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Human Anat
Anatomy of Humans
131
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/30/2013

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Term
what medical specialty cares for skin?
Definition
dermatologist
Term
the epidermis is primarily made of this tissue
Definition
epithelial tissue
Term
the dermis is made of many ___________ tissues
Definition
connective
Term
what is in the subcutaneous layer?
Definition
fat
Term
what is the most numerous cell in the epidermis?
Definition
keritinocyte
Term
what do we call a pigment?
Definition
melanocyte
Term
what do Langerhans cells do?
Definition
surveillance cells, make sure everything in the immune system is ok
Term
what do Merkel cells do?
Definition
sensation cells
Term
What is the deepest layer of the epidermis called?
Definition
stratum basale
Term
what is the dead layer of epidermis called?
Definition
stratum corneum
Term
what is the problem in psoriasis?
Definition
keritinocytes divide more quickly than normal from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum
Term
What does jaundice mean?
Definition
build-up of yellow pigment bilirubin in the skin
Term
What does erythema mean?
Definition
redness of skin caused by engorgement of capillaries in the dermis
Term
What do we call the cells of hair and nails that continue to divide and allow continued growth?
Definition
matrix cells
Term
what cells contribute to scar tissue?
Definition
fibroblasts
Term
what skin layer is most involved with changes seen in aging?
Definition
dermis
Term
what are three skin cancers?
Definition
squamous, basel cell, melanoma
Term
how is second degree burn different from first?
Definition
second- blisters
first- epidemal
Term
what does the term "histology" refer to?
Definition
the science that deals with the study of tissues
Term
what does a pathologist do?
Definition
a physician who specialized in laboratory studies of cells & tissues to help other physicians make accurate diagnosis
Term
name the 5 epithelial tissues and one place where each is found
Definition
-simple cuboidal epithilium: found in the inner wall of soft organs, like gall bladder, that supports structures
-pseudo stratified comlumnar (with cilia): covers respiratory tract and helps circulate mucus
-stratified squamous epithelium: covers skin & provides great resistance to external injuries
-columnar epithelium: foudn in intestinal wall, contains mucus secretory glands
-transitional epithelium: coats urinary system & offers a firm resistance to ineffective organisms
Term
what is the job of connective tissues?
Definition
-to protect & support the body and its organs
-binds organs together
-store energy reserves as fat
-help provide immunity to disease-causing organisms
Term
what are the six connective tissues we discussed in class?
Definition
fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes, white blood cells
Term
where might one find tight cell junctions?
Definition
lining of the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder
Term
where might one find gap junctions?
Definition
plasma membrane
Term
epithelial tissues are avascular, what do we mean by this term?
Definition
without blood vessels
Term
simple squamous tissue resembles...
Definition
fried eggs (thin, flat cells)
Term
where does one find stratified squamous tissue?
Definition
in places with a lot of wear and tear
Term
what type of tissue is sampled when a PAP smear is done?
Definition
connective tissue
Term
where do we find ciliated columnar?
Definition
mainly in the tracheal & bronchial regions & in the fallopian tubs of the pulmonary system
Term
where do we find cuboidal epithelial tissue?
Definition
kidney tubules, ducts & secretory portions of small glands, ovaries
Term
what do we mean by the term "matrix" when referring to connective tissue?
Definition
the material between the cell & the fibers
Term
what tissue has fibroblasts?
Definition
connective tissue
Term
which is larger, collagen or elastic fibers?
Definition
collagen fibers
Term
where in the body do we find dense regular connective tissue?
Definition
tendons & most ligaments
Term
what does adipose tissue look like when viewed in the microscope?
Definition
bubbles
Term
what connective tissue has chondrocytes?
Definition
cartilage
Term
where do we find hyaline cartilage?
Definition
ends of long bones, nose, trachea, ends of ribs
Term
where do we find elastic cartilage?
Definition
epiglottis, external ear
Term
what tissue has a central "haversian" canal?
Definition
bone tissue
Term
what is normally found in the central "haversian" canal?
Definition
blood vessels & nerves
Term
which tissue resembles an onion or solar system?
Definition
bone tissue
Term
SLE (lupus) is a disease which involves which type of tissue?
Definition
connective tissue
Term
what do we mean by articulation?
Definition
a point of contact between 2 bones
Term
how are fibrous, cartilagenous, and synovial joints different?
Definition
-fibrous: tightest (skull)
-cartilagenous: middle tightest (pubic bone)
-synovial: fluid membrane
Term
what is damaged when we sprain a joint?
Definition
ligaments
Term
what does a bursa do?
Definition
it is a friction reduction sack
Term
the elbow is a hinge join, name two bones involved?
Definition
ulna & radius
Term
give an example of a pivot joint
Definition
atlanto- axial joint (head movement)
Term
the hip is on a ball and socket joint, name the socket
Definition
acetabulum
Term
what is a labrum?
Definition
adds depth
Term
what ligaments at the knee prevent lateral movement?
Definition
tibial & fibular collateral ligaments
Term
what ligaments of the knee prevent anterior and posterior movement?
Definition
ACL & PCL
Term
wha tare the cause of osteoathritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
Definition
-osteo: wear and tear
-rheumatoid: immune system attacks tissues
Term
what do we find in the nucleus of a cell?
Definition
DNA, gene code
Term
Name at least 4 jobs cell membrane proteins perform
Definition
1. seperates the cell's laternal environment from external environment
2. regulates the flow of materials into and out of the cell
3. helps establish and maintain the appropriate environment for normal cellular activities
4. communication among cells and between cells and their external environment
Term
how is the glycocalyx on the cell membrane important for organ transplantation?
Definition
it acts like a molecular "signature" that enables the cells to recognize one another
Term
what do we mean by the term "concentration gradient"?
Definition
a difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another, such as from the inside to the outside of the plasma membrane
Term
in diffusion, do molecules move from low concentration to high?
Definition
no, molecules move from high concentration to low
Term
does osmosis require ATP? how about diffusion? does failitated diffusion require energy?
Definition
no, no, no
Term
in "active transport", molecules move from low to high concentration?
Definition
true
Term
what is "phagocytosis"?
Definition
form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles (worn-out cells, whole bacteria, or viruses)
Term
what goes on in the mitochondria?
Definition
mitochondria breaks down sugars and turn into ATP (energy)
Term
what do centrioles do?
Definition
organizes centers for cell division & cilia/ flagella formation
Term
what happens at the ribosome?
Definition
produce proteins
Term
what is in a lysosome?
Definition
enzymes
Term
what do lysosomes do within a cell?
Definition
breaks down proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, & lipids
Term
where in the cell does transcription occur?
Definition
when DNA make a copy of itself producing RNA
Term
where in the cell does translation occur?
Definition
when RNA produces protein
Term
What are 4 basic tissue types?
Definition
epithelium, muscle, connective, & nervous
Term
do organs have more than one tissue making them up?
Definition
yes, 2 or more
Term
what is meant by the term "homeostasis"?
Definition
condition of balance in the body's internal environment due to the constant exchange of the body's regulatory processes
Term
what is a prone position? supine?
Definition
prone: body is lying face down
supine: body is lying face up
Term
define superior and inferior
Definition
superior: towards the upper part of the body
inferior: towards the lower part of the body
Term
define anterior and posterior
Definition
anterior: in the front of the body
posterior: in the back of the body
Term
what do we mean by the terms lateral and medial?
Definition
lateral: to come from the side/ farther from the midline
medial: extending from or toward the midline/ nearer to the midline
Term
define proximal and distal
Definition
proximal: nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk
distal: farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk
Term
what is the pericardium?
Definition
membrane of the pericardial cavity (heart)
Term
what is the peritoneum?
Definition
membrane of the abdominal cavity
Term
what organ is in your right, upper abdomen?
Definition
liver
Term
bones support and protect us, name some other jobs bone has....
Definition
assistance in movement, blood cell production, triglyceride storage
Term
where are blood cells made?
Definition
red bone marrow
Term
what is yellow marrow?
Definition
adipose cells
Term
define epiphysis, diaphysis, epiphyseal plate
Definition
-epiphysis: growing over
-diaphysis: growing between
-epiphyseal plate: allows bone to continue to grow
Term
what kind of cartilage is on articular surfaces?
Definition
hyaline cartilage
Term
what kind of growth does periosteum allow?
Definition
repairs bone and makes bones wider
Term
bone is connective tissue, what is in the "matrix" besides 25% water?
Definition
collagen fibers and crystalized mineral salts
Term
which bone cells can still divide?
Definition
osteogenic cell
Term
name our bone building cells
Definition
osteoblast, osteocyte
Term
what does an osteoclast do?
Definition
they're bone chewers
Term
what is in a lacunae?
Definition
"little lakes"; osteocytes
Term
spongy bone is made of "little beams" called _________?
Definition
trabeculae
Term
where do we find intramembranous bone formation?
Definition
skull bones
Term
where do we find endochondral bone formation?
Definition
within the hyaline cartilage
Term
what hormone is key to height?
Definition
growth & sex hormones
Term
what are 4 steps in bone repair?
Definition
hematoma, cartilage draft, bone formation, bone remodeling
Term
what does PTH do to blood calcium levels?
Definition
raises blood calcium
Term
What does PTH do to osteoclasts?
Definition
wakes up/turns on osteoclasts
Term
what does calcitonin do to blood calcium?
Definition
opposing hormone to PTH; store calcium
Term
what is osteoporosis?
Definition
porosis bone
Term
what causes Rickets?
Definition
disorderin which bones fail to calcify
Term
what is oseomyelitis?
Definition
infection of bone characterized by fever, sweating, chills, pain, nausea, etc.
Term
what do we call the branch of science that studies blood?
Definition
hematology
Term
how much blood do you have?
Definition
1.5 gallons
Term
what is the liquid portion of blood called?
Definition
blood plasma
Term
what is found in the buffy coat of centrifuged blood?
Definition
white blood cells
Term
what are globulins?
Definition
antibodies help atttack viruses & bacteria
Term
which type of blood cell is the most numerous?
Definition
red blood cells
Term
what is the job of an erythrocyte?
Definition
transport oxygen in the blood
Term
where are blood cells made in an adult?
Definition
bone marrow
Term
what is the job of erythropoietin?
Definition
production of RBC's
Term
what do colony stimulating factors (CSF) stimulate?
Definition
the production of WBC's
Term
what molecule is found in red blood cells? and what is its job?
Definition
oxygen;
delivers oxygen to muscles, tissues, and organs
Term
how long does an RBC live?
Definition
120 days
Term
what is a reticulocyte?
Definition
immature red blood cells without a nucleus
Term
name three white blood cells with granules
Definition
neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
Term
what is the most numerous type of WBC?
Definition
neutrophils
Term
which type of WBC has blue granules? red? neutral?
Definition
blue: basophil
red: eosinophil
neutral: neutrophil
Term
hwo does the nucleus of a monocyte differ from that of a lymphocyte?
Definition
-monocyte: horseshoe-like nucleus, smaller
-lymphocyte: nucleus takes up most of space
Term
what is a macrophage?
Definition
large cell eaters
Term
which WBC is usually most numerous?
Definition
neutrophils
Term
what is emigration?
Definition
leaving the blood vessel
Term
what does a platelet do?
Definition
dissolves a blood clot
Term
how does Coumadin act?
Definition
blood thinner
Term
how does aspirin help prevent clotting?
Definition
inhibits vasoconstriction & platelet aggragation
Term
what blood type is the universal donor?
Definition
Type O
Term
which would be the universal recipient?
Definition
Type AB
Term
how do women often get iron defiency anemia?
Definition
due to menstrual blood loss
Term
what is the problem in sickle cell anemia?
Definition
abnormal hemoglobin problem
Term
what is the problem about hemophilia?
Definition
clotting factor problem
Term
what happens to white blood cell production in leukemia
Definition
they multiply uncontrollably
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