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Human Anatomy by Saladin 1stEd
Chapter 17: Sense Organs
36
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/01/2006

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Term
receptor
Definition
any structure specialized to detect a stimulus
Term
sense organs
Definition
nerve endings combined with connective, epithelial, or muscular tissues that enhance or moderate the response to a stimulus
Term
types of stimulus - modality
Definition
chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors
Term
chemoreceptors
Definition
respond to chemicals, including odors, tastes, and composition of the body fluids
Term
thermoreceptors
Definition
respond to heat and cold
Term
nociceptors
Definition
noci=pain

are pain receptors; they respond to tissue damage resulting from trauma (blows, cuts), ischemia (poor blood flow), or excessive stimulation by agents such as heat and chemicals
Term
mechanoreceptors
Definition
respond to physical forces on cells caused by tough, pressure, stretch, tension, or vibration. They includes the organs of hearing and balance and many receptors of teh skin, viscera, and joints
Term
photoreceptors
Definition
the eyes, respond to light
Term
general (somesthetic, somatosensory) senses
Definition
employ receptors that are widely distributed in the skin, muscles, tendons, joint capsules, and viscera; they detect touch, pressure, stretch, heat, cold, and pain, as well as many stimuli that we do not perceive consciously, such as blookd pressure and blood chemistry
Term
special senses
Definition
mediated by relatively complex sense organs of the head, innervated by the cranial nerves; they include vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and smell
Term
interoceptors
Definition
detect stimuli in the internal organs and produce feelings of visceral pain, nausea, stretch, and pressure
Term
proprioceptors
Definition
sense the position and movements of the body or its parts; they occur in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules
Term
exteroceptors
Definition
sense stimuli external to the body; they include the receptors for vision, hearing, taste, smell, and the cutaneous (skin) senses
Term
unencapsulated nerve endings
Definition
sensory dendrites that lack a connective tissue wrapping; eg: free nerve endings, tactile (Merkel) discs, hair receptors (peritrichial endings)
Term
encapsulated nerve endings
Definition
tactile (Meissner) corpuscles, Krause end bulbs, Ruffini corpuscles, Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles, muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs
Term
receptive field
Definition
the area monitored by a single sensory neuron
Term
projection pathways
Definition
the pathways followed by sensory signals to their ultimate destinations in the CNS
Term
first-, second-, and third-order neurons
Definition
from the receptor to the final destination in the brain, most somesthetic signals travel on these neurons
Term
referred pain
Definition
when pain in the viscera is mistakenly thought to come fromthe skin or other superficial sites e.g. heart attack is felt in arm
Term
descending analgesic fibers
Definition
issued from the reticular formation back down the reticulospinal tracts and synapse with the axons of the first-order pain neurons and secrete pain-relieving neurotransmitters enkephalins and dynorphins
Term
gustation
Definition
taste- results from the action of chemicals on the taste buds
Term
lingual papillae
Definition
four types of surface projections on the tongue: filiform, foliate, fungiform, vallate
Term
filiform papillae
Definition
tiny spikes without taste buds- responsible for the rough feel of a cat's tongue and for appreciation of texture of food
Term
foliate papillae
Definition
parallel ridges on the side of the tongue- not developed in humans
Term
fungiform papillae
Definition
fungi=mushroom+ form=shaped
each has about 3 taste buds, located on apex, widely distributed but are especially on tip and sides
Term
vallate (circumvallate) papillae
Definition
vall=wall +ate=like, posessing
arranged in a V at the rear fo the tongue, each is surrounded by a deep circular trench- only 7 to 12, but contain half of taste buds
Term
taste bud components
Definition
taste (gustatory) cells have a tuft of microvilli called taste hairs which serve as a receptor; hairs project into a pit called a taste pore on the epithelial surface of the tongue
Term
olfaction
Definition
smell resides in an area called olfactory mucosa on the roof of the nasal cavity composed of olfactory neurons- only neurons in body exposed to external surface; neurons bunch into fascicles, pass through cribiform plate and enter olfactory bulbs synapse to form olfactory tracts that go to brain
Term
outer (external) ear
Definition
essentially a funnel for conducting air-borne vibrations to the eardrum
Term
auditory canal
Definition
passage through the temporal bone, lined with skin and supported by fibrocartilage at its opening and by the temporal bone, has ceruminous and sebaceous glands-form cerumen
Term
middle ear
Definition
consists mainly of tiny bones and muscles housed in the tympanic cavity fo the temporal bone
Term
tympanic membrane
Definition
beginning of middle ear- eardrum- closes the inner end of auditory canal and separates it from the middle ear
Term
auditory (eustachian) tube
Definition
a passage to the nasopharynx, equalizes air pressure on sides of ear drum
Term
auditory ossicles
Definition
bones in the tympanic cavity: malleus, incus, stapes
muscles in middle ear: stapedius, tensor tympani
Term
inner (internal) ear
Definition
housed in temporal bone passages called bony labyrinth which is lined by membranous labyrinth btw is CSF called perilymph, within membranous labyrinth is endolymph
Term
membranous labyrinth
Definition
begins with chamber called vestibule (equilibrium), cochlea (hearing)
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