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Hormonal & Neural Effects on Vessels
ADH , renin, para symp, symp etc
102
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/07/2012

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Term
how is cardiac output & BP controlled
Definition
autoregulation
neural mechansims
endocrine mechnasims
Term
autoregualtion def
Definition
causes immediate localized homeostatic adjustments
Term
neural mechanisms def
Definition
respond quickly to changes at specific sites
Term
enodcrine mechanisms
Definition
direct long term changes
Term
how do vasomotor centers respond to blood loss
Definition
stimualte sympathetic nerves
venoconstriction
cause veins in liver,skin, lungs to redistribute venous reserve
Term
If BP is low the long term response is done by?
Definition
endocrine response by kidneys
Term
If BP is low kidneys release
Definition
EPO= increased Bv
renin
angiostensin 2
ADH
aldosterone
Term
If BP is low the short term response is done by?
Definition
sympathetic nervous system
Term
If BP is low sympatheic nervous system release
Definition
epinephrine
norepinephrine
Term
Norepinephrine and epinephrine cause
Definition
increased caridac output
vasoconstiction
= increased BP & BV
Term
how is cardiac output & BP controlled
Definition
autoregulation
neural mechansims
endocrine mechnasims
Term
If the BP and BV is high what will be released?
Definition
natriuretic peptides by heart (ANP) and (BNP)
Term
If ANP & BNP are released what will occur & why
Definition
increased loss of Na+ in urine
increased loss of water in urine
reduced thrist
vasoldilation
= reuduce BP & BV to reduce work of heart
Term
EPO is relased by
Definition
kidneys
Term
EPO is stimulated by
Definition
low BP and O2
Term
EPO causes
Definition
increased RBC production
Term
Atrial natiurtetic peptide (ANP) is released by
Definition
cells in right atrium
Term
ANP is stimualted by
Definition
excessive diastolic stretching, high BP
Term
Brain natiuretic peptide (BNP) is released by
Definition
ventricular muscle cells
Term
excessive diastolic stretching and high BP stimulate
Definition
ANP & BNP
Term
epinephrine & norepinephrine are secreted by
Definition
adrenal medullae
Term
epinephrine & norepinephrine are stimulated by__, in the case of___BP
Definition
sympathetic nervous system
low
Term
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is released by
Definition
pituitary gland
Term
ADH is stimulated by
Definition
decreased blood volume
increased plasma osmotic concentration
circulating angiotensin II
Term
ADH secretion leads to
Definition
decreased water loss of kidney=
increased BP
increased BV
Term
Angiotensin II is produced by
Definition
kidneys
Term
angiostensin 2 responds to
Definition
low renal BP
Term
angiotensin 2 leads to the production of
Definition
aldosterone
ADH
thirst
increased CO
vasoconstriction
Term
renin is secreted by
Definition
the kidneys
Term
renin is released when
Definition
when the renal BP is low
Term
renin fcn
Definition
converts angiotensinogen
to angiotensin I
to finally angiotensinogen II
Term
renin also stimulates the production of
Definition
aldosterone
ADH
Term
renin causes vaso
constiction or dilation
Definition
vasoconstriction to increase BP
Term
If blood pressure is high, what will be inh?
Definition
no:
ADH
aldosterone
epinephrine/norepinephrine
angiotenison II
renin
Term
If Na+ is increased,BP is
Definition
high, Na+ is going to be lossed in urine
Term
If EPO is needed, your BP and BV
Definition
both are low
Term
If renin is needed, BP is
Definition
low
Term
Aldosterone needed, BP is
Definition
low
Term
If your are thristy, your BP is
Definition
low
Term
increased ADH, means___ BP
Definition
increased
Term
name all hormones that increase BP
Definition
epinephrine/norepinephrine
ADH
AngiotensinII
EPO
renin
Term
name compounds that lower BP
Definition
ANP & BNP
=natriuretic peptides
Term
If there is physical stress (trauma etc)
, chemical changes(pH, low O2 ect)
increased tissue activity
what system would kick in and what would use to bring body to normal state?
Definition
autoregulation; vasodilators/vasoconstrictors
Term
If autoregulation fails to solve the problem what system would kick in?
Definition
central regulation
Term
central regulation uses____ which involve____&_____
Definition
neuro-endocrine,cardiovascular centers& vasomotor centers.
Term
The cardiovascular centers & vasomotor centers are located
Definition
medulla oblongata
Term
autoregulation of blood flow is adjusted by___ while___ stays the same
Definition
peripheral resistance (dilation/constriction); cardiac output
Term
examples of vasodilators are
Definition
low O2 levels
high CO2 levels
nitric oxide
high k+ or H- conc.
chemicals released by inflammation
elevated local temp
Term
vasoconstrictors fcn
Definition
constrict capillary sphinceters
Term
thromboxane and prostaglandins are examples of
Definition
vasoconstrictors
Term
vasconstrictors are usually released by
Definition
damaged tissues
Term
neural mechanisms are (long/short term ) responses
Definition
short
Term
the cardiovasuclar centers include
Definition
cardioacceleratory centers
cardioinhibitory centers
Term
what are vasomotor centers
Definition
clusters of neurons in medulla that send impulses to sympathetic fibers called vasomotor fibers that control smooth muscles especially arterioles
Term
name the nerve in the vasomotor center that causes vasoconstriction
Definition
adrengenic nerves
Term
name the nerve in the vasomotor center that causes vasoconstriction
Definition
cholingeric nerves
Term
vasomotor tone is produced by
Definition
constant action of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves b/c arterioles are always in a mild state of contraction
Term
name the two recepetors utilized by cardiovascular centers
Definition
barcorecepetor reflexes & chemorecepetor reflexes
Term
barcoreceptors reflexes are also called
Definition
stretch receptors
Term
barcoreceptors respond to
Definition
changes in BP
Term
chemoreceptors reflexes respond to
Definition
changes in chemical composition such as pH and disolved gases
Term
barcorecptors are located in the walls of
Definition
carotid sinuses
aortic sinuses
right atrium
Term
barcorecpetors in the caroitid sinuses mointor
Definition
blood flow to brain
Term
barcorecpetors in the aortic sinuses mointor
Definition
start of systemic circuit
Term
barcoreceptors in right atrium mointor
Definition
end of systemic circuit
Term
if BP is high , cardiocenters will stimulate
Definition
barcoreceptors and vasodilation will occur
Term
if BP is high cardiocenters will inh?
Definition
cardioacceletory centers that will allow decrease cardiac output
Term
if BP is low, cardiocenters will stimualte?
Definition
cardioaccletory centers
Term
the peripheral chemoreceptors are located?
Definition
carotid bodies
aortic bodies
Term
central chemoreptors are located?
Definition
below medulla oblongata
Term
fcn of central chemoreceptors?
Definition
mointor cerebropspinal fluid
control respiratory fcn
control blood flow to brain
Term
If oxygen is low, how would chemorecpetors respond?
Definition
chemorecptors would send impulses to cardioacceleratory centers
& sympathteic nervous system would also kick in to help
Term
What happens during light excercise?
Definition
.excessive vasodilation occurs
.venous return increases with increasing muscle contractions
. cardiac output increases
Term
what two factors influence cardiac output
Definition
venous return =Frank-Starling principle
Atrial stretching
Term
What is the Frank-Starling principle?
Definition
EDV increases,(vol in ventricles after atria fill them with blood)
SV increases( vol. of blood ejected by ventricle into semilunar valve)
Term
heavy excerise activates what branch of nervous system
Definition
sympathetic
Term
During Heavy excercise, how does blood flow change?
Definition
.cardiac output is at max
.blood flow to nonessential organs is resticted
.blood redirected to muscles,heart,lungs
Term
True or false: During heavy excercise brain blood flow is changed.
Definition
false
Term
short term responses are able to compensate for % of BV, failure to restore BP results in __
Definition
20; shock
Term
carotid & aortic reflexes
sympathetic nervous system
hormonal effects

These are examples of
Definition
short term responses for cardiovascular changes
Term
long term restortation of BV always involves
Definition
hormones
Term
what two hormones promote fluid retention and is used for hemorrhage?
Definition
aldosterone and ADH
note : EPO can also be used
Term
Hemorhaging: long term response
Definition
ADH
aldosterone
EPO
are released to increase BV and BP
Term
Hemorrhaging: short term response
Definition
sympathehtic ANS=
vasoconstriction, increased cardiac output, increased BP
Term
Which three organs have mechansims to control blood flow?
Definition
brain
heart
lungs
Term
brain requires what rate of blood flow?
Definition
750 ml/ min
Term
a stroke is also called
Definition
cerebrovascular accident
Term
stroke def
Definition
blockage/ rupture in a cerebral artery
which can stop blood flow
Term
an ischemia is
Definition
blockage/ rupture in a cerebral artery
Term
a stroke is likely to result from an
Definition
aneurysm
Term
lactic acid and low O2 cause
Definition
coronary vessels to dilate
Term
epinephrine in heart can
Definition
strengthen contractions
Term
a heart attack is the result of & causes
Definition
blockage of coronary blood flow
angina(chest pain)
tissue damage
death
heart failure
Term
high O2 in lungs causes
Definition
vessels to dilate
Term
low O2 in lungs causes
Definition
vessels to constrict
Term
blood flow in lungs is regulated by
Definition
O2 levels in aveoli
Term
age related changes in blood vessels include
Definition
.less elastic arteries
.Ca2+ deposits on walls
.thrombi (clot) forms
Term
thrombi in vessels can cause
Definition
atherosclerotic plaques
Term
if arteries become less elastic what can occur?
Definition
pressure changes can occur which can lead to an anueurysm
Term
if Ca2+ deposits are on vessel walls what can occur?
Definition
stroke or infarction
Term
age related changes in blood
Definition
decreased hemocrit
thrombus
pooling of blood (ex. legs) due to venous valve deterioation
Term
age related changes to heart
Definition
decreased max CO
changes in nodal & conducting cells
replacement of damaged cardiac muscle with scar tissue
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