Term
| Atlantic Charter, August 1941 |
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Definition
| Statement of common principles and war aims developed by president Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. |
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Term
| Battle of Stalingrad, 1942-1943 |
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Definition
| Hitler decided to attack Stalingrad, a major industrial city in the Soviet Union. House to house and street fighting of Soviets led to many causualties and a surrender of the German 6th Army of more than 100,000 soldiers. |
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Definition
| New worker program negotiated by US and Mexico, opened to Mexican short-term employment in trades previously closed to them, such as ship building. |
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Definition
| Native Americans who served in the military during WW2. |
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Term
| Executive Order 9066, 1942 |
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Definition
| Suspended the civil rights of Japanese Americans and notified them to be transported to internment camps managed by the War Relocation Authority. |
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Term
| Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 1931-1941 |
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Definition
| Map representing Japanese occupations, thrusts, and battles. Embodies Japanese conquests. Throughout this time Japan seized Manchuria, invaded China, and occupied Indochina. Represented a root of war. |
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Term
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Definition
| The systematic murder of millions of European Jews and others deemed undesirable by Nazi Germany. Killed as many as 6 million Jews, 250,000 Gypsies, and 60,000 homosexuals. Brought on by the idealogy of racial superiority of Germans. Concentration camps consisted of forced labor, overwork, starvation, and hunger. Death camps were seen as the final solution to the "jewish problem." |
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Term
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Definition
| An arrangement for the transfer of war supplies, including food, machinary, and services to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the US in WW2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Est. by FDR soon after US's entry into WW2. Under the direction of the Army Corps of Engineers, resources were given to research and creatation of the atomic bomb. |
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Term
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Definition
| Full scale invasion of China by Japanese. A root of war. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gave the US president the power to recongnize new agencies, to est. news and info censoring programs, to seize foreign owned property, and award gov.t contracts without bidding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Meeting of US president Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin to plan the final stages of WW2 and postwar arrangements. Issues: Soviet's declaration of war on Japan and the "sphere of influence." |
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Term
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Definition
| 300 day Soviet blockade of land access to US, British, and French occupation zones in Berlin. |
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Term
| Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 1947 |
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Definition
| Agency developed during the Cold War under the 1947 National Security Act that coordinated the gathering and evaluation of military and economic info on other nations for security purposes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Legislation that eased the return of vetrans into American society by providing educational and employment benefits. |
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Term
| House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), 1945 |
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Definition
| Originally intended to find pro-Facists, it later investigated "un-American propaganda." Had "witch hunt" tactics. |
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Term
| Immigration and Nationality Act, 1952 |
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Definition
| Aka McCarran-Walter Act. Reaffirmed the national origins quota system but tightened immigration controls, barring homosexuals and people considered subversive from entering the US. |
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Term
| Internal Security Act, 1950 |
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Definition
| Aka McCarran Act and the Submersive Activities Control Board Act. Legislation providing for the registration of all Communist and totalitarian groups and authorizing the arrest of suspect persons during a national emergency. |
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Term
| Iron Curtain Speech, 1946 |
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Definition
| Speech by Wintson Churchill addressing two walls seperating Western Europe from the Communist/Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe and Greece/Turkey. It stated a threat of Soviet influence in the Eastern areas against Western Europe and the US. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretary of State George C. Marshall's European Recovery Plan committing the US to help in the rebuiding of post WW2 Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anti-Communist attitudes and actions associated with Senetor Joe McCarthy who claimed to have a list of communists working in the state department. Target: communists, radicals, liberals, and homosexuals. |
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Term
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 |
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Definition
| Org. of 10 European countries, Canada, and the US who together formed a mututal defense pact against Soviet threat of communism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Policy statement that committed the US to a military approach in the Cold War. Wanted greater military spending and higher taxes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Doctrine pronounced in president Harry Truman's statement that the US should assist other nations that were facing external pressure or internal revolution. Stated US support to any nation whose stability was threatened by Communism or the Soviet Union. |
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Term
| Civil Defense Programs, 1951-1965 |
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Definition
| During Eisenhower's term, programs developed from threat over atomic warfare. Consisted of "duck and cover drills" and the use of fallout shelters. |
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Term
| Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 |
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Definition
| Crisis between the Soviet Union and the US over the placement of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. Cuba asked for USSR's help after the Bay of Pigs invasion. USSR constructed missile launching sites in Cuba. In response JFK imposed a blockade. The Soviet's removed the launchers in exchange for the US to remove missiles from Turkey and for the US to not invade Cuba. |
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Term
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Definition
| A peasant based guerilla revolutionary movement led by Fidel Castro against dictator Batista. US at this time controlled the cuban economy. They wanted land reform and nationalization of oil co.s. Led to the 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eisenhower's fear of a domino effect of communism led to meetings with Khruschev to lessen tensions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Act thst made it illegal for employers to pay men and women different wages for the same job. |
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Term
| Federal Highway Act, 1956 |
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Definition
| Measure that provided federal funding to build a nationwide system of interstate and defense highways. Wanted to depopulate the urban core and promoted suburbanization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Theme of Lyndon Johnson's administration, focusing on poverty, education, and civil rights after being put into office after JFK's assassination in 1963. |
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Term
| Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty, 1963 |
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Definition
| Treaty signed by the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union outlawing nuclear testing in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water. |
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Term
| Military Industrial Complex, 1961 |
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Definition
| A warning fear stated in Eisenhower's farewell address. It cautioned increasing connection between military, defense industry, and federal gov.t. He stated that "the potential of misplaced power exists." |
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Term
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Definition
| Starting with the election of JFK to office, it was a domestic and foreign policy with initiatives designed to reinvigorate a sense of national purpose and energy. Also, included the start of peace corps along with other develeopmental acts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed under president Eisenhower. Sectretary of State John Dulles gave shape to this policy as anticommunism as the guilding principle. He placed dependence on the US's nuclear superiority and also gave way to support for national self-determination. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consisted of retail business from downtown to interchanges, national franchises like motels and fast food chains, and drive in movie theatres. Also, provided less contact between white dominated suburbs and minority dominated cities. Television became an ideal for the suburban family which gave them a center for family life as well as privacy. Also, led to more working wives, earlier marriages, and more children (baby boomers). |
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Term
| American G.I. Forum, 1948 |
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Definition
| Organized by Hector P. Garcia. It addressed the issues of Mexican American vetrans. It also emphasized the learning of English, assimilation into US society, improved education, and policital power through voting. Similar to that of LULAC. |
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Term
| Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 |
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Definition
| Supreme Court decision that declared that "seperate but equal" schools for children of different races violated the Constitution. Problem was addressed in Topeka, Kansas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal legislation that outlawed discrimination in public accomodations and employment on the basis of race, skin color, sex, religion, or national origin. Also, est. the Equal Employment Opportunity Commision (EEOC). |
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Term
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Definition
| Voter registration effort in rural Mississippi organized by black and white civil rights workers. Est. the SNCC and CORE. Violence during this time led to deaths, arrests, beatings, shootings, bombs, and tensions. |
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Term
| League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), 1929 |
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Definition
| Mexican American's who wanted to combat discrimination. Same goals as the American G.I. Forum. |
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Term
| Martin Luther King Jr., 1950s-1960s |
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Definition
| Was born in 1929 in Atlanta and son of a baptist minister. Was a black national leader who called on people to embrace nonviolent protest. Used the black southern church as a leading institution for the fight for civil rights through the SCLC. During the March on Washington, gave his famous "I have a dream speech." |
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Term
| Nation of Islam, 1950s rebirth |
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Definition
| Religious movement among black Americans that emphasized self-sufficeincy, self-help, and seperation from white society. Led by Malcolm X in the 1950s, called for more militant activism. |
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Term
| National Congress of American Indians (NCAI), 1944 |
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Definition
| Founded in Denver, condemned termination policy and emphasized protection of treaty rights and unity of Indian tribes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Eisenhower's response to the flood of illegal Mexican immigrants. Between 1954-57, over 3 million illegal migrants were sent back to Mexico. |
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Term
| Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 1960 |
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Definition
| Black civil rights org. that drew heavily on younger activists and college students. Dominate during the 1964 Mississippi Freedom Summer where much violence occured. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tried to abolish Indian treaties and terminate soverign rights. Resolution in 1953, terminated tribes and est. the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) that consisted of relocation programs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Legislation that overturned a variety of practices by which states systematically denied voter registration to minorities. |
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