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Human Anatomy and Physiology
Study for the final exam
110
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
05/12/2012

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Cards

Term
What does Boyle's law state?
Definition
The pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume of its container.
Term
What occurs during quiet breathing?
Definition
Inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
Term
How is most CO2 in the blood transported?
Definition
As bicarbonate ions.
Term
What fact would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin?
Definition
Decreased pH
Term
What is the most important chemical regulator of inspiration?
Definition
CO2
Term
What is the Hering-Breuer reflex?
Definition
It protects the lungs from damage due to overinflamation.
Term
What are waves of muscular contractions that propel contents of the digestive tract called?
Definition
Peristalsis
Term
How are the activities of the digestive system regulated?
Definition
Hormones
Para/Sympathetic Neurons
Intrinsic Nerve Plexes
Term
What organ has as its primary responsibility water absorption?
Definition
Large Intestines
Term
The double-layer sheets of serous membrane that support the viscera are called what?
Definition
Mesenteries
Term
The crown of the tooth is covered with what?
Definition
Enamel
Term
The uvula is located where?
Definition
At the posterior margin of the soft palate.
Term
What do parietal cells secrete?
Definition
HCl
Term
What do chief cells secrete?
Definition
Pepsinogen
Term
When the the pH of the blood in the gastric veins greater than normal?
Following a large meal or during a fast?
Definition
Following a large meal
Term
What are the functions of the liver?
Definition
Bile production
Metabolic regulation
Albumin production
Term
Tom has hepatitis. Which symptom would you expect to see?
Definition
Jaundice
Term
The function of the TCA cycle is to do what?
Definition
Remove hydrogen atoms from the organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes.
Term
What occurs during glycolysis?
Definition
A molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of Pyruvic acid
Two molecules of ATP are consumed
hydrogen atoms are removed from organic molecules.
Term
What occurs in the ETC?
Definition
Reduced molecules transfer energy for ATP formation
NADH and FADH2 donate H+
Oxidative phosporylation leads to ATP formation
Term
What does the energy for the synthesis of ATP come form in oxidative phosphorylation?
Definition
The movement of H+ through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Term
Where is most of the ATP from metabolism produced?
Definition
The ETC
Term
What occurs during lipolysis?
Definition
Triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol.
Term
Why is cholesterol important?
Definition
It is the precursor of vitamin-D and steroid hormone
It is found in bile
It is a component of cell membranes
Term
What is ammonia converted to to prevent toxicity?
Definition
Urea
Term
What occurs in the absorptive state?
Definition
The liver forms glycogen
Term
Is brown fat concentrated around the visceral organs in adults?
Definition
No
Term
Where is blood supplied to a nephron?
Definition
Afferent arterioles
Term
Where does the process of filtration occur in the kidneys?
Definition
The glomerular capsule
Term
Does sympathetic stimulation of the kidney increase or decrease glomerular filtration rate?
Definition
Decrease
Term
Are blood cells and large particles normally found in the filtrate?
Definition
No
Term
What is the final electron acceptor of metabolism?
Definition
H+
Term
How does the urinary system regulate blood volume and pressure?
Definition
Adjusting the volume of water lose in urine
Regulating NaCl levels in the blood
Releasing Renin
Term
What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
Definition
Absorption of ions, organic moleculs, and water
Term
What are gallstones primarily composed of?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
What primarily causes pancreatitis?
Definition
Gallstoens, alcoholism, and cystic fibrosis
Term
Where is Kwashiorkor most commonly found?
Definition
In small children
Term
Glucose appears in the urin of diabetes when blood glucose levels do what?
Definition
Exceed the renal threshold for glucose
Term
Which enzyme stimulates pancreatic secretion?
Definition
CCK
Term
Which enzyme stimulate gall bladder contaction?
Definition
CCK
Term
Which enzyme stimulates gastric acid secretion?
Definition
Gastrin
Term
Which enzyme stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion?
Definition
Secretin
Term
Which enzyme slows gastric emptying?
Definition
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide
Term
What is trypsin?
Definition
A pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins
Term
What does pepsin do?
Definition
A gastric enzyme that breaks down proteins
Term
What does amylase do?
Definition
A pancreatic enzyme that breaks down starch
Term
What does lipase do?
Definition
a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down lipids
Term
What does enterokinase do?
Definition
An intestinal enzyme that activates proenzymes
Term
What are capillaries that have a complete lining called?
Definition
Continuous capillaries
Term
What vessels hold the largest percentage of the blood supply?
Definition
Veins
Term
Does pumping by the smooth muscle in teh wall of the vein cause foward movement?
Definition
No
Term
When does Edema occur?
Definition
When BP increases
when capillary permeability increase
When plasma concentration of proteins are decreased
Term
What is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures called?
Definition
The pulse pressure
Term
What does renin do?
Definition
Increases blood pressure
Term
Is the inhibition of EPO a mechanism in response to blood loss?
Definition
no
Term
What is the primary function of the lymphatic system?
Definition
Defending the body against infection and other hazards
Term
What do lymphocytes do?
Definition
Respond to antigens
Term
What are areas of the spleen called that contain large aggregations of lymphocytes?
Definition
White pulp
Term
Are immunoglobulins part of the nonspecific defenses?
Definition
No
Term
Are lymphocytes phagocytic?
Definition
No
Term
What are examples of physical barriers against pathogens?
Definition
Mucus
Epithelia
Sebaceous glands
Term
Jogn's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John has what?
Definition
A fever
Term
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is what?
Definition
Adaptive immunity
Term
Do MHC proteins bind complement?
Definition
No
Term
Where are Class I MHC moleculs found?
Definition
On all nucleated cells
Term
Where are class II MHC proteins found?
Definition
On antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes
Term
What are inappropriate or excessive immune responses called?
Definition
Allergies
Term
The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by what?
Definition
THe hard palate
Term
THe vocal folds are located where?
Definition
The larynx
Term
Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal fold and produces what?
Definition
Phonation
Term
Blood flow to a tissue will increase when?
Definition
If CO2 level at the tissue increases
Term
How do Cytotoxic T cells destroy their target cells?
Definition
Releasing Perforin
Term
Is osmolarity of the interstitial fluid related to vascular resistance?
Definition
No
Term
What does Starling's law of the heart state?
Definition
The greater the venous return, the greater the contraction.
Term
What is the pressure that declines along the length of the capillary?
Definition
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Term
What produces surfactant?
Definition
Type II pneuomocytes
Term
What produces surfactant?
Definition
Type II pneuomocytes
Term
After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do?
Definition
Acts as a transcription factor and binds DNA, activbating a gene
Term
Which substance activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?
Definition
Cyclic AMP
Term
What contains hormone receptors?
Definition
All target cells
Term
What pituitary hormone controls teh release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex?
Definition
ACTH
Term
Which hormone promotes gluconeogenesis in teh liver?
Definition
Cortisol
Term
Cushing disease results from an excess of what?
Definition
Glucocorticoids
Term
Too little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes which disease?
Definition
Addison's disease
Term
If a diabetic patient receives too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting what?
Definition
Glucagon
Term
What is the target organ for insulin?
Definition
Liver
Term
What is type II diabetes characterized by?
Definition
A lack of resonse by target cells to insulin
Term
What happens to energy reserces during the alarm phase of the general adaption syndrome (GAS)?
Definition
They are mobilized for use
Term
What is plasma closest in composition to?
Definition
Interstitial fluid
Term
What is transferrin?
Definition
A metalloprotein
Term
When would the level of erythropoietin in the blood fall?
Definition
During fasting
Term
Why are AB blood types considered the universal recipient's for transfusions?
Definition
Their blood lacks A and B antibodies
Term
When are anti-D antibodies present in the blood?
Definition
Rh negative individuals who ahve been exposed to the D surface antigens
Term
What are the most numerous WBC in the peropheral circulation?
Definition
Neutrophils
Term
A substance that activates plasminogen might be useful to do what?
Definition
Cause clot dissolution to proceed faster
Term
Pacemaker cells in teh SA node can do what?
Definition
Spontaneously depolarize
Term
What does the QRS comples represent in the ECG tracing?
Definition
Ventricular Depolarization
Term
What is an important difference b/w cardiac and skeletal muscle?
Definition
Cardiac muscle cant be tetanized
Term
THe long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to what?
Definition
Calcium channels remaining open
Term
The closing of the left AV valvle occurs near the beginning of what?
Definition
Ventricular systole
Term
What most correctly describes the end-diastolic volume?
Definition
The volume of the ventricle when it's most full
Term
What is cardiac outpout increased by?
Definition
Sympathetic stimulation
Term
What causes Pernicious anemia?
Definition
Vitamin B12
Term
Which diesease does NOT affect the blood's ability to clot?
Definition
Cushing's disease
Term
Congestion in vongestive heart failure is due to what?
Definition
Fluid build-=up in the lungs and body
Term
What is the target of aldosterone?
Definition
The kidney
Term
What is serum?
Definition
Plasma w/o clotting factors
Term
What is CRH?
Definition
Stimulates the release of ACTH
Term
What is TRH?
Definition
Secreted by the hypothalamus
Term
What is aldosterone?
Definition
Decreases the sodium excretion
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