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Hort 1-Fund
Fundamentals of Horticulture
237
Gardening
Not Applicable
12/12/2009

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Term
Taxonomy is the orderly classification of plants and animals according to their presume natural relationships
Definition
T
Term
The move toward sustainability is due to the use of pesticides, fertilizer and loss of land
Definition
T
Term
Basic hand tool maintenance can make tools last longer
Definition
T
Term
There are three divisions of horticulture; floriculture, landscaping and nursery production
Definition
T
Term
If you want to dig a hole just grab any shovel
Definition
F, round point shovel
Term
The term horl refers to three or more leaves arising from the node
Definition
T
Term
Good sustainable practices include economics, ecology and sociology
Definition
T
Term
The seed is made up of embryo, storage tissue and cambium
Definition
F, embryo, endosperm, seed coat
Term
Water use, air pollution, yard waste and pesticides are all problems the horticulture industry must be aware of
Definition
T
Term
The leaf scar is where the leaf was attached
Definition
T
Term
The apex is the edge of the leaf
Definition
F, the tip or end farthest from the base or point of attachment
Term
Jerome Rodale is remembered as the father of organic farming
Definition
T
Term
Plants are currently classified based on the texture and form
Definition
F
Term
Adventitious roots develop and replace other roots when the root system is cut
Definition
T
Term
Wilting occurs when transpiration of water, is greater than intake of water
Definition
T
Term
Mineral concentration can be so high as to limit or stop water intake by the roothairs
Definition
T
Term
Translocation is the loss of water by a plant
Definition
F, movement of water and dissolved substances in a plant
Term
water is absorbed by plants in both passive and active means
Definition
T
Term
the plant reacting to day length
Definition
photoperiodism
Term
the plant reacting to light
Definition
phototropism
Term
meristems are plant tissues in which cells develop new tissue
Definition
T
Term
Plant growth in length takes place in the cambium
Definition
F, meristems
Term
In grasses, the meristem is located near the ground
Definition
T
Term
roots require water, oxygen and food from the shoots to grow
Definition
T
Term
roots can be woody and non-woody
Definition
T
Term
the root tip is responsible for increasing root width
Definition
F, root length
Term
phloem and xylem are known as vascular tissue
Definition
T
Term
grasses have phloem and xylem as a concentric ring
Definition
F, vascular bundle
Term
in woody plants xylem can be active or inactive
Definition
T
Term
tulips, corms and tubers are stems
Definition
T
Term
herbaceous plants have a protective epidermis
Definition
T
Term
inactive xylem can store food
Definition
T
Term
buds can be dormant for a portion of a year or many years
Definition
T
Term
buds at the tip can be called lateral buds
Definition
F, terminal buds
Term
in compound leaves, buds are not present where the leaf blade attaches to the petiole
Definition
T
Term
dioecious plants have the stamen and pistil on separate plants
Definition
T
Term
some vegetables are really fruits
Definition
T
Term
perennial describes an assortment of plants that are non-woody, but live year after year
Definition
T
Term
basic structure, size and form of plant can be used to group or classify plants in very broad terms
Definition
T
Term
scientific names are formal and require capitalization of both the genus and species
Definition
F, genus capitalized, species not
Term
photosynthesis happens 24hrs a day and respiration only at night
Definition
F, the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar
Term
plants obtain all of their water and most nutrients from the soil
Definition
T
Term
the terms cool season and warm season refer to the temerature conditions most suitable for the plant's growth
Definition
T
Term
The three maor soil particles are sand, silt and clay
Definition
T
Term
the soil texture can affect the soil drainage
Definition
T
Term
orgainic fertilizers are better for the plant because the plants roots absorb the fertilizer better
Definition
F
Term
pH scale is based on 1-12
Definition
F, 1-14
Term
water is the most important environmental factor in establishing plants
Definition
T
Term
water infiltration and run-off are affected by the topography and the cover of the landscape site
Definition
T, topography is a landscape shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock
Term
pH can affect the soil leaching, fertilizer and irrigation
Definition
T
Term
if a plant is not an annual it must be a perennial
Definition
F,
Shrubs
Trees
Perennials
Annuals
Climbers/creepers
Herbs
Palms
Roses
Bulbs
Conifers
Ferns
Cycads
Grasses
Succulents
Term
california soils test to be more acidic than alkaline
Definition
F, more alkaline
Term
wilting occurs when transpiration of water, is greater than intake of water
Definition
T
Term
mineral concentrations can be so high as to limit or stop water intake by the roothairs
Definition
T
Term
translocation is the loss of water by a plant
Definition
F, The movement of water and dissolved substances in a plant
Term
water is absorbed by plants in both passive and active means
Definition
T
Term
photoperiodism is the plant , flowering reacting to day length
Definition
T
Term
phototropism is the plant reacting to light
Definition
T
Term
Hardiness is the ability of the plant to hold up and be durable
Definition
F, ability to tolerate cold, heat, drought, or wind
Term
if the soil's water level remains at field capacity the plant could die
Definition
T
Term
the soil texture triangle tells you what is the best soil
Definition
F, tells you % of sand, silt, clay to blend to make loam
Term
soil amendments are used around plants to control weeds
Definition
F, amendments are anything put into the soil to change the physical structure, improves soil by water retntion, air movement, root penetration, improve porosity
Term
fir bark, peat moss and manure are inorganic types of soil amendments
Definition
F, all are organic-come from living source
Term
1 yard of soil material per 100 sqft will improve the soil 10%
Definition
F, need 1yd per 1000sqft to improve 10%
Term
manganese is a fertilizer for root growth
Definition
F, phosphorus
Term
pH can affect the soil leaching, fertilizer and irrigation
Definition
T
Term
fertilizer labeling must include company name, guarantee analysis and safety warnings
Definition
T
Term
a loam soil is made up of sand and clay
Definition
F, 40%sand, 40%silt and 20%clay
Term
botanical names were given to plants to avoid confusion
Definition
T
Term
the second botanical name given to a plant is the species
Definition
T
Term
most california soils have adequate organic matter already, and therefore need few amendments for good plant growth
Definition
F, alkaline/ clay need alot
Term
clay soils contain more minerals and have greater surface space area than sandy soils
Definition
T, have less surface space
Term
nitrogen movement in ths oil is relatively slow, so replacement of this element is not recommended very often
Definition
F, most important element, leaches out quickly
Term
soil is created primarily from disintegrated and decompossed rocks and organic matter
Definition
T
Term
soils with a finer texture hold less water than coarser-textured soils
Definition
F, finer texture drains faster no water holding capability
Term
steer manure makes a good fertilizer for your yard
Definition
F, an amendment, short lived 3-6 months
Term
california soils are considered to be mineral soils because they have less than 10% organic matter
Definition
T
Term
mineral soils have three general horizons
Definition
T
Term
the B horizon has the greatest biological activity
Definition
F, A
Term
the soil triangle is used to show the properties of the soil profile
Definition
F
Term
sandy soils are called light and clay soils are heavy
Definition
T
Term
as soil particles become smaller and smaller the soil has more surface available for chemical reactions
Definition
T
Term
soil structure refers to the way in which aggregates are arranged
Definition
T
Term
soil color is a function of the amount of organic matter, parent material and the aeration
Definition
T
Term
soil depth refers to the vertical distance fro mthe soil surface to a layer that stops the downward growth
Definition
T
Term
field capacity is the amount of water in a soil when the plant wilts
Definition
F
Term
plant nutrients are divided into 3 main groups - primary, secondary and micronutrients
Definition
T
Term
amendments influence plant growth indirectly by improving the soils physical condition
Definition
T
Term
commercial fertilizers must contain 3% of NPK
Definition
F, 5%
Term
broadcasting, band placement, sidedressing and foliar are all methods of applying fertilizers
Definition
F
Term
sulfur is used to lower the pH
Definition
T
Term
compost needs to reach 160deg to kill weed seeds
Definition
T
Term
there are two different types of composting
Definition
T
Term
a 4-1 ratio of manure to green materials is ideal for composting
Definition
F, 3-1
Term
in composting you should avoid meats, dairy and pet waste as ingredients
Definition
T
Term
a moisture meter can help you in composting
Definition
T
Term
turning of compost can speed up the breakdown
Definition
T
Term
parts of the seed
Definition
seed coat, endosperm(food supply), pericarp, embryo
Term
parallel, pinnate and palmate all refer to
Definition
venation
Term
a plant which survive from year to year and often, develops woody tissue is referred to as
Definition
perennial
Term
stem increase in diameter due to the production of vascular tissue by the
Definition
cambium
Term
water, nutrients and food materials travel up and down the stem in the
Definition
xylem
Term
outer leaf protection
Definition
epidermis
Term
protects the stem
Definition
bark
Term
transports food
Definition
phloem
Term
point where leaf attaches
Definition
node
Term
point of water intake
Definition
root hair
Term
growth in length
Definition
terminal bud
Term
area between nodes
Definition
internode
Term
growth tissue
Definition
cambium
Term
attracts insects with color
Definition
petals
Term
contains pollen grains
Definition
anther
Term
contains the female egg
Definition
ovary
Term
location of chlorophyl
Definition
palisade cells
Term
contains both stamen and pistil
Definition
perfect flower
Term
many equal size roots
Definition
fibrous roots
Term
opening in the leaf underside
Definition
stomata
Term
aerial root
Definition
root that grows of the stem
Term
IPM
Definition
pest management program
Term
alternate
Definition
arrangement on stem
Term
monocot
Definition
seed start growing with one leaf
Term
complete flower
Definition
containing both flower parts
Term
dicot
Definition
seed starts growing with 2 leaves
Term
classification system
Definition
hierarchy of similarities
Term
transport water
Definition
one function of the stem
Term
absorb nutrients
Definition
function of the roots
Term
stamen
Definition
male flower part
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
purpose of the leaf
Term
opposite
Definition
leaves across from each other on the stem
Term
pistil
Definition
female flower part
Term
chloroplast
Definition
contains chlorophyl
Term
cuticle
Definition
waxy leaf covering
Term
taproot
Definition
long deep main root
Term
apex
Definition
tip or top of the leaf blade
Term
axillary bud
Definition
bud located at the leaf and stem
Term
root hair
Definition
absorbs water and nutrients
Term
perennial
Definition
plants that live several years
Term
bulbs
Definition
modified stems
Term
dioecious
Definition
male and female flower parts
Term
compound leaf
Definition
leaf blade divided into several parts
Term
sepal
Definition
protection of the flower
Term
receptacle
Definition
holds up the flower
Term
difference between taproots and fibrous roots
Definition
taproots-one main root going straight down deep
fibrous roots-fine, smaller roots branching out in many directions
Term
what is the difference between a cold frame and a greenhouse
Definition
greenhouse-temperature controlled by heating /cooling equipment
coldframe-is a covered/enclosed structure that is not temperature controlled by equipment just by the opening and cosing manually or heat from sun penetration, used mainly for frost protection
Term
monocot
Definition
one seed leaf, vascular bundle(vacular tissue scattered in stem), flower parts in three's or multiples, leaf venation parallel
ex:grasses, orchids, lilys
Term
dicot
Definition
two seed leaf, vascular tissues in a circular pattern or joined into a ring, flower parts in 4s or 5s or multiples, leaf venation branched,
Term
two environmental challenges to the horticulture industry and why
Definition
water consumption-water is becoming harder and more expensive to obtain
water pollution-poor runoff management, non pint source pollution
soil-loss of land and soil quality
waste-air pollution-the pollution in the air is having an effect on leaves and plants
Term
a soil that forms a ball when moist is
Definition
clay
Term
neutral pH reading
Definition
7
Term
the relative size of particles that make up soil is expressed by the term
Definition
texture
Term
which one is not a principal component of soil; minerals, organic matter, air or living organisms
Definition
minerals
Term
which one of the following soil properties is not a major influence on the infiltration rate of soils; soil micro organisms, texture, structure or organic matter
Definition
soil micro-organisms
Term
sand
Definition
basketball-lots of air, less waterand nutrients(runs right through) roots penetrate, sounds and feels rough
Term
silt
Definition
baseball-medium air, medium water and nutrients, medium surface area, not too fast or slow
Term
clay
Definition
be-be-small surface area doesnt allow alot of room for air and water to flow, holds water and nutrients but doesnt drain well, sticky
Term
3 effects that texture can have on soils and plants
Definition
water penetration, air penetration, root penetration, nutrient holding capabilities
Term
function of soil is
Definition
support
hold water
supply air
supply nutrients
Term
difference between indoor and landscape soils
Definition
indoor-media, made of organic(peat moss, spaghum moss, fir bark) and inorganic materials to hold water, air and allow nutrient penetration mainly used in greenhouses and for houseplants
landscape-1/2 air and water, 1/2 minerals and organic matter, 1st 2-12" of soil(outdoor)
Term
parts of seed
Definition
seed coat, endosperm(food supply), pericarp, embryo
Term
3 ways that amendments improve the soil
Definition
water retention/permability, air movement, root penetration
Term
3 benefits of composting
Definition
source of nutrients, reduces waste products, increases moisture retention, increases micro-organisms, can improve soil structure, helps keep natures balance
Term
difference between hot and cold composting
Definition
hot-constant turning to create and keep highest temperature
cold-just let sit and breakdown on its own, little to no turning of the material
Term
nitrogen(N)
Definition
most important element
promotes rapid, healthy growth
shortage symptoms-stunted growth-pale yellowish color
leaches out quickly
usually applied as pounds of Nitrogen
Term
phosphorus (P)
Definition
stimulates early growth/ root formation
promotes seed(flower) formation
most soil contain adequate amounts
does NOT move, apply near plant root zone
symptoms of shortage-
stunted small growth-purplish leave color, poor fruit/seed, spindly stalk
Term
potassium (K)
Definition
pot ash-promotes disease resistance/gen health, NOT mobile in soil, most soil have adequate amounts
shortage symptoms-slow growth, weak stalk, scorched leaves(firing or necrosis)(tips and center of leaf) poorly developed root system
Term
Diagnosing Questions
Definition
inside/outside
bugs on it
watering(how often, how)
describe plant-leaves(soft,mushy or hard,krispy)
soil
temperatures
fertilizer
disease
Term
plant water cycle
Definition
water enters the soil
water and minerals enter the plant from roots
xylem transports the water in the plant
leaves lose water in transpiration
soil loses water from evaporation
Term
evapotranspiration
Definition
driven by the environment
expressed in Depth Pertime Period
plants use a large amount of water
Term
drought resistant plants protect themselves by many means
Definition
close stomat to keep water inside and not to evaporate
leaf color-grayish, dull
thick cuticle-thicker leaves
small leaves
extensive root systems
Term
water infiltration
Definition
movement of water into the soil is called infiltration
determined by soil properties
permeability of soil-sand;high, clay;low
Term
permeability
Definition
a measure of the ability of a material (such as rocks, porous material, unconsolidate material) to transmit fluids
Term
water movement
Definition
application rate of water-if faster than infiltration=runoff
if too much is added to high draining soils than loss due to deep percolation
(runs through past the roots)
test the soil to se the depth
Term
percolation
Definition
the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials
Term
hydrozone
Definition
group plants together with similar water needs
design sprinklers to only water those zoned plants
match sprinkler heads with sun/shade environments
Term
amount of water
Definition
overwatering is the most common problem with plants
check time clocks for correct settings
clay soil hold more water than sandy
overwatering cost you money
Term
water deep and early
Definition
best watering is deep and infrequent
get water down into the root zone
Term
3 watering groups
Definition
6-12"-vegetables and annuals
12-24"-cool season lawns, shrubs tomatoes
1-5'-shrubs, trees, warm season grasses(water deep to force roots to go down to get water)
Term
avoid loss
Definition
avoid deep percolation
avoid runoff-apply for shorter periods, improve soil structure, reduce slopes
check water systems for problems
Term
nursery occupations
Definition
retail(small indep, home depot, osh, lowes)
wholesale(grows product for retail)
-flowers
-nursery stock
-potted plants
Term
landscape occupation
Definition
maintenance(lawns, plantings, irrigation repair)
contractor(installation, c-27)
turf(growing seed and sod, golf course, parks, sports complexs)
Term
arboriculture occupation
Definition
cultivation and management of trees within the landscape
Term
Floral Design occupations
Definition
wholesaler
retail shop
supply company
Term
other occupations
Definition
sales reps
teaching(high school certified and experience + bachelors)
public parks or gardens
private parks or gardens
governmetn research(apriculture research center-phd, cooperative extension
Term
employment groups
Definition
manager or owner
production or foreman
sales
general labor
specialty; designer, grafter, pest sprayer
Term
plant water cycle
Definition
water enters the soil, water and minerals enter the plant from roots, xylem transports the water in the plant, leaves lose water in transpiration, soil loses water from evaporation
Term
plant water use
Definition
plants use a large amount of water, evapotranspiration(et), Et is driven by the environment, expressed in depth per time period
Term
drought resistant plants, protect themselves by several means
Definition
close stomata-to keep water inside and not to evaporate
leaf color-grayish dull leaf color
thick cuticle(thicker leaves)
small leaves
extensive root systems
Term
wwhat is a pest problemater infiltration
Definition
movement of water into the soil is called infiltration, determined by soil properties, permeability of soil(sand is high, clay is low)
Term
water movement
Definition
application rate of water if faster than infiltration=runoff
if too much is added to high draining soils than loss due to deep percolation, runs through past roots of plants
Term
best management practices
Definition
hydrozone-group plants together with similiar water needs
design sprinklers to only water those zoned plants
match sprinkler heads with sun/shade requirements
Term
amount of water
Definition
overwatering is the most common problem with plants
check time clocks for correct settings
clay soil hold more water than sandy
overwatering cost you money
Term
water deep and early
Definition
best watering is deep and infrequent
get water down into the root zones
three general groups- 6-12" vegetables and annuals, 12-24" cool season lawns, shrubs, tomatoes, 1-5' shrubs, trees and warm season grass-deep force to go down to water
Term
avoid loss
Definition
avoid deep percolation
avoid runoff, apply for shorter periods, improve soils structure, reduce slopes
check water systems for problems
Term
mulch and amendments
Definition
2-4" reduces water loss and weeds
amend with products to improve drainage
Term
specific water management
Definition
shallow rooted plants(annuals, veggies, perennials), 1-3 times
trees get water deep, apply slow
trees in lawn need more water
lawns-warm season grasses need 20% less H2O, do not water everyday
overwater can cause runoff, grow healthy lawn
Term
diagnosing plant problems
Definition
pests can be harmful to people and the environment
noxious, destructive, troublesome =pest
Term
what is a pest problem
Definition
major pest, minor pest, secondary pest, occasional pest, potential pest
major causes of crop damage
environment, improper practices, pathogen, invertebrates, weeds, nematodes
horticulture science, entomology, plant pathology, soil and irrigation
Term
steps in diagnosing problems
Definition
Identify plant,
define problem,
collect info,
look for patterns
Term
questioning while diagnosing
Definition
ask effective questions,
narrow down the info: inside/outside plant, bugs on it, watering(how often, how), describe plant(leaves on plant, color, soft mushy, hard krispy-dry, soil, temps, fert
insect/ disease
over time a question pattern will form
Term
working with clients
Definition
remember the client has a problem
the client may blame you even if you had nothing to do with the problem
may not be one problem by itself
explain that you are looking at all possible problems
when finished give possible answer/s
Term
sample collecting while diagnosing
Definition
you may need a sample to take to company
some samples may need to be sent somewhere
make sure you have enough sample
Term
problems in various plants
Definition
start with leaves
then root system
check general growing conditions
check plant for growth-healthy and vigorous(growing well its not water issue), stem scrape(is it alive), soil and light conditions
observe and evaluate
Term
problem areas
Definition
trees and shrubs-people plant to close together
lawns-water related
houseplants-lighting, water
annuals and perennials-bugs, soil
vegetables-bugs
weeds
insects
abiotic
Term
noxious
Definition
: physically harmful or destructive to living beings
, from Latin, from noxa harm
Term
transpiration
Definition
is the evaporation of water from plants
is a process similar to evaporation. It is the loss of water from parts of plants, especially leaves but also stems, flowers and roots. Leaf surfaces are dotted with openings called stomata, and in most plants they are more numerous on the undersides of the foliage. The stoma are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore. Collectively the structures are called stomata.[1] Leaf transpiration occurs through stomata, and can be thought of as a necessary "cost" associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants and enables mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots to shoots.
Term
percollation
Definition
percolation concerns the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials
Term
permeability
Definition
Soil permeability is the property of the soil pore system that allows fluid to flow. It is generally the pore sizes and their connectivity that determines whether a soil has high or low permeability
Term
lower epidermis
Definition
outmost tissue on the lower side of the leaf; protects the leaf
Term
upper epidermis
Definition
outmost tissue on the upper side of the leaf; protects the leaf
Term
palisade layer
Definition
rows of elongated cells in the upper center of leaf; site of photosynthesis
Term
cuticle
Definition
waxy layer on the covering the epidermis; holds in moisture, prevents too much absorption of water
Term
stoma
Definition
opening between the guard cells; allows for gas exchange and some water
Term
guard cells
Definition
surround the stoma; control the opening and closing of the stoma
Term
vein
Definition
supply support for the leaf; contain the xylem and the phloem
Term
spongy layer
Definition
irregular shaped cells in lower center of leaf; absorbs gas & some water
Term
air space
Definition
space in the spongy layer; contain gases
Term
xylem
Definition
found in the vein; transports minerals and water from roots to shoots
Term
phloem
Definition
found in the vein; transports sugar & other products of photosynthesis from leaves to other parts of the plant
Term
chloroplast
Definition
cells in the leaves that contain chlorophyll; trap light energy and convert it to chemical energy
Term
mesophyll
Definition
all of the middle tissue of the leaf
Term
Organic Matter
Definition
DOES NOT FERTILIZE
it is mulch or ammendment
provides nutrients to crop as it decomposes by micro-organisms
binds soil particles together so that they resist erosion
improves soil structure which allows water, air and nutrients to move readily to living organisms
Term
soil pH
Definition
soil reaction is the degree of acidity or alkalinity reported in pH units
Term
factors affecting soil pH
Definition
leaching/irrigation
fertilizer
amendments
Term
why is pH important
Definition
pH controls nutrients
some require special pH
most landscape plants like 6-7pH, slightly acidic
Term
old growth yellow
Definition
iron deficient
Term
new growth yellow
Definition
nitrogen
Term
pH is?
Definition
flowing of nutrients
Term
EC tests
Definition
amounts of salts(nitrogen/phosphorus)
Term
organic vs inorganic
Definition
organics are carbon based
organics more expensive
Term
gardenias need
Definition
iron
Term
poinsettias need
Definition
magnesium, can you epsum salt
Term
history of sustainability
Definition
ag size and methods grew into the 1920s
1945-Rodale founded organic farming
1962-Rachel Carson; pesticides
1980-1990s-debate move back and forth
1990s-sustainability and its form development
Term
sustainability
Definition
philosophy of economic, ecology and sociology
any change would have to make economic sense
Term
sustainability system in which
Definition
resources are kept in balance
practices prevent environmental damage
production remain at acceptable levels
system wors with socioeconomic realities
Term
threats to the environment
Definition
soil problems-loss of land and quality
water consumption
water pollution-non-point source pollution(run off)
pesticides-30%+of pesticides for homes and parks
Term
products of photosynthesis
Definition
used immediately in respiration
converted to sucrose for transport
converted to starch(sugars) for shortage
Term
factors that may limit photosynthesis
Definition
water availability
concentration of carbon dioxide
light intensity
light quality(wavelength or color)
nutrient availability
temperature
plant physiological state-its health, its maturity and whether or not it is flower
all effect quality of plant
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