definition
chin; depresses the LOWER lip
Term
Buccinator
Definition
cheek; allows to compress cheek-HOLD FOOD
Term
Platysma
Definition
superficial muscle of neck; TENSES YOUR NECK
Term
Elevate Mandible
Definition
Temporalis, Masseter, Medial Pterygoid
Term
Lateral Pterygoid
Definition
Brings mandible forward; GRINDING
Term
"GLOSSUS"
Definition
movement of tongue (hyoglossus, genioglossus, styloglossus)
Term
Anterior Neck
Definition
-suprahyoid (elevate) and infrahyoid (depress)used in swallowing
Term
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
Definition
sternum, clavicle, mastoid process
-contracted bilaterally (FLEXion of neck) and unilaterally (rotation)
Term
Muscles that FLEX the NECK
Definition
Sternocleidomastoid and Scalenus Medius
Term
Erector Spinae Group
Definition
extends muscle of the back (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis)
Term
Quadratus Lumborum
Definition
Lumbar area of back, lateral flexion (bend to one side)
Term
Abdominal Wall
Definition
External Oblique (lateral), Internal Oblique (medial), Transverse abdominis (across), Rectus abdominis (sheet that goes vertical)
*obliques=rotation of the spine
*abdominals=flexion of spine
Term
Antagonistic Muscle Groups of the Spine
Definition
Abdominals (flexion) and Erector Spinae (extension)
Term
Muscles of Pelvic Floor
Definition
levator ani, coccygeus, pubococcygeus
-support organs of pelvic cavity
Term
Serratus anterior
Definition
protraction of scapula; holds in place
-involved in punching
Term
Trapezius
Definition
EXTENSIONn of neck, arm, shoulder
*antagonistic to SCM and scalenes (flex neck)
Term
Pectoralis major
Definition
FLEXION arm at shoulder (reach hand out)
Term
Latissimus Dorsi and Teres Major
Definition
EXTENSION of arm at shoulder (reaching arm back)
Term
3 Parts of Deltoid Muscle
Definition
Anterior, Middle, Posterior
Term
Anterior Deltoid
Definition
synergistic to pectoralis, antagonistic to latissimus dorsi/teres major
Term
Posterior Deltoid
Definition
antagonistic to pectoralis, synergistic to latissimus dorsi/teres major
Term
Middle Deltoid
Definition
Antagonistic to latissiumus dorsi because it ABducts the shoulder and latissimus dorsi ADDucts the shoulder
-Synergistic to supraspinitus because it ABducts the shoulder
Term
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Definition
-medial and lateral rotation of shoulder
(SITS): supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
Term
FLEXION of Forearm (lifting box)
Definition
Biceps brachii (supinator of forearm) , brachialis (flex elbow), brachioradilais (flex elbow)
Term
EXTENSION of Forearm (shaking hand)
Definition
Triceps Brachii (extension of elbow)
Term
SECONDARY Supinator of Forearm
Definition
Supinator (biceps); synergistic to biceps brachii
Term
Pronators
Definition
Pronator Teres and Pronator Quadratus
-antagonistic to supinator and biceps brachii that SUPINATE the forearm
Term
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Definition
flexion of wrist on the radial side (thumb)
Term
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Definition
flexion of wrist on ulnar side (pinky)
Term
Extensor pollicis longus
Definition
thumb
Term
Thenar muscles
Definition
pad under thumb; abduction, adduction, opposition
Term
Hypothenar muscles
Definition
pink side of hand
Term
Lumbricals
Definition
fine movements of the hand
Term
FLEXION of the HIP
Definition
Iliopsoas group: iliacus and Psoas Major
-Anterior muscle=FLEXION
Term
EXTENSION of the hip
Definition
Gluteus Maximum
-posterior muscle=EXTENSION
Term
ABDUCTION
Definition
Tensor Fasciae Latae (TFL) and Gluteus Minimus
Term
ADDUCTION
Definition
Adductor Magnus
Term
Quadraceps
Definition
FLEX hip, EXTEND leg/knee
Term
Hamstrings
Definition
EXTEND hip, FLEX leg at knee joint
Term
Plantarflection
Definition
gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
tibialis anterior
Term
Sartorius
Definition
Longest muscle in body
-flexion of hip/knee
Term
EVERSION of the foot
Definition
Fibialis brevis and longus
Term
Hallucis
Definition
Big toe
Term
2 Layers of Skin
Definition
-Epidermis (outermost; composed of keratinized squamous epithelium, a water-proofing protein)
-Dermis (deep; composed of CT)
Term
Hypodermis (subcutaneous)
Definition
deep in surface; loose CT
-shock absorber and insulator
Term
Functions of Skin
Definition
Protection, thermoregulation, absorption, excretion, synthesis, secnstaion, communication
Term
PROTECTION of skin
Definition
physical barrier (impermeable to water), chemical barrier (acidity of skin-no bacteria growth), biological barrier (langerhans cells and macrophages engulf bacteria)
Term
5 Layers of Epithelium
Definition
-Stratum Germinativum (single layer, deepest, mitosis)
-Spinosum (keratin synthesis)
-Granulosum (keratin)
-Lucidum
-Corneum (superficial layer, likely to die)
Term
Function of Dermis
Definition
serves as an attachment for epidermis, contains dense network of blood vessels for diffusion or nutrients; sweatglands for temp regulation
Term
Decubitis Ulcers
Definition
due to poor circulation
Term
Blisters
Definition
increased friction due to separation of epidermis and dermis
Term
Skin Color: 3 Pigments
Definition
Melanin, Carotene, Hemoglobin
Term
Cyanosis
Definition
bluish coloration due to poorly oxygenated blood
Term
skin tone
Definition
strength and resiliency caused by ELASTIC and collagenous fibers of dermis
Term
Skin Glands
Definition
Sebaceous Glands and Sweat Glands
Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
produce sebum, an oily substance which lubricates the hair shaft
Term
Sweat Glands: Eccrine
Definition
most numerous, produce sweat (water, salt, and urea), regulated by ANS
Term
Sweat Glands: Apocrine
Definition
locate in axillary and anogenital regions of body, secrete sweat and lipoproteins (ODORS), functions at puberty
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