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| any structure specialized to detect a stimulus |
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| nerve endings combined with connective, epithelial, or muscular tissues that enhance or moderate the response to a stimulus |
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| types of stimulus - modality |
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| chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors |
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| respond to chemicals, including odors, tastes, and composition of the body fluids |
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noci=pain
are pain receptors; they respond to tissue damage resulting from trauma (blows, cuts), ischemia (poor blood flow), or excessive stimulation by agents such as heat and chemicals |
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| respond to physical forces on cells caused by tough, pressure, stretch, tension, or vibration. They includes the organs of hearing and balance and many receptors of teh skin, viscera, and joints |
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| the eyes, respond to light |
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| general (somesthetic, somatosensory) senses |
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| employ receptors that are widely distributed in the skin, muscles, tendons, joint capsules, and viscera; they detect touch, pressure, stretch, heat, cold, and pain, as well as many stimuli that we do not perceive consciously, such as blookd pressure and blood chemistry |
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| mediated by relatively complex sense organs of the head, innervated by the cranial nerves; they include vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, and smell |
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| detect stimuli in the internal organs and produce feelings of visceral pain, nausea, stretch, and pressure |
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| sense the position and movements of the body or its parts; they occur in muscles, tendons, and joint capsules |
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| sense stimuli external to the body; they include the receptors for vision, hearing, taste, smell, and the cutaneous (skin) senses |
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| unencapsulated nerve endings |
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| sensory dendrites that lack a connective tissue wrapping; eg: free nerve endings, tactile (Merkel) discs, hair receptors (peritrichial endings) |
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| encapsulated nerve endings |
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| tactile (Meissner) corpuscles, Krause end bulbs, Ruffini corpuscles, Lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles, muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs |
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| the area monitored by a single sensory neuron |
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| the pathways followed by sensory signals to their ultimate destinations in the CNS |
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| first-, second-, and third-order neurons |
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| from the receptor to the final destination in the brain, most somesthetic signals travel on these neurons |
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| when pain in the viscera is mistakenly thought to come fromthe skin or other superficial sites e.g. heart attack is felt in arm |
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| descending analgesic fibers |
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| issued from the reticular formation back down the reticulospinal tracts and synapse with the axons of the first-order pain neurons and secrete pain-relieving neurotransmitters enkephalins and dynorphins |
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| taste- results from the action of chemicals on the taste buds |
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| four types of surface projections on the tongue: filiform, foliate, fungiform, vallate |
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| tiny spikes without taste buds- responsible for the rough feel of a cat's tongue and for appreciation of texture of food |
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| parallel ridges on the side of the tongue- not developed in humans |
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fungi=mushroom+ form=shaped
each has about 3 taste buds, located on apex, widely distributed but are especially on tip and sides |
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| vallate (circumvallate) papillae |
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vall=wall +ate=like, posessing
arranged in a V at the rear fo the tongue, each is surrounded by a deep circular trench- only 7 to 12, but contain half of taste buds |
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| taste (gustatory) cells have a tuft of microvilli called taste hairs which serve as a receptor; hairs project into a pit called a taste pore on the epithelial surface of the tongue |
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| smell resides in an area called olfactory mucosa on the roof of the nasal cavity composed of olfactory neurons- only neurons in body exposed to external surface; neurons bunch into fascicles, pass through cribiform plate and enter olfactory bulbs synapse to form olfactory tracts that go to brain |
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| essentially a funnel for conducting air-borne vibrations to the eardrum |
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| passage through the temporal bone, lined with skin and supported by fibrocartilage at its opening and by the temporal bone, has ceruminous and sebaceous glands-form cerumen |
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| consists mainly of tiny bones and muscles housed in the tympanic cavity fo the temporal bone |
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| beginning of middle ear- eardrum- closes the inner end of auditory canal and separates it from the middle ear |
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| auditory (eustachian) tube |
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| a passage to the nasopharynx, equalizes air pressure on sides of ear drum |
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bones in the tympanic cavity: malleus, incus, stapes
muscles in middle ear: stapedius, tensor tympani |
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| housed in temporal bone passages called bony labyrinth which is lined by membranous labyrinth btw is CSF called perilymph, within membranous labyrinth is endolymph |
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| begins with chamber called vestibule (equilibrium), cochlea (hearing) |
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