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Human Anatomy by Saladin 1stEd
study for test 3
42
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/25/2006

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Term
function of blood
Definition
transport: oxygen, nutrients, wastes, hormones, temperature

protection: inflammation, WBCs, netralize toxins, blood clotting

regulation: capillaries regulate fluids, pH
Term
plasma
Definition
water, proteins, nutrients, electorlytes, nitrogenous wastes, hormones, and gases
p.544
Term
formed elements
Definition
erythrocytes, leukocytes (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte), platelets
Term
RBC
Definition
erthrocytes, transport oxygen from lungs to body and co2 from body to lungs, HEMOGLOBIN: iron-containing gas-transport protein normally found only in RBCs-
produced in red bone marrow, lives 120 days, destroyed by spleen
Term
formed elements in blood
Definition
p. 549
Term
platelets
Definition
fragments of marrow cells, secrete vasoconstrictors, form temporary platelet plugs, promote blood clotting, dissolve old blood clots, attract neutrophils and monocytes, secrete growth factors to repair blood vessels
Term
blood types
Definition
4 blood types, universal donor is O, universal receiver is AB
Term
anemia
Definition
an RBC or hemoglobin deficiency (producing too slow, destroying too fast, blood loss)
Term
sickle-cell disease
Definition
hemoglobin has defective gene, rbc become sickle shaped and can block blood vessels and break apart
Term
pulmonary vs systemic circuit
Definition
pulmonary is right ventricle to pulmonary arteries to pulmonary veins to left atrium, systemic circuit is left ventricle to body to right atrium
Term
know heart anatomy
Definition
apex at botton
base at the top
Term
coverings and layers of the heart
Definition
parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium (epicardium), myocardium, endocardium, fibrous skeleton
Term
chambers and parts of heart
Definition
chordae tendinae, papillary muscle, trabeculae carneae
Term
myocardial infarction
Definition
(heart attack) when the artery is so occluded that cardiac muscle begins to die from lack of oxygen
Term
coronary atherosclerosis
Definition
fatty deposits form in an arterial wall causing arterial degeneration and obstructed blood flow
Term
systole and diastole
Definition
systole- when heart contracts
diastole- when heart relaxes
Diastolic pressure refers to the lowest pressure within the arterial blood stream occurring during each heart beat. The other component of blood pressure is systolic pressure, which refers to the highest arterial pressure during each heart beat.
Term
cardiac conduction system
Definition
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers
problem: ectopic focus
Term
differences btw fetus and adult heart
Definition
foramen ovale (btw atriums) & ductus arteriosus (btw l. pulmonary artery and aorta) so most blood bypasses pulmonary circuit
Term
coronary artery disease
Definition
narrowing of the coronary arteries resulting in insufficent blood flow to maintain the myocardium- usually caused by atherosclerosis (fatt deposits)
Term
angina pectoris
Definition
partial obstruction of an artery can cause a temporary sense of heaviness and chest pain when the artery constricts
Term
know parts of artery and vein
Definition
tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa p. 587
Term
aneurysm
Definition
a weak point in an artery or in theheart wall - forms a thin-walled fulging sac and pulsates with each beat of the heart and may rupture - most common: abdominal aorta, renal arteries, arterial circle at base of brain
Term
function of capillary
Definition
exchange nutrients, wates and hormones between blood and tissue fluids- the exchange vessels of the cardiovascular system - only endothelium and basement membrane
Term
types of capillaries and function
Definition
continuous capillaries: most tissue, basal lamina, intercellular clefts, small solutes, pericytes

fenestrated: rapid absorption or filtration, kidneys, endocrine glands, small intestine, choroid plexus, filtration pores

sinusoids (discontinuous cap): irregular blood-filled spaces in liver, bone marrow, spleen, NO basal lamina, let through: cells, albumin, proteins,
Term
how venous valves and skeletal muscle pump help
Definition
venous valves don't let blood flow back - skeletal muscle pumps force blood through venous valves
Term
3 branches of aortic arch
Definition
brachiochephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery
Term
hepatic portal system
Definition
connects capillaries of intestines and other digestive organs to the hepatic sinusoids of the liver,
STUDY PAGE 616
Term
hypertension
Definition
abnormally high blood pressure, in young adults 130/85 is normal, above 140/90 is hypertensive

risks: obesity, sedentary diet, smoking, sex, race
Term
Raynaud disease
Definition
occasional spasmodic contraction fo the digital arteries causing pallor numbness and coldness of fingers and toes - leads to brittle nails or gangrene - common in young women
Term
orthostatic hypotension
Definition
baroreceptors slow to respond so when getting up blood is drawn away from brain by gravity and can cause dizziness and fainting
Term
patent ductus arteriosus
Definition
failure of the ductus arteriosus to close, blood flows from aorta into pulmonary circuit - poor weight gain, respiratory illness, difficuly breathing, and heart enlargement
Term
major braches of abdominal aorta to supply intestine
Definition
superior mesenteric artery: inf. pancreaticoduodenal a., intestinal a., ileocolic a., r. colic a., middles colic a.,
-
Inferior mesenteric a.: l. colic a., sigmoid a., superior rectal a.
Term
5 types of receptors (by modality)
Definition
chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nocioreceptors (pain), mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors
Term
chemoreceptor examples
Definition
taste and smell (gustatory and olfactory)
Term
mechanoreceptors
Definition
hearing and balance, touch, pressure, stretch, tension, vibration, skin, viscera, joints
Term
difference between general and special senses
Definition
special senses have complex sense organs of the head, innervated by the cranial nerves - general senses employ widely distributed receptors
Term
study table 17.1 p. 478
Definition
receptors of the general senses
Term
what are 5 tastes
Definition
bitter, sour, sweet, salty, umami
Term
different receptors in skin
Definition
study p.478
Term
what is referred pain?
Definition
pain in the viscera that is mistakenly thought to come from the skin or other superficial sites, convergence of neuronal pathways in the CNS
Term
understand taste
Definition
p481 taste buds, lingual papillae, filiform papillae, foliate papillae, fungiform papillae, vallate (circumvallate) papillae
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taste hairs, taste pore, sensory nerve with neurotransmitters; ant 2/3 VII (facial), post 1/3 IX (glossopharyngeal), palate, pharanx, epiglottis X (vagus); solitary nucleus of medulla
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taste cell lives 7-10 days
Term
understand smell
Definition
olfactory mucosa, olfactory neurons, CN I, olfactory bulbs, mitral cells and tufted cells, olfactory tracts, medial side of temporal lobe
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