Home landscaping, landscaping public areas,

commercial landscaping, and landscaping for

specialty sites.

Simplicity, balance, proportion, focalization, and

rhythm and line.

What are six important factors that should be considered

when preparing a landscape plan?

The six important factors include ways to create a

landscape plan, client needs, purpose of the site,

analysis of the site, plant material selection, and

arrangement of plants in the landscape.

What are five general categories of plant materials

commonly used in the landscape?

What are nine factors that should be considered when

selecting plants for the landscape?

Factor to be considered when selecting plants to be

put into the landscape are the common and scientific

name, is the plant deciduous or evergreen,

growth rate and maturity, lifespan of the plant,

characteristics of flowers and fruits, color, soil,

nutrient and pH requirements, pest problems, and

climatic conditions required.

What are three general areas into which a site can be

broken down based on its use?

What are three boundaries that are found in the outdoor

room?

The outdoor floor, outdoor ceiling, and outdoor

walls.

What are four kinds of planting commonly used for

arranging plant materials?

Corner plantings, line plantings, foundation

plantings, and accent plantings.

the use of plants to make outdoor areas

more attractive.

the preparation of details of

how a site will be landscaped, including both the art

and science involved.

the preparation of a landscape

plan for the beautification of a site; this includes

drawings and supporting information with known

specifications.

landscaping a small part of a larger

area, which is used to meet the particular needs of

people; for example, a small Chinese garden in a

portion of the backyard.

when an untrained person tries to

landscape without any knowledge of plant materials.

a professional who establishes

design plans for the installation of plants and hardscaping

features outdoors to fulfill aesthetic and

functional purposes.

the permanent landscaping structures,

including fences, patios, walks, driveways, retaining

walls, and other inanimate features in the landscape.

a drawing indicating the location of plants

and hardscaping objects in the landscape.

a drawing that uses symbols to specify

the types and names of plants, their quantities, and

locations in the landscape.

the person who uses architectural

plans to install plants and hardscaping features

into the landscape.

the three-dimensional shape of the outline

of the floral design, or in landscape design, a threedimensional

element; for example, a tree shape can be

round, weeping, horizontal, and a variety of other

shapes.

the movement between two points within a

floral design; can be created with round or linear

materials. In landscape design, a one-dimensional

effect produced by arranging three-dimensional

objects in a certain fashion.

a landscape design principle that uses a

number of strategies to reduce high levels of variation

and general distractions in the landscape.

the physical and visual stability of a floral

design or a landscape design principle, which uses

equal weight of design elements to show uniformity.

where the same number and

types of plants are on both sides of the landscape or in

a floral design when the size and shape on both sides

of a central axis are equal.

when different numbers of

plants are on both sides of the landscape

the floral design principle that is the relationship

among size and shape, specific characteristics

of the flowers, and the container used; the table or

shelf and the room they are in all relate to proportion

of a floral design. In the landscape design principle, it

is the relationship between the sizes of the different

types of plants used in a landscape design.

a landscape design principle creating

an accent in a particular arrangement

a landscape design principle that

deals with flow throughout the landscape

the survey of a site to determine the

presence, distribution, and characteristics both natural

and synthetic along with environmental conditions at

the site.

the area of a landscape seen from the

street.

the area of a landscape out of the view

of the general public

the area of a landscape near the rear

entrance that is relatively isolated from the public and

private areas, where utility accessories and unattractive

items such as garbage cans are stored.

a form of landscaping that uses plants

based on their water consumption.

arrangement of plants in a landscape

to create the frame of the outdoor room.

arrangement of plant material in a

landscape to create the walls of the outdoor room.

plantings located along the

walls or foundations of buildings.

an area of particular beauty or interest

established in a landscape.

Successful landscaping begins with proper installation

followed by routine maintenance.

The principles of design help people develop good

designs that are economical to install even though

they may be difficult to maintain.

Skills in both computer-aided design and handdrawn

design maximize job prospects.

It is not very important to know the actual purpose

of the landscape because there are many other

more important factors that should be considered

when preparing a landscape plan.

An important factor to analyze when preparing a

landscape plan is the site; if this is done properly,

any design can be used effectively.

Today the only acceptable landscape plans are

created using a computer and CAD program.

In a xeriscape the emphasis is on the use of plants

with low moisture requirements.

Designing plantings begins with an outdoor room

concept where the room consists of a floor, ceiling,

and walls.

When arranging plant materials, four kinds of

plantings are commonly used. One of these is a

line planting, which is planting along walls or

foundations of buildings.

When arranging plant materials, four kinds of

planting are commonly used. One of these is a

corner planting, which creates the walls of the

outdoor room.

an untrained person who tries to landscape

without a knowledge of plant material.

Important elements of design and effect in landscaping

include

Successful landscaping begins with a good _____

followed by the proper _______ and routine

_________.

The scientific name of a specific plant is given here.

For each numbered part of the name, write the taxon

or, in the case of 4, the most appropriate term.

Brassica oleracea L. ‘Union’

Brassica 1. Genus

oleracea 2. Species

‘Union’ 3. Cultivar

L. 4. Authority

_______ is a form of landscaping that uses plants

on the basis of their water requirements.

Two days prior to staking the site, the crew

supervisor should call the local office to find out

where all the underground utilities are located at

the site.

List the four major types of landscaping surfacing

materials commonly used and the advantages and

disadvantages of each.

The landscape contractor commonly uses asphalt,

concrete, brick, and stone. The main advantage of

asphalt and concrete is the relatively low installation

cost and the main disadvantage is that these

materials do not create interesting or unusual

landscape designs. The main advantage of brick

and stone is that they can be used to create interesting

landscape designs, and the main disadvantage

is that these materials are more expensive.

List the three different styles of landscape fencing and

what they are used for.

• Chain-link fences provide little privacy and are

not very pretty, but they are commonly used

because they provide security and are fairly

inexpensive.

• Rail-type fences give no security or privacy

but are used to show where the property line is

located or for decorative purposes.

• Basket weave or board-on-board fences

provide privacy and security, but they are

expensive.

GFCI stands for ground fault circuit interrupter,

which disconnects the electricity to a lamp when it

detects a short circuit.

List the two types of lighting techniques and provide

an explanation for each.

A variety of types of lighting are used today for

aesthetic purposes; some examples include up

lighting and down lighting. Up lighting is when

light shines up at the base of the tree or interesting

object, highlighting that particular tree or object

in the landscape. Down lighting is when light

shines down on a tree or interesting object, creating

an interesting shadow pattern on the ground.

the execution of the planting

plan and hardscaping features.

the permanent landscaping structures,

including fences, patios, walks, driveways, retaining

walls, and other inanimate features in the landscape.

when light shines up at the base of the

tree or interesting object, highlighting that particular

tree or object in the landscape.

when light shines down on a tree or

interesting object, creating an interesting shadow pattern

on the ground.

refers to a wide range of plants,

mostly annuals, including herbs, vegetables, and flowering

ornamentals; however, there are garden designs

that use perennials, bulbs, rhizomes, corms, and

tubers for continual bloom throughout the year.

flowers in the landscape year

round.

a seedling plant without a ball of soil

around the roots.

a production system starting

with field-grown trees that are dug keeping the ball of

soil containing the root system that is covered with

burlap material.

container-grown

plants that are grown in

different-sized containers.

Hardscaping describes landscapes that only use

rocks and cacti.

Hardscaping features in the landscape should be

installed after the plants have been planted.

Today, low-voltage lamps provide security and

beautify the landscape; therefore, GFCIs should

be installed for protection.

The balled and burlapped method for harvesting

nursery plants has the disadvantage of causing

transplanting shock.

A tensiometer is one way to determine the location

of electrical lines before digging.

When planting trees that have been balled and

burlapped, it is important to make the planting

hole the same size as the ball.

When using the balled and burlapped planting

technique, the top of the ball should be approximately

6 inches below the soil surface.

Antitranspirants should be sprayed on the

plant’s foliage to reduce water loss following

transplanting.

Homes in the 1950s contained only a few

flowering plants in the front yard as an

accent.

Rail-type fences not only provide security but also

show where the property line is located.

Which of the following types of fencing provides

security?

A. Chain-link fences

B. Rail type

C. Board-on-board

D. A and C

A. Chain-link fences

B. Rail type

C. Board-on-board

D. A and C

What is the main advantage of using asphalt as a

paving material?

A. Can be used to create interesting designs

B. Relatively low cost of installation

C. A wide range of available colors

D. None of the above

A. Can be used to create interesting designs

B. Relatively low cost of installation

C. A wide range of available colors

D. None of the above

The last and very important step when installing a

landscape is to _______ the site before leaving.

_______ should be placed around the base of newly

planted trees to reduce water loss and maintain soil

temperature around the roots.

_______ type fences give little privacy and are

not very pretty but are commonly used because they

provide security.

_____ type fences give no security or privacy but are

used to show where a property line is located.

• Trim plants to maintain their natural beauty.

• Trim to obtain a desired effect.

• Eliminate dangerous branches.

• Enhance the overall health of the plant.

• Enhance flower and fruit production.

List the five important external portions of the tree

and the four key internal portions of the tree.

Five important external portions of the tree are

crown or canopy, terminal or leader, scaffold

branches, trunk, and suckers or water sprouts.

Four key internal portions of the tree are xylem,

phloem, cambium, and pith.

What should be done to pruning equipment prior to

use to obtain the best results and what are five

commonly used pruning tools?

It is always important to have sharp pruning

equipment to obtain the best results. Five commonly

used pruning tools are shears, manual saws,

power saws, pole saws, and pruners.

What are eight general pointers that should be

followed when making pruning cuts?

• Define pruning goals and determine what is the

best time of the year to prune.

• Prune cautiously.

• Use sharp tools.

• Start pruning with parts that pose a threat to

the plant.

• Select scaffold branches with wide branch angles.

• Do not prune too close to the trunk of the tree

and do not leave too much of a stub.

• Leave a small portion of stem above the bud.

• Select for branches growing outward not

inward.

Pruning should be done during late fall to early

winter because few farming operations are done at

this time.

Should tree paint be used to protect wounds after

pruning?

Tree paint should not be used because it does not

have any beneficial effect.

Tree topping refers to reducing the total height of

the tree by 1/3 to 1/2 by removing upper scaffold

branches; this method is not commonly used anymore

because it has been found to be detrimental

to the plant.

What are two commonly used trellises and two pruning

methods used for grapes?

Two commonly used trellises are single- and

double-wire trellis types, which can be spur

pruned or cane pruned.

Flowering shrubs develop next year’s flower buds

immediately after flowering each year.

What are two pruning methods commonly used

for evergreens, and which one of the two is more

commonly used today?

Formal and informal pruning are two types of

pruning used for evergreens, and the informal type

of pruning is more commonly used today.

the study of trees, their growth, and

culture.

the removal of excess vegetative

growth to open the plant canopy and reduce the number

of fruiting branches with the goal of promoting

large and overall better-quality fruits.

the removal of the tips of terminal

branches to promote secondary branching.

a method of pruning used to

rejuvenate old plants by removing old

unproductive branches, thereby promoting

vigorous growth.

pruning system where

one strong upward-growing branch is identified and

trained to grow as the central axis of the tree.

the height of the scaffold branches

aboveground at the adult stage.

the main branches growing from

the trunk of the tree.

a pruning system

that is the same as the central leader tree form system

in the early stages to permit the formation of strong

scaffold branches. After all the scaffold branches are

established, the central leader is removed to create an

open center.

a pruning system which

leaves the center of the tree open to permit good sunlight

penetration.

used to describe a plant that has been trained

and pruned into formal geometric or abstract shapes.

in evergreens, it is the area 6 to 12 inches

below the green needles on the branch.

A good design and proper installation does not

mean there will be a reduction in the amount of

annual maintenance.

It is not always important to have specific goals in

mind prior to pruning to achieve the best results.

An important pruning goal is to maintain the

plants’ natural beauty.

An important pruning goal is to decrease flower

and fruit production.

Tree paint is commonly used to protect wounds

after pruning.

When pruning, it is important to select branches

with narrow branch angles to achieve a more

compact plant.

When pruning, it is very important to prune as

close to the trunk as possible.

The best time of year to prune is during the late

fall to early winter because few other farming

operations are done at this time.

Tree topping, which reduces the total height of the

tree one-third to one-half by removing upper scaffold

branches, is a common practice today.

Flowering shrubs develop next year’s buds during

the early spring.

Evergreens have a dead zone 6 to 12 inches below

the green needles.

Shade trees growing in the home landscape require

little pruning.

Fertilization can be used to increase flower production

in trees, shrubs, and flowering plants.

In times of drought, trees and shrubs do not require

watering.

Arboriculture is the term used to describe

A. early civilizations or cultures that used plants in

the landscape.

B. the study of the culture of plants for their usefulness

in medicine.

C. the study of trees, their growth, and culture.

D. None of the above

A. early civilizations or cultures that used plants in

the landscape.

B. the study of the culture of plants for their usefulness

in medicine.

C. the study of trees, their growth, and culture.

D. None of the above

________ is the study of trees, their growth, and

culture.

Provide three major functions of turf and give an

example of each.

• Utility—removal of pollutants.

• Ornamentation—increase property value.

• Sports—playing fields.

Provide six factors used to assess visual turf quality

and briefly explain each.

• Density—the number of aerial shoots per unit

area.

• Texture—the width of the grass blades.

• Uniformity—the evenness of turf distribution

on a site.

• Color—the measure of reflected light.

• Growth habit—the type of shoot growth for

example bunch growth.

• Smoothness—the surface soil features.

Provide four factors for judging functional quality of

turf and briefly explain each.

• Rigidity—the capability to resist compaction

and wear.

• Elasticity—the capability to recover from

compression.

• Resiliency—the capability to absorb shock.

• Recuperative potential—the capability to

recover from damage.

What are six factors that should be considered when

making a turfgrass selection?

Climatic requirements, the plant’s life cycle, usage,

maintenance needs, visual and functional quality,

and disease- and insect resistance.

Classify Cynodon dactylon L. ‘Cheyenne’ using

scientific classification; be sure to provide everything

from Kingdom through Cultivar.

Plantae Kingdom

Spermatophyta Division or Phylum

Angiospermae Class

Monocotyledonae Subclass

Poales Order

Poaceae Family

Cynodon Genus

dactylon Species

Cheyenne Cultivar

What are three factors that should be considered when

deciding which method of propagation will be used in

establishing turf?

The method used to establish turfgrasses depends

upon the kind of grass used, the environmental

conditions where it will be grown, and the amount

of money in your budget.

What are two major forms of propagation used in establishing

turfgrasses and the advantages and

disadvantages of each?

The two major forms of propagation are sexual

and asexual propagation. The main advantage of

sexual propagation is that it is inexpensive;

however, the main disadvantage is that more time

is required to establish a high-quality turf.

Asexual propagation has the advantage of being

able to establish high-quality turf very rapidly;

however, the main disadvantage is that it is

expensive.

What are six factors that should be considered when

preparing a seedbed for turfgrasses?

• Soil testing—important to know the amount of

fertilizer to apply and what pH adjustment is

necessary.

• Weed control.

• Soil texture—modification of soil structure

may be necessary to improve aeration and

drainage and/or nutrient- and water-holding

capacity.

• Removal of large objects.

• Installation of drainage and irrigation

systems.

• Soil leveling.

What are three times of the year that are ideal for

optimal grass seed germination?

The best time to sow seed is during the early

spring, late summer, or early fall because these

times have weather conditions that are optimal for

seed germination.

When should a new lawn be mowed for the first time?

After the first mowing, what is the general rule of

thumb that should be used when mowing turfgrasses?

The new lawn will be ready to mow when the

turfgrass plants are higher than the height at

which they will normally be maintained. After

the first mowing, the general rule of thumb is the

1/3:2/3 rule, which means that you remove 1/3 and

leave 2/3 at each mowing.

Vegetative propagation involves using parts of the

growing plant to establish new turf by using sod,

sprigs, or plugs.

How many fertilizer applications should be made each

year for cool season turfgrasses and at what time during

the growing season? Briefly explain the benefits

associated with each fertilizer application.

For cool season turfgrasses, fertilizer applications

should be made four times per year. The first application

should be made in early spring to break

dormancy, heal injuries, and prevent the invasion

of summer and annual weeds. The second application

should be made in the spring to help turf

survive heat encountered later in the season. The

third application should be in late summer to stimulate

new tillers and rhizomes for the following

year and also to help maintain a vigorous and

green turf until the fall. The fourth application

should be made in the late fall to promote root

growth until the ground freezes and to aid in early

spring greening.

After 7–10 days without rain, grasses will wilt

and should be watered to a 4- to 6-inch depth to

prevent permanent damage to the lawn.

Clippings should be removed when they do not

readily sift down into the turf.

What is the cause of thatch? How can thatch buildup

be prevented and controlled?

The plant organic matter that is not decomposed

between the turfgrass and the soil surface is called thatch. Thatch is caused by an accumulation of

excess grass stems, stolons, rhizomes, and roots in

the turf. It is important to note that grass clippings

do not contribute to thatch; rather thatch is caused

by overfertilization. Therefore, maintaining a

moderate fertilization program will prevent

thatch.

The best way to control pests in turf is to use an

Integrated Pest Management program.

a collection of plants in a ground cover and the

soil in which roots grow.

a collection of grass plants that form a

ground cover.

the area between definitive climatic

zones; it favors some warm season and cool season

turfgrasses but is not ideal for either.

a combination of different cultivars

from the same species.

a combination of two or more

different turfgrass species.

the percentage of pure seed of an identified

species or cultivar present in a particular lot of seed.

the percentage of seed that is alive

and will germinate under standard conditions.

planting one grass in another

established grass without destroying the established

grass.

the surface layer of turf, including plants and a

thin layer of soil used in propagating new turf.

a small block or square of turf containing plant

material and soil.

part of the grass plant without soil, such as

rhizomes or stolons.

The three purposes and functions of turf are

utility, ornamentation, and sports.

Turf is a collection of grass plants that forms a

ground cover and must be regularly maintained.

Turfgrass is a collection of plants in a ground

cover and the soil in which roots grow.

Sod is the surface layer of turf, including plants

and a thin layer of soil used in propagating new

turf.

Warm season turfgrasses are limited by cold

weather, which imposes winter dormancy.

Cool season turfgrasses are limited by heat, which

imposes summer dormancy.

Most warm season turfgrasses are propagated

vegetatively by sod, plugs, or sprigs.

An example of a warm season turfgrass is

ryegrass.

An example of a cool season turfgrass is zoysia

grass.

Sexual propagation is the most common method

used with cool season grasses.

Winter overseeding is planting one grass in another

established grass without destroying the

established grass.

The width of the grass blade determines the

recuperative potential of turfgrass.

For mowing lawns, the best amount to cut off is

two-thirds of the amount of grass growing.

Turfgrass blends are combinations of two or more

different turfgrass species.

Turfgrass mixtures are a combination of different

cultivars from the same species.

Grass clippings are the major contributor to thatch

buildup.

Thatch is caused by an accumulation of excess

grass stems, stolons, rhizomes, and roots in the

turf.

Fertilization of cool season turfgrasses in the late

spring will help them to survive heat encountered

later in the season.

Fertilization of cool season turfgrasses should

never be done in the late fall because it will

damage plants when the first frost arrives.

After 7 to 10 days without rain, grasses will wilt

and should be watered to prevent permanent

damage.

The best time to water is when the grass needs it;

this will promote deeper root growth and better

drought tolerance.

It is always important to rake up grass clippings

after mowing.

Which of the following is the definition of turf ?

A. A collection of grass plants that forms a ground

cover and must be regularly maintained

B. A collection of plants in a ground cover and soil

in which roots grow

C. A collection of monocots and dicots, which form a

ground cover

D. None of the above

A. A collection of grass plants that forms a ground

cover and must be regularly maintained

B. A collection of plants in a ground cover and soil

in which roots grow

C. A collection of monocots and dicots, which form a

ground cover

D. None of the above

Mowing is important because it keeps the grass in

which of the following?

A. Senescent stage

B. Reproductive stage

C. Vegetative stage

D. Dormant stage

A. Senescent stage

B. Reproductive stage

C. Vegetative stage

D. Dormant stage

The best time for good grass seed germination is

during the

A. early spring.

B. late summer.

C. early fall.

D. All of the above

A. early spring.

B. late summer.

C. early fall.

D. All of the above

A turfgrass blend is

A. a combination of different cultivars of the same

species.

B. a combination of two or more different turfgrass

species.

C. a mixture of four or more different cultivars of

different species.

D. None of the above

A. a combination of different cultivars of the same

species.

B. a combination of two or more different turfgrass

species.

C. a mixture of four or more different cultivars of

different species.

D. None of the above

Thatch buildup is caused by

A. overwatering.

B. overfertilizing.

C. aerification.

D. winter overseeding.

A. overwatering.

B. overfertilizing.

C. aerification.

D. winter overseeding.

For cool season turfgrass, the recommended number

of times to fertilize each year is

A. once.

B. twice.

C. three times.

D. four times.

A. once.

B. twice.

C. three times.

D. four times.

For warm season turfgrasses, fertilizer and lime

should be applied to established turf in the

A. early spring or fall.

B. spring and summer.

C. late spring and early fall.

D. None of the above

A. early spring or fall.

B. spring and summer.

C. late spring and early fall.

D. None of the above

Mowing keeps grass in the _______ stage of the life

cycle.

Seeding is the most common method used with ____ season

grasses. The major advantage of seeding is that it is

_______; however, the main disadvantage is that

____ time is required to establish a high-quality turf.

Vegetative propagation using ___, ____, and _____

is commonly used with _____ season turfgrasses.

What two major categories can commercial vegetable

production be divided into?

Commercial vegetable production can be broken

down into fresh market vegetables and processed

vegetables.

What state produces almost half of the vegetables

grown in the United States?

California produces almost half of the vegetables

grown in the United States.

Eating vegetables reduces cancer and heart

disease.

List the nine major categories used to classify vegetable

crops by edible parts and provide an example

of each.

• potherbs and greens—spinach and collards

• salad crops—celery

• cole crops—cabbage and cauliflower

• root/tuber crops—potatoes, beets, carrots,

radishes

• bulb crops—onions, leeks

• legumes—beans, peas

• cucurbits—melons, squash, cucumber

• solanaceous—tomatoes, peppers

• other—sweet corn

What are five major criteria used in the selection of a

cultivar?

What is the number one factor determining a crop’s

suitability for a particular climate?

The single most important factor in determining a

crop’s suitability for a particular climate is the

length of the growing season required to maturity

prior to frost damage.

Provide two ways to determine how long it takes for a

vegetable crop to mature.

The first way is to count the number of days from

planting to maturity; however, the rate of maturity

for each crop is dependent on temperature and

rainfall, so this is not the most accurate way to

measure the time to plant maturation. The second

and most accurate way is to use degree-days.

What are four ways to provide frost protection in the

field?

In the field frost protection can be provided by

using row covers, sprinkler irrigation and fogging,

while in extreme cases heaters, smudge pots and

fans are used.

What are five factors that should be considered when

preparing a seedbed for vegetable crops?

• Run soil tests to determine the proper amounts

of nutrients to provide and if any pH adjustments

are necessary.

• Add organic matter and/or sand as necessary to

improve the soil structure.

• Control weeds and other pests.

• Till the soil.

• Install irrigation systems as necessary.

The difference between tillage and cultivation is

that tillage is done prior to planting the crop; after

the crop has been planted, it is called cultivation.

The two main disadvantages of using transplants

are cost and transplanting shock.

What are six important factors that are required for

the proper maintenance and care of vegetable crops?

The six important factors are proper management

of nutrients, providing the proper amount of

water, pest control, staking and training, knowing

when the crop is mature, and knowing when to

harvest.

What are four types of nontraditional vegetable

production?

Four types of nontraditional vegetable production

are organic production, sustainable horticulture,

hyrdroponics, and biotechnology.

What are three factors that should be considered when

planning a vegetable garden?

Three factors that should be considered when

planning a vegetable garden are location, what

should be planted, and how the planting should be

arranged.

When preparing a home garden for growing vegetable

crops, what are seven factors that should be

considered?

Seven factors that should be considered are soil

preparation, planting, pest control, watering,

staking, training, and what should be done at the

end of the season.

Provide three of the five horticultural characteristics

that are important when selecting vegetable crop

cultivars.

Horticultural characteristics that should be considered

when selecting a vegetable crop cultivar are

color, size, flavor, shape, and appearance.

the branch of horticulture dealing with

the production, storage, processing, and marketing of

vegetables.

vegetables that are packaged

and sold as soon as possible after harvest.

vegetables that are canned,

dried, or frozen.

method of growing

vegetables without chemical pesticides or inorganic

fertilizers.

an improved plant developed by crossing

parents of different genotypes for a beneficial trait.

the average number of days from

the last spring frost to the first frost in the fall.

the lowest temperature at which

growth can occur.

calculated by adding the daily high and

low temperature together, dividing by two, and then

subtracting the base temperature for a specific crop.

also called minimal tillage; involves

tillage practices that leave 30 percent or more

crop residues on top of the soil to prevent soil erosion.

the process of leaving strips of vegetation

between tilled areas to prevent soil erosion.

the placement of seed directly into

the field.

a method that uses seeds that have

been treated, pregerminated, suspended in a gel, and

placed in precision seeders that deposit a designated

number of seeds per hole in the soil by an automated

process.

planting seeds

indoors and growing seedlings prior to being

transplanted to a larger container or to a permanent

location outdoors.

a one- to two-week period

following planting where no growth occurs due to

shock.

a production system that

uses IPM and sound management practices to reduce

inputs.

a method of growing plants that

provides nutrients needed by the plant via nutrient

solution in the absence of soil.

the manipulation of living organisms

or substances obtained from living organisms for the

benefit of humanity.

Measuring maturation time according to heat units

is a more exact manner than counting the days to

maturity.

Row covers are used in cooler climates to increase

temperature in the crop environment and to prevent

infestation with insects earlier in the season.

Strip tillage involves tillage practices that leave

more than 30 percent or more crop residues on the

top of the soil to prevent soil erosion.

An example of subsurface irrigation is drip

irrigation.

Fluid drilling is a method for precision planting of

vegetable seeds.

When establishing vegetable crops by transplanting,

there are problems with transplanting shock.

Vegetables used for processing are often picked

based on acid, sugar, and color levels, which can

be measured by instruments.

Vegetables are harvested at different stages of maturity

for different uses and markets.

The first step following removal of a vegetable

from the parent plant is to remove field heat

rapidly.

There are a variety of organic production systems

for vegetables ranging from those that do not use

synthetically produced inputs to those that merely

reduce synthetically produced inputs.

Tomato, lettuce, and basil are the primary crops

produced via hydroponics.

The science and technology are now available for

the production of GMOs; however, the major

limitation is the legal battle ahead.

In the home garden, it is important to select

vegetable crops that the gardener prefers.

The principles used for the home vegetable garden

are similar to commercial vegetable production

with the major difference being the size of the

operation.

The state that produces almost half of the entire

vegetable crop in the United States is

A. California.

B. Pennsylvania.

C. Florida.

D. Georgia.

Tillage is used for

A. soil improvement.

B. seedbed establishment.

C. weed control.

D. All of the above

After a crop is in the field, “tillage” is then called

A. irrigation.

B. conservation tillage.

C. cultivation.

D. aeration.

The leading U.S. vegetable-producing state is

________.

A _____ is an improved plant developed by crossing

parents of different genotypes for a trait.

Recently __________ has been

used to increase soil temperature in the field.

________ horticulture is the use of IPM and sound

management practices to reduce inputs.

What two major categories can commercial fruit production

be divided into?

Commercial fruit production can be broken down

into fresh market and processed fruits.

Fruits are important because they reduce the risks

of certain forms of cancer and heart disease.

simple,

aggregate, and multiple.

What are four factors that should be considered when

selecting the proper fruit cultivar?

Factors to consider include climatic requirements,

water, light, usage, cultural requirements, yield,

quality, and resistance to pests.

Give three reasons why rootstocks are commonly

used.

Rootstocks enable plants to tolerate poorly drained

soil conditions, protect from nematodes, protect

from soil diseases, and control size.

Fruits typically perform best with a soil pH in the

range of 6.0 to 6.5 with 6.5 considered to be optimum.

What are two types of spring freezes that commonly

occur and what is one way to overcome each?

The two types of freezes that occur in the spring

are advective and radiation freezes. Advective

freezes can be overcome by the proper site selection

and through the use of windbreaks. Radiation

freezes are typically very severe. Plants can be

protected by using overhead sprinklers, covering

the crop, or by using heaters.

Pruning increases fruit quality, such as color;

reduces disease problems; and increases fruit and

overall plant size.

What are three benefits that can be obtained from fruit

thinning?

Fruit thinning eliminates problems with biennial

bearing, prevents physical damage to the tree,

and enhances fruit color, size, shape, and overall

quality.

the branch of horticulture dealing with

the production, storage, processing, and marketing of

fruits and nuts.

defined botanically as a mature ovary of a

flowering plant or tree that includes the seed, its

covering, and any parts closely connected to it.

fruits that are packaged and

sold as soon as possible after harvest.

fruits that are canned, dried, or

frozen.

fruit that is comprised of a single

ovary with or without some other flower parts that

have developed as part of the fruit.

fruits that are comprised of a single

receptacle with masses of similar fruitlets.

fruits that are comprised of ovaries

of many separate but closely clustered flowers, for example,

pineapple.

characteristics such

as color, size, flavor, shape, and appearance.

a root system and base of the tree on

which the fruiting top or scion cultivar is budded or

grafted.

the application of fertilizer through the

irrigation system.

instrument used to measure soil

moisture.

freezes that are accompanied by

wind and can be overcome by the proper site selection

or through the use of windbreaks.

freezes that occur on still, clear

nights.

dormancy of seeds and buds

imposed by internal blocks, which are removed by

winter chilling, and regulated by endogenous levels of

plant hormones.

the state in which

the plant is not growing and will not grow until

external conditions are satisfied, usually with warm

temperatures.

calculated in most

areas of the United States by how many hours at and

below 45°F (7.2°C) are required during the winter for

the plant to break its winter resting period and develop

normally when temperatures rise in the spring.

the number of hours of

warmth needed for a certain growth phase to occur.

Fruit pectins trap dietary cholesterol, which ultimately

prevents it from depositing in the linings

of blood vessels.

Endodormancy is the same as rest, which is dormancy

imposed by external blocks.

Ecodormancy is the same as quiescence, which is

dormancy imposed by external blocks.

The winter chilling requirement is calculated by

determining the number of hours at and below

45°F (7.2°C).

Heat units are calculated by taking the average

temperature for the month minus 50°F.

Rootstocks can be used to protect from nematodes

and other soilborne organisms.

Rootstocks can be used to enable plants to tolerate

poorly drained soils.

Radiation freezes are accompanied by wind and

can be overcome by proper site selection.

Fruit thinning eliminates problems with biennial

bearing.

Fruit thinning enhances fruit size, shape, color,

and overall quality.

Fruits to be used for processing are often picked

based on acid, sugar, and color levels.

Rootstocks are typically used for the following purposes

in fruit trees:

A. Size control

B. To protect against soil insects or soil diseases

C. To enable plants to tolerate poorly drained soil

conditions

D. All of the above

Pomology is the branch of horticulture dealing with _____

and ____.

Provide an example of a cool season and warm season

vegetable crop.

Examples of cool season crops are asparagus,

broccoli, cabbage, celery, garlic, onion, pea,

spinach, carrot, lettuce, and Irish potato; examples

of warm season crops are cucumber, eggplant,

lima bean, okra, melons, squash, peppers, sweet

corn, sweet potato, and tomato.