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human anatomy and physiology
Final lab practical
88
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
04/24/2007

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Term
Homeostatic Regulation
Definition
1. Composition and Volume of Blood
2. Blood Pressure
3. Ionic Composition
4. Glucose Levels
5. Excretes Waste and Foreign Material
Term
Kidney
Definition
bean shaped organ located just above the waste behind the peritoneum on the posterior wall of abdominal cavity
Term
Renal Capsule
Definition
Most superior/external tissue layer of the kidney
Term
Renal cortex
Definition
Outer, superficial layer, site of urine formation
Term
Renal medulla
Definition
Deeper, inner layer site of urine collection and nutrient and water reabsorption
Term
Renal Hilus
Definition
Located near the center concavity of the kidney sitewhere ureter leaves and blood vessels enter
Term
Renal Pyramid
Definition
8-18 triangular masses of tissue medulla babe faces cortex and apex points towards the renal hilus
Term
Renal Column
Definition
Portions of the renal cortex that extend between the renal pyramids
Term
Renal papillae
Definition
the apices of the renal pyramids
Term
Minor Calyx (Calyces)
Definition
Small cuplike collecting structures, recieve from the renal papillae
Term
Major Calyx (Calyces)
Definition
Larger collecting structures, recieve from the renal papillae
Term
Renal Pelvis
Definition
Large cavity into which urine collects from the major calyces
Term
Ureter
Definition
Tube that enters the kidney at the renal hilus and drains the renal pelvis, empties into the urinary bladder. One per kidney
Term
Urinary Bladder
Definition
Hollow, distenible muscular organ situated in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic symphysis
Term
Trigone
Definition
Site where ureteral openings form the bose points of a triangle with apex being the internal urethral orfice
Term
Capacity of urinal bladder
Definition
700-800mL
the bladder will automatically contract when it reached full capacity
Term
Urethra
Definition
Tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body to void urine 4cm in females. of variable length in males, at 15-20cm
Term
Urine formation (Nephron)
Definition
Located in the renal cortex, extends down into the medulla
Term
2 Main sections of urine formation
Definition
Renal corpsuscle
Renal Tubule
Term
Renal Corpuscle
Definition
Cortex
Term
Bowman's Capsule
Definition
double walled cup
Term
Glomerulus
Definition
Capillary ball in the center of the Bowman's Capsule. Site of filtration
Term
Capsular Space
Definition
Space in-between the Bowman's Capsule and Glomerulus
Term
Renal Tubule
Definition
Medullar extention, re-absorbs 99% of filtration
Term
Proximate Convoluted Tubule
Definition
Coiled tube attached to the Renal Corpuscle
Term
Descending Limb of Henle
Definition
Section that dips down into Medulla
Term
Loop of Henle
Definition
U-Shaped bottom
Term
Ascending Limb og Henle
Definition
Coiled tube attached to ascending limb of Henle, opens into collecting ducts
Term
Collecting Duct
Definition
Common site for multiple nephrons to connect, runs through the Renal Pyramids
Term
Right/Left Renal Arteries
Definition
Carry Blood to the kidney
Term
Segmental Arteries
Definition
Enter the Kidneys
Term
Interlobar Arteries
Definition
branches of the segmental arteries, travel up the renal columns
Term
Afferent Arteries
Definition
Enter the Glomerulus
Term
Interlobular Arteries
Definition
Divisions of the arcuate, travel to the Glomerulus
Term
Arcuate Arteries
Definition
Branches of the segmental Arteries
Term
Glomerulus
Definition
Capillary
Term
Efferent Arteriole
Definition
Carry Blood out of the Glomerulus
Term
Vasa Recta
Definition
Capillary network that surround the nephron in the medulla, site of most reabsorption
Term
Interlobular Veins
Definition
Reuniting of the Vasa Recta
Term
Arcuate Veins
Definition
Run the base of the Renal Pyramid
Term
Interlobar Veins
Definition
Travel down the renal columns
Term
Right/Left Renal Vein
Definition
Carry blood away from the kidney
Term
Complete pathway for Urine Drainage
Definition
1. Afferent Arteriole 2. Glomerulus 3. Proximal Convulled Tubule 4. Descending Limb of Henle 5. Loop of Henle 6. Ascending Limb of Henle 7. Distal Convoluted Tubule 8. Collecting duct 9. Renal Pyramid 10. Renal Papillae 11. Minor Calyx 12. Major Calyx, 13. Renal Pelvis 14. ureter 15. urinary bladder 16. urethra
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
Composed of exocrine and endocrine glands that secrete hormones that control every single process that occurs in the body. "The Puppet Master of the Body"
Term
Endocrine Gland
Definition
Releases products directly into the blood
Term
Exocrine Gland
Definition
Secretes products into a duct
Term
Hormone
Definition
Molecule released in one part of the body that regulates an action in another part of the body
Term
Target Areas
Definition
the location that the hormone acts upon
Term
Hormonal Effects
Definition
the resulting alteration that occurs from the presence of the hormone on a target area
Term
hypothalamus gland
Definition
the master gland, located just superior to the pituitary gland, produces regulatory hormones that tell other glands to release their hormones
Term
Thyroid Releaseing Hormones (TRS)
Definition
Stimulates release of THS
Term
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Definition
Stimulates release of GH
Term
Prlactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)
Definition
Stimulates release of PRL
Term
Corticotropic Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Definition
Stimulates release of ACTH
Term
Gonadotropic Releasing Hormones (GnRH)
Definition
Stimulates release of FSH
Term
Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
Definition
Returns the body to "normal" function
Term
Gonads
Definition
Located in different places according to sex
Term
Testes
Definition
Located in the male scrotum, release sperm
Term
Testosterone
Definition
Male sex hormone, causes secondary male sexual characteristics, masculine features, regulates spermatogenesis, secreted out of latex cells
Term
Inhibin
Definition
Produced by Sertoli Cells, inhibits FSH to slow spermatogenesis
Term
Ovaries
Definition
located in the female pelvic cavity, release a mature ovum
Term
Estrogens
Definition
female sex hormones, cause secondary female sexual characteristics, feminine features, and help release an egg
Term
progesterone
Definition
stimulates growth of uterine lining, maintains uterus lining during pregnancy
Term
Inhibin
Definition
Slows FSH production
Term
Oxytocin (OXY)
Definition
Allows release of milk from breast and stimulates uterine contractions (labor onset)
Term
Pineal Gland
Definition
Located in the center of the brain
Term
Melatonin
Definition
Regulates circadian rhythms, levels increase in darkness and decrease in sunlight
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
Located in the throught, has 2 lobes connected anterior-medially by an Isthmus
Term
Follicular Cells
Definition
Rings of cells that form a follicle, the lumen of which is filled with Colloid
--> Produces 2 hormones: tetraiodothyronine Tsub4 and Triiodothyronine Tsub3: Regulate oxygen use and basal metabolic rate, meabolism and growth and development
Term
Parafollicular cells (C-cells)
Definition
located between the follicles
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
Decreases Ca +2 levels in the blood, therby increasing bone mass
Term
Parathyroid Gland
Definition
4 small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid
Term
Chief Cells
Definition
Most abundant cells
Term
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Definition
Regulates Ca +2, Mg+2, and HPOsub 4 -2, increases Ca+2 levels in the blood by decreasing bone mass
Term
Thymus Gland
Definition
Located behind the sternum between the lungs, decreases in size with age
Term
Thymosin
Definition
Stimulates the growth of T-Cells
Term
Pancreatic Islets of Langerhans contain 4 types of hormone secreting cells:
Definition
Alpha, beta, delta, F Cells
Term
Alpha
Definition
Produce Glucagon: Raise glucose levels
Term
Beta Cells
Definition
Produce Insulin: Lower Glucose levels
Term
Delta Cells
Definition
Produce Somatostatin
Term
F Cells
Definition
Produce Pancreatic Polypeptide: Inhibits somatostatin, gallbladder contraction and secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes
Term
Adrenal Gland
Definition
Located just superior to the kidney
Term
Adrenal Cortex
Definition
Subdivided into three zones, each producing a specific hormone
Term
Zona Glomerulosa
Definition
Outermost layer, secrete mineralocorticoids affect mineral homeostasis
Term
Zona Faciculata
Definition
Middle (Wide) layer, secrete glucocorticoids: affect glucose homeostasis
Term
Zona Reticularis
Definition
innermost layer, secrete gonadocorticoids
Term
Adrenal Medulla
Definition
inner region of the adrenal gland, affect the sympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) during stress (ie deals with the Fight or Flight mechanism
Term
Chrmaffin Cells
Definition
Produce 2 hormones
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