Term
| Identify endocrine glands on the body |
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Definition
| pituitary gland, hypothalamus, pineal gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads (ovaries, testes) |
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Term
| endocrine vs. exocrine glands |
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Definition
exocrine= "exit" the body- they secrete into gastrointestinal tract or reproductive tract (sperm, eggs)
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endocrine glands secrete directly into the bloodstream |
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Term
| relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland |
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Definition
hypothalamus creates hormones to store in posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) and signals to release hormones
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signals ant. pituitary (adenohypophysis) to create hormones |
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Term
| Hormones secreted from ant. pituitary gland |
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Definition
Toilet Paper FLAG (T.P.F.L.A.G)
TSH, Prolactin, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH |
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Term
| FSH - Follicle-stimulating Hormone function |
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Definition
Ovaries- growth of ovarian follicles and secrete estrogen
Testes- sperm production |
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Term
| Hormones secreted from post. pituitary gland |
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Definition
people in the back say "A O"
Anti-diuretic Hormone, Oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
Ovaries- ovulation, maintenance of corpus luteum
Testes- testosterone secretion |
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Term
| TSH - Thyroid-stimulating Hormone |
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Definition
| Thyroid gland- growth of thyroid, secretion of thyroid hormone |
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Term
| ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
| Adrenal complex- growth of adrenal cortex, secretion fo glucocorticoids |
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Term
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Definition
Mammary Glands- milk synthesis
Testes- increased LH sensitivity and testosterone secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| many organs- widespread tissue growth, especially in cartilage, bone, muscle, and fat |
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Term
| ADH - Antidiuretic Hormone |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Uterus, mammary glands- labor contractions, milk release; possibly involved in ejacullation, sperm transport and sexual affection |
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Term
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Definition
| site of maturation for T lymphocytes, secretes hormones that stimulate the development of other lymphatic organs, but is non-functional for endocrine system in adults |
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Term
| major function of thyroid gland |
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Definition
| to increase heat production of body and thus metabolism (hyper-thyroidism: ppl really thin and hot) / also secretes calcitonin to lower calcium levels |
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Term
| function of parathyroid glands |
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Definition
| secretes parathyroid hormone to increase blood calcium levels |
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Term
| function of adrenal gland |
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Definition
| medulla is essentially a sympathetic ganglion secreting epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine / cortex secretes: mineralocorticoids (steroids, electrolyte balance), glucocorticoids (steroids, fat and protein catabolism), sex steroids (androgens, stimulate libido and growth of pubic hair) |
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Term
| pancreas endocrine secretions |
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Definition
from pancreatic islets /
Alpha cells: glucagon (stimulates glycogen breakdown and glucose synthesis and release glucose into blood)
Beta cells: insulin (synthesis of glycogen, fat, and protein and absorption of glucose)
Delta cells: somatostatin (inhibits digestive enzyme secretion)
PP cells: pancreatic polypeptide (inhibits gallbladder contraction)
G cells: gastrin (stimylates emptying of stomach) |
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Term
| secretion of gonads and function |
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Definition
Testes- endocrine: testosterone, exocrine: sperm
Ovaries- endocrine: estrogen, progesterone; exocrine: eggs |
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Term
| levels of human structure |
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Definition
| organism, organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms, subatomic particles |
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Term
| microscopic anatomy vs. gross anatomy |
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Definition
| gross anatomy can be seen with the naked eye, microscopic is anatomy through microscopes (histology) |
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Term
| know common prefix and suffix for medical terms (p18) |
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Definition
prefix: epi-, hypo-, endo-, di- /
suffix: -ology |
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Term
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Definition
| standing erect with feet flat on the floor, arm at the sides, and the palms, face, and eyes facing forward |
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Term
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Definition
| sagittal (midsagittal), frontal, and transverse planes |
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Term
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Definition
| ventral-dorsal, anterior-posterior, superior-inferior, medial-lateral, proximal-distal, superficial-deep |
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Term
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Definition
| right upper q, left upper q, right lower q, left lower q |
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Term
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Definition
| L&R hypochondriac, L&R abdominal, L&R inguinal, epigastic, umbilical, hypogastric |
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Term
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Definition
| dorsal- cranial, vertebral / ventral- thoracic (pericardial, pleural, mediastinum); abdominal |
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Term
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Definition
| plasma membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, rough ER, smooth ER, golgi complex, lysosome, mitochodria, vesicles, microtubule, centrioles, centrosome |
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Term
| 3 different cell junctions |
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Definition
| tight junction- no space btw epithelial cells, desmosome- a patch that holds like a snap, gap (communicating) junction- pores btw cells that let through small solutes |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial, connective, nervous, muscular |
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Term
| subtypes of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified columnar, stratified squamous (keratinized and non-keratinized), stratified cuboidal, transitional |
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Term
| subtypes of connective tissue |
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Definition
| Loose: areolar, reticular, adipose / Dense: dense regular, dense irregular / Cartilage: hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage / bone / blood |
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Term
| subtypes of muscular tissue |
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Definition
| skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle |
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Term
| simple squamous epithelium (give function and location) |
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Definition
| allows rapid diffusion or transport of substances through membrane; secretes lubricating serous fluid - alveoli of lungs; glomerular capsules of kidneys; some kidney tubules; inner lining (endothelium) of heart and blood vessels' serous membranes of stomach, intestines, and some other viscera; surface mesothelium of pleurae, pericardium, peritoneum, and mesenteries |
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Term
| simple cuboidal epithelium (give function and location) |
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Definition
| absorption and secretion; production and movement of respiratory mucus - liver, thyroid, mammary, salivary, and other glands; most kidney tubules; bronchioles |
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Term
| simple columnar epithelium (give function and location) |
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Definition
| absorption; secretion of mucus and other products; movement of egg and embryo in uterine tube - inner lining of stomach, in testives, gallbladder, uterus, and uterine tubes; some kidney tubules |
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Term
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium (give function and location) |
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Definition
| secretes and propels mucus - respiratory tract from nasla cavity to bronchi; portions of male urethra |
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Term
| stratified squamous epithelium- keratinized (give function and location) |
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Definition
| resists abrasion; retards ware loss through skin; resists penetration by pathogenic organisms - epidermis; palms and soles are especially heavily keratinized |
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Term
| stratified squamous epithelium- nonkeratinized (give function and location) |
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Definition
| resists abrasion and penetration by pathogenic organisms - tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, anal canal, vagina |
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Term
| stratified cuboidal epithelium (give function and location) |
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Definition
| contributes to sweat secretion; secretes ovarian hormones; produces sperm - sweat gland ducts; egg-producing vesicles (follicles) of ovaries; sperm-producing ducts (seminiferous tubules) of testis |
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Term
| transitional epithelium (give function and location) |
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Definition
| stretches to allow filling of urinary tract - urinary tract (part of kidney, ureter, bladder, part of urethra); allantonic duct and external surface of umbilical cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a glial cell that forms the neurilemma around all peripheral never fibers and the myelin sheath around many of them; also encloses neuromuscular junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| mucous membranes: epithelial tissue, line body cavities open to outside / serous membranes: epithelial tissue, line body cavities not open to outside / synovial membranes: connective tissue, in joints for lubrication / meninges: connection tissue, covering brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| histology of osseous tissue |
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Definition
| osteogenic cells: stem cells in endosteum, some become osteoblasts / osteoblasts: bone-forming cells / osteocytes: former osteoblasts caught in matrix, trapped in lacunae, communicate by canaliculi / osteoclasts: bone-dissolving macrophages |
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Term
| how do bones grow in length |
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Definition
| epiphyseal plates at end of bone contain osteoblasts that make matrix |
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Term
| major differences between cervical, vertebral, and thoracic vertebrae (p101 & 102 in lab book) |
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Definition
| body, spinous process, vertebral foramen, transverse processes, superior and inferios articulating processes, movements allowed |
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Term
| know the major skeletal structures of the extremities |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| decreases the angle of a joint |
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Term
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Definition
| the skin - keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
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Term
| mucous membrane (mucosae) |
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Definition
| line passageways that open to the exterior: the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts / consists of: epithelium, areolar connective tissue (lamina propria), smooth muscle (muscularis mucosae). Mucous membranes have absorptive, secretory, and protective functions. covered with mucous |
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Term
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Definition
| simple squamous epithelium on thin areolar tissue; produce watery serous fluid; line insides of some body cavities and form a smooth surface on viscera like digestive tract (e.g. pleurae, pericardium, and peritoneum) |
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Term
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Definition
| lined with a simple squamous epithelium and rests on a thin areolar tissue and rests on elastic sheet lines the circulatory system and is called the tunica interna of blood vessels and endocaridum of heart. mesothelium lines pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities |
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Term
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Definition
| enclose some joints of the skeletal system; made only of connective tissue, span gap between bones and secrete synovial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| a nerve and all the muscle fibers that it innervates / neuromuscular junction, synaptic cleft, motor end plate, synaptic vesicles (ACh) |
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Term
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Definition
| soma, nucleus, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, nodes of ranvier, internodes, myelin sheath, schwann cells, synaptic knobs |
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Term
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Definition
| a cluster of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system, often resembling a knot in a string; important to autonomic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 fibrous membranes between the CNS and surrounding bone: dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| CNS is only brain and spinal cord / PNS is all other nerves; Sensory division: visceral & somatic sensory; Motor division: somatic & visceral motor: sympathetic & parasympathetic division |
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Term
| what is a plexus? location and innervation |
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Definition
| a network of nerves; cervical (c1-c5, phrenic), brachial (c5-t1, axillary, radial, and ulnar nerve), lumbar (l1-l5, femoral and obturator), sacral (l4-co1) sciatic nerve |
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Term
| know brain anatomy (p416) |
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Definition
| cerebrum: sensory perception, voluntary motor actions, memory, thought, judgment, imagination; cerebellum: motor coordination; brainstem: diencephalon, midbrain, hindbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, cranial nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| the crossing of nerve fibers from the right side of the central nervous system to the left or vice versa, especially in the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, and optic chiasm; contralateral vs ipsilateral |
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Term
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Definition
| sympathetic- fight or flight, parasympathetic- rest and digest |
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Term
| receptors of general senses (p478) |
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Definition
| Free nerve ending: warm, cold, nociceptors - Tactile discs: light touch, pressure - Hair receptors: light touch, movement of hairs - Tactile corpuscles: light touch, texture, low-freq vibration - Krause end bulbs: similar to tactile corpuscles - Ruffini corpuscles: heavy continuous touch or pressure; joints movements - Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles: deep pressure, stretch, high-freq vibration - Muscle spindles: muscle stretch (proprioception) - Golgi Tendon Organs: tension on tendons (proprioception) |
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Term
| general vs. special senses |
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Definition
| special: localized in head and cranial nerves (e.g. olfactory, optic) general: touch, heat, pain (mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors) |
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Term
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Definition
| light rays enter eye, become focused on retina, and produce tiny inverted image. cornea refracts light rays towards optical axis and lens makes slight adjustments to find focus. photoreceptors lead to optic nerve, optic chiasm, hemidecussation, then occipital lobe |
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Term
| how sound gets to vestibulocochlear nerve (p487) |
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Definition
| sound waves vibrate the eardrum, ossicles transfer vibration to inner ear, stapes moves fluid, basilar membrane vibrates up and down, stereocilia rock back and forth, potassium ions to hair cell, hair cell releases neurotransmitter that stimulates first-order sensory neuron, cochlear nerve |
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Term
| know the components of blood (p549) |
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Definition
| plasma, platelets, erythrocytes, Leukocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes |
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Term
| familiar with all blood vessels to and from heart and branches |
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Definition
| pulmonary artery and vein, superior and inferior vena cava, aorta (brachiocephalic branch, left common carotid a., left subclavian artery |
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Term
| steps of heart conduction |
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Definition
| sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers |
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Term
| pulmonary and systemic circulation |
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Definition
| body, right atrium, right AV (tricuspid), right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left AV (bicuspid) valve, left ventricle, aortic valve |
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Term
| histology of blood vessels |
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Definition
ARTERY: lumen, tunica intima (endothelium, basement membrane, internal elastic membrane, collagenous tissue), tunica media, external elastic membrane, tunica externa
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VEIN: lumen, tunica intima (endothelium, valve, basement membrane), tunica media, tunica externa |
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Term
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Definition
PURPOSE: fluid recovery, immunity, lipid absorption /
FLOW: lymphatic capillaries, l. vessels, collecting vessels, l. trunks, collecting ducts (right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct- cisterna chyli) /
SITES: cervical, axillary, thoracic, abdominal, intestinal and mesenteric, inguinal, popliteal |
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Term
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Definition
| superior and inferior meseteric veins, gastric veins, splenic vein, pancreatic vein, cystic vein go to hepatic portal vein |
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