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HROB-Fetal Face and Neck
fetal face and neck
74
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/12/2011

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Cards

Term
upper cheek and upper lip (jaw)
Definition
maxilla
Term
lower jawbone and chin; moveable jaw
Definition
mandible
Term
ossicles located in the sutures or fontanelles; assoc w/ T 21, hypothyroidism
Definition
wormian bones
Term
abnormal prominence of the frontal bones; rare assoc. with bony dysplasias,
achondroplasia, and craniosyntosis syndromes
Definition
frontal bossing
Term
abnormally small distance between the orbits; associated with alobar holoprosencephaly, cyclopia, ethmocephaly, cebocephaly
Definition
hypotelorism
Term
widely spaced eyes; may result from abnormal migration of the eyes from their embryologic lateral position
Definition
hypertelorism
Term
abnormally small orbits
Definition
micropthalmia
Term
absent orbits
Definition
anopthalmia
Term
single midline eye with failed development of the nose with or without a proboscis
Definition
cyclopia
Term
hypotelorism with failed development of the nose and a proboscis
Definition
ethmocephaly
Term
hypotelerism and poorly developed nose with a single nostril
Definition
cebocephaly
Term
small chin
Definition
micrognathia
Term
posteriorly displaced chin
Definition
retrognathia
Term
micrognathia and retrognathia occur together; associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann, T 18, T 13, if interferes with fetal swallowing, polyhydramnios may result, after birth may have feeding problems or airway management problems
Definition
Pierre-Robin Sequence
Term
is a condition in which the tissue on one side of the face is underdeveloped, affecting primarily the aural (ear), oral (mouth), and mandibular (jaw) areas. Sometimes, both sides of the face can be affected and may involve the skull, as well as the face.
Definition
hemifacial microsomia
Term
divided into two embryonic palate structures: primary and secondary
Definition
palate
Term
maxillary tooth bearing arc
Definition
alveolus
Term
has an anterior bony segment and a posterior soft tissue segment.
Definition
secondary palate
Term
posterior portion of the secondary palate made of soft tissue
Definition
soft palate
Term
3 causes of facial abnormalities
Definition
chromosomal abnormalities (T 13, T 18, T 21), syndromes, drug exposure
Term
When do the 5 prominences become identifiable?
Definition
5 wks
Term
Between what weeks of gestation is the face developed?
Definition
5-10 wks
Term
What are the 5 prominences?
Definition
frontal nasal prominence, paired maxillary prominences, paired mandibular prominences
Term
What forms the upper boundary of the stomodeum?
Definition
frontal nasal prominence
Term
What forms the lateral boundaries of the stomodeum?
Definition
paired maxillary prominences
Term
What forms the caudal boundary of the stomodeum?
Definition
paired mandibular prominences
Term
What 5 things limit US eval of the fetal face?
Definition
bone shadowing, poor fetal position, oligohydramnios, maternal obesity, hyperactivity
Term
In what plane do we take the nose/lips image?
Definition
coronal
Term
an abnormally enlarged tongue
Definition
macroglossia
Term
a herniation of intracranial structures including brain tissue through a defect in the cranium
Definition
encephalocele
Term
a heterogeneous group of disorders in which there is premature fusion of one or several of the cranial sutures
Definition
craniosynostosis
Term
a condition with union of the ears on the front of the neck; caused by the failure of the ascent of the auricles during embryologic development
Definition
otocephaly
Term
What is the incidence of clefting?
Definition
1/700 worldwide
Term
What ethnicity has the highest incidence of clefting?
Definition
Native Americans
Term
What ethnicity has the lowest incidence of clefting?
Definition
African-americans
Term
Is clefting more common in males or females?
Definition
males
Term
What anomalies are associated with clefting?
Definition
T13, T18, also those involving the heart and CNS; may be hereditary
Term
MC congenital anomaly of the face
Definition
clefting
Term
occurs because of failure of fusion of maxillary prominences with nasal prominence on one or both sides
Definition
cleft lip
Term
occurs when the maxilla and the primary and secondary palates fail to fuse
Definition
cleft palate
Term
involves lip nose and primary palate
Definition
isolated complete cleft lip/palate
Term
involves the medial part of the lip and alveolar ridge, the premaxilla is a "mass" below the nose OR more extensively involves the secondary hard palate
Definition
bilateral cleft lip/palate
Term
What side do unilateral cleft lip/palates usually occur on?
Definition
the left
Term
This cleft type has a lesser segment and a greater segment
Definition
unilateral cleft lip/palate
Term
this type of cleft lip/palate may be symmetrical or asymmetrical
Definition
bilateral cleft lip/palate
Term
This cleft type is a classic finding of alobar holoprosencephaly
Definition
median cleft lip/palate
Term
this type of clefting has a small head size for dates and hypotelerism (unless not holopro)
Definition
median cleft lip/palate
Term
This is a classification system for clefting that relates the cleft to the mouth, nose and eye sockets; numbered 1 to 14; may involve soft tissues or skeleton
Definition
Tessier Cleft classification
Term
This type of cleft is associated with amniotic band syndrome and is very rare
Definition
Tessier cleft
Term
In what neck anomaly is there a potential for regression?
Definition
cystic hygroma
Term
a lymphatic malformation that is a septated fluid collection behind the fetal neck and is highly assoc with Turner Syndrome
Definition
cystic hygroma
Term
A nuchal fold thickness greater than 6mm at what weeks is abnormal?
Definition
15-22 wks
Term
What is a thickened nuchal fold associated with?
Definition
T 21
Term
Where is the caliper placement to measure the nuchal fold?
Definition
ML from outer edge of occipital bone to the outer edge of the skin
Term
the fluid collection that forms posterior to the fetal neck early in development
Definition
nuchal translucency
Term
What is a thickened NT associated with?
Definition
aneuploidy, cardiac defects, major malformations and adverse pregnancy outcome
Term
rare and most often related to maternal thyroid disease such as Graves or Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Definition
fetal goiter
Term
What complications can result from fetal goiter?
Definition
hyperextension of the neck; impaired swallowing and polyhydramnios as a result as well as difficult delivery
Term
MC tumor in neonates?
Definition
teratomas (especially at sacrum or coccyx)
Term
approximately 5% are cervical and occur equally in males and females
Definition
cervical teratomas
Term
approximately 5% are cervical and occur equally in males and females
Definition
cervical teratomas
Term
Sono appearance: cystic, solid (with vascular flow), calcifications
Definition
teratoma
Term
What complications may a cervical teratoma cause?
Definition
impaired swallowing, so polyhydramnios; thyroid involvement; impinge on airway; hyperextension
Term
teratoma of the oropharynx that often protrude from the mouth
Definition
epignathus
Term
What procedure may be required at delivery if the airway is obstructed from the teratoma
Definition
EXIT (ex utero intrapartum treatment) procedure
Term
a complex procedure involving a c-section that allows the maternal-fetal circulation through the placenta to be maintained until the baby's airway can be secured
Definition
EXIT procedure
Term
cylindrical protuberance of the face that in cyclopia represents the nose
Definition
proboscis
Term
hyperechoic circular shape with an anechoic center in the orbits
Definition
lens of the fetus
Term
small ears
Definition
microtia
Term
abnormal protrusion of brain and or meninges through a defect in the frontal region of the fetal head; more common in southeast asia
Definition
frontal encephalocele
Term
OOD measurement?
Definition
lateral border or orbit to lateral border of other orbit
Term
IOD measurement?
Definition
inner border of one orbit to inner orbit of the other orbit
Term
obstruction of the nasolacrimal ducts
Definition
dacryocystoceles
Term
the helix joining the cranium at a level below a horizontal plane through the inner canthi (meeting of the upper and lower lids) of the eyes
Definition
low set ears (associated with trisomies and syndromes)
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