Term
|
Definition
| Carthagenians were descendants of Pheonicians from Lebanon. settled in Tunisia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 264-202 BC, Rome Vs. Carthage, allowed Rome to control the Mediterranian |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Philosopher
470 BC to 399
Famous for challenging conventional ideas by questioning concepts of good evil courage and justice
Wrote nothing down but his logical style of argument is portrayed in followers
Condemned to death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One person seizes and holds power in violation of normal political institutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
559-530 BC
Founder of Persian empire, famous for uniting Persian tribes
captured Anatolia and parts of Mesopotamia
died in 530 BC in battle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Derived wealth and power from ownership of land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
485-425, known as father of history
first historian to collect materials systematically, test accuracy, and arrange in vivid narrative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ruled during third century crisis which nearly destroyed the roman empire.
Issued edict, specifying prices, froze people in their jobs. Succeeded by constantine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Jewish religious reformer, split off from Judaism and founded Christianity
After crucifixion he was called christ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Christians would not worship false gods of roman empire
Appealed to lower classes
taught equality of the sexes and encouraged men and women to achieve great things |
|
|
Term
| Christianity in Roman empire |
|
Definition
Paul of tarsus tried to convert people and spread Christianity
Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it the official religion of the empire (312 CE) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
323-30 B.C.
Started by Alexander the Great
Large Kingdom, Heterogenous, Vast Disparity of wealth
Revolutionary time period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1588-1679 English philosopher
Leviathan
Established foundation for western political philosophy.
Social contract theory- people relinquish their land to the king and the king protects them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lived north of Greece in Mountain villages
Greeks thought them uncivilized
Phillip the II became king and created fearless army |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Military state located in southern Greece |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Greek speaking people who migrated into mainland Greece after destruction of Mycenean civilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A.K.A Alexander of Macedon
Son of Phillip II
King of Macedonia
Taught by Aristotle
Goal to create unified empire made up of Macedonia, Greece, Egypt, and Persia
King in 336 at age 20, died 12 years later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ruled by a representative
Elected by Government
Used by Athens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Government controlled by it's Governor
Can be Representative or Direct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 100-44 BC, Considered most brilliant General, conquered France, Centralized bureaucracy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Grand nephew of Cesar
Kept form of republic
Ruled for 45 years |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gov where citizens rule directly rather than through a Representative
Votes held in an assembly of citizens
Cleisthenes made council of 500 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The application of natural laws and reasoning led to new thinking in regard to human behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
750 several anti Umayyad factions joined together to overthrow their ruler
Leader of Faction named Abbas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cousin and son in law of Muhammad, ruled over Islamic Caliphate from 656-661
Sunnis consider him 4th and final Rightly guided Caliph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
626-680, son of Ali
Member of household of Muhammad
fought Tyranny
Refused to pledge to Tyrant Umayyad Caliph Yazid
Interested in reinstating true Islam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adherent of religion of Islam, one who submits to god |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slaves of Abbasid Caliphs
Captured young non-Muslims to use as slaves (Mamluks) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Narrations concerning words/deeds of prophet Muhammad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Also known as Righteous Caliphs of Rashidun
Refers to first four Caliphs who established Rashidun Caliphate
Abu Bakr (632-634) Umar (634-644) Uthman (644-656) Ali (656-661) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A clan that covered 5 million square miles.
Overthrown by Abbasids and fled to Al-Andalus
Established Caliphate of Cordoba which lasted to 1031
Taxed non Muslims to encourage Conversion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strategically important waterway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seaport in Yemen, Portuguese occupied 1513-1538 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
monarchs of Scotland in late 14th century
Ruled England, Scotland, Ireland and founded kingdom of great brittain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Caravel
Magnetic Compass
Astrolabe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1689, reflected ideas of John Locke
Set limits on king
Set rights of parliament
Established all of England's future monarchs would be Anglican
Rules for freedom of speech
required regular elections
reestablished liberty of protestants and invited william and mary to be joint sovereigns of England |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1491-1556, Spanish knight and theologian
Emerged as religious leader during counter reformation
Unquestioning obediance to churches authority and hierarchy
formed society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Set up schools and missions to preach catholic virtues |
|
|
Term
| trade within Eastern Hemisphere |
|
Definition
| Commercial centers in Nishapur, Bukhara, And Samarkand facilitated the revival of trade over the Silk Road |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The Quran helped and hurt women
Improved security of women in Arabian society
Outlawed female infanticide and ruled that dowries go to brides (not husbands) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The political theory that monarchs have complete control over their subjects by divine right |
|
|
Term
| English civil war (causes) |
|
Definition
1450-1750 a conflict between supporters of the English monarchy and members of the English Parliament
Parliament led a brigade of soldiers to arrest Charles I for ignoring parliament and started a civil war |
|
|
Term
| English civil war results |
|
Definition
England established constitutional monarchy in which monarch had limited authority
Influenced by john locke
Parliament invited Charles II back to england to serve as a limited monarch, he agreed to the writ of Habeus Corpus which protects people from arbitrary arrest, but James II (Catholic) took control. Parliament acted to remove him. invited William to rule as long as he believed to the English bill of rights |
|
|
Term
| Impact of the enlightenment |
|
Definition
Enlightenment ideas were unpopular with government and church. Limited acceptance of ideas among
Ideas played a key role in American and French revolutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conflict in europe between 1618 and 1648 from attempts of holy roman emperor to force subjects to return to roman catholic faith. Much of Europe participated in the conflict including Spain France, and the Netherlands. The peace of Westphalia negotiated at the end of the war left a weekend holy empire and was the beginning of the nation state in Europe, soverign states given authority to govern themselves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made up of Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, and North Italy |
|
|
Term
| Scientific revolution scientists |
|
Definition
-Galileo, mathematician and astronomer who constructed a telescope, put to trial by catholic church for heliocentric theory
-Isaac newton, mathematician that used observation and math to prove hiss theories including gravitation
-Rene Descartes Scientist who focused on importance of reason and its essential role on its quest for truth
-The new approach to science was based on reason observation and experimentation and culminated in the scientific method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Objective was to reform the church, stopping the spread of Protestant ideas and possibly winning back converts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Started in 1517 by Martin Luther
wrote 95 theses, a list of arguments against the churches practices of selling indulgences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
German monk credited with start of Protestant reformation
Believed that faith in god alone would allow people to get to heaven
No authority on earth could pardon people for their sins
Bible was only source of religious truth
Although he was excommunicated from the church his ideas still spread because of the printing press |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Turks invaded from the east and conquered Constantinople
once byzantine lost Anatolia their empire soon declined (1453) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Turks invaded from the east and conquered Constantinople
once byzantine lost Anatolia their empire soon declined (1453) |
|
|
Term
| Byzantine Economy and Society |
|
Definition
Gov prevented wealthy classes from seizing peasant's lands
Craftsmen were highly respected for their handiwork in the ares of glassware, gems, jewelry, and mosaics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Emperors were above the law, claiming divine rights
Emperor used political powers to sway public opinion regarding religious issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Problems: Internal opposition, power struggle (26 people claimed the throne), generals, struggled for power and died violently, empire was too large, epidemics
Diocletian divided empire in half, Germans invaded one half, Hun invasions led by attila pressured other germanic tribes to invade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapid expansion in the century after Muhammad's death was the work of early caliphs who spread the word through pilgrimages
'tween 663 and 637, Muslims took control of Byzantine Syria and Palestine
During 640's Muslims conquered Byzantium Egypt and North Africa,
By718 Muslims Controlled Hindu India, Northwestern Africa, And the Iberian Peninsula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Known as Sun King.
Created Versailles
Nobles allowed to stay at Versailles which took away nobles power and gave it to King Louis XIV |
|
|
Term
| King Henry VIII of England |
|
Definition
| King who established the Church of England, thus voiding the pope's authority in the country |
|
|
Term
| Scientific Revolution (causes) |
|
Definition
17th century, scientists began to challenge validity of spirits of the renaissance and the reformation
Ex. Earth is the center of the universe was supported by the church. People executed if supported otherwise. Although the peoples ideas were rejected, other scientists would be inspired by the teachings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most important city of Malabar. A leading trading center for spices on the west coast of India during medieval period, Vasco de Gama landed here during 1498 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Religious holy book of Islam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Student of Aristotle, who believed people could depend on their senses and reason to answer the mysteries of the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A greek word meaning city
Attracted large population because it offered safety, became center of trade, levied taxes, took farming surplus from countryside to feed inhabitants of polis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| French term for urban class who dominated finance and trade and lived comfortably in large houses with servants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Roman leader who made Christianity the official relgion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Student of Socrates, wrote the republic, divided society into three groups, farmers and artisans, warriors, and ruling class
created the acadamey |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood related rulers of Gov. provinces in persia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrow sea channel that was a frontier and pivotal point of empire, boundary separating east and west |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Wealthy votes counted more
Slate of civic officials elected each year
Hierarchy of state offices evolved
Center of power=roman senate
Power Hereditary
Brought together states wealth and influence, inequality lead to periodic chaos between elite and plebians |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ruled after Diocletian
306-337
Reunited entire empire by 324 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Indo-Europeans, settled on greek mainland in 2,000 BC
name came from city of Mycenea
Situated on rocky ridge surrounded by 20 foot thick wall
in 1200 BC Myceneans fought ten year war against troy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Form of Government ruled by small group of wealthy merchants and aristocrats, example sparta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Popular form of Government with Hereditary throne |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Top of city, offered refuge in times of trouble, Athens is most well known Acropolis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heavily armored farmer soldiers
7th century BC
new kind of warfare developed by greeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 8th-6th century BC, spread Greek culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gathering place in open area where citizens gathered to ratify decisions of leaders or line up with weapons before military ventures, turned into market place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
For several centuries after destruction of Mycenaean Palace-states, Greece lapsed into dark age
Political instability
Lost literacy
Beginning of story telling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Important crop
Food
Oil
Soap
Lubricant
Cooking
Washing
Necessitated pottery
Made Greece economically succesful |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Originated in ancient Iran by Zoroaster
centered on wonderful deity Ahuramazda = God, Angra Mainyu = Devil
Religion underlined king as appointee of god |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1688, overthrow of king James II of England by parliamentarians led by William of Orange and Mary of England |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1689-1755, French social commentator and political thinker who lived during enlightenment, put forth theory of separation of powers, responsible for popularization of terms feudalism and Byzantine Empire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
431-404 BC
Between Athens and Sparta
Sparta laid Siege on Athens
404 BC Athens loses
Unified Greece, Phillip II took over |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First lawyers
Teachers of Rhetoric and Philosophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formation used during war using a 16 by 16 block of men to push enemy forces backwards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Soldiers in peacetime worked on construction, built bridges, ballistic weapons, siege-works, aqueducts
-Invention of Concrete
Engineering enabled merchants to sell and Christians to spread faith |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
485-465 Succeeded father (Darius) on Persian throne and turned attention to Greece
His ships got stuck in Salamis straight and suffered defeat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Became ruler in 522 BC until 486 BC
Extended Persian empire east as far as Indus valley and west into Europe
Promoted Development of Maritime routes
Divided empire into twenty provinces ruled by Satraps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
461-429 BC
Strengthen Democracy
Increased # of Paid officials
Even poor people can work
Strengthen empire, used money from Delian league to build navy and glorify Athens with gold ivory and marble |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
569-632, merchant, replaced polytheism with monotheism
was the "end of a line of prophets"
foundation of Islamic theology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The oldest Male exercised absolute authority over other family members including wives who married into the family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2nd largest denomination of Islam
Adhere only to the teachings of Muhammad and the Religious guidance of the descendants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Largest denomination of Islam
Accepted the Caliphate (leadership) of Abu Bakr as Muhammad's Succesor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 610, following a Visitation from the angel Gabriel, the prophet Muhammad proclaimed the religion of Allah, among the tribes of the Arab Peninsula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Created social, religious, and economic chaos
Deadliest pandemic in history
Europe between 1348-50
Bubonic plague, spread by rats
est to have killed 30-60% of population
took 150 years for Europe's population to recover |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a man who gave up worldly possessions and devoted life to god
First famous monk- st. Anthony the great
104 years old |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Henry the Navigator- captured the Muslim Ceut on north east of Africa in 1415 and eager to extend knowledge of continent
set up navigation school to provide portugese sailors w, center for exploration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Armed with new maritime technology in 15th century, Portugal explored coast of Africa, rounded cape of good hope, and in 1498 De Gama sailed to southern India
Opened new trade route to Asia by sailing east around Africa
Spain, eager to share potential wealth, 1491 Columbus went in search of a westerly route to Asia, stumbled into Caribbean and thought it was India
Treaty of Tordesillas- Divided world along line drawn south across Atlantic Ocean, west of line is Spanish, east is Portuguese. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
First American aborigines met by Columbus in 1492 on Bahamas
May have previously held all of west Indian islands
before intrusive Indians (Caribs) drove Arawaks north
Because of Columbus, they died from disease and harsh labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 711-1492 Emirate of Cordoba, founded in 756 by exiled Umayyads, ruled almost all of Spain, became center for translation of Arabic texts into Latin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Important place for Christian learning and practice, monasteries spread across Europe started schools had libraries and copied religious texts.
Each monastery made up their own rules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
By 750, Polis (city state) was a fundamental politcal unit in ancient
Greece, made up of city and surrounding villages, Greece consisted of hundreds of Polis's |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
At the start of 11th century, western Europe emerging from long period of raids by tribes
Vikings from north and Muslims from south
in 11th century, church focused on reform movement centered on burgundian monastery of cluny
sought to impose more consistent interpretation of monastic rule
1098 abbey founded in Citeaux France called cistercians
under influence of preacher Bernard, rejected wealth to focus on manual labor and discipline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Italian Dominican Friar, Medieval church's greatest thinker
Canonized in 1327
Goal of life is fellowship with god
Principle of double effect-normally a bad act is justifiable if an agent intends good, if the effect outweighs the bad, Viewed theology as a science and thought the existence of god is provable through science |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A parcel of land
King assigned the noble man this land in return for loyalty and military service |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| William, duke of Normandy, defeated Harold of England in battle of Hastings, introduced feudal government to England |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cultural movement, 14th-17th century, began in Florence and spread across Europe |
|
|
Term
| Results of Muhammad's death |
|
Definition
| Died in 632, split of Sunni and Shia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1075, Gregory 7th declares himself head of Christianity and pope superior to all earthly rulers, said appointments to church law with himself, 1076 Henry the 8th wanted divorce with wife, get into argument, Henry exiled, stands outside door for 3 days, compromise was reached, Henry lost |
|
|
Term
| Connection between Islam Christianity and Judaism |
|
Definition
| All Monotheistic, all split into different sects Islam -Sunnis/Shiites Judaism-Reform/Orthodox Christianity-Catholic/Protestant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tried to direct Muslims against worldly excesses of early Umayyad Caliphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
4th and 5th century, variety of people gained foothold in European and Middle Eastern Territories once dominated Romans
Visigoths moved into France Spain Greece Italy
Franks Moved into France |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Important part of city life, two kinds, merchant guilds (10th century and were formed for protection of horses wagons and goods) craft guilds (for artisans engaged in same occupation) guilds maintained a monopoly, regulated prices, were important as an early school |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cultural movement of the renaissance, laid foundations for enlightenment by emphasizing dignity and reason of man |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1533 Calvin converted to "new" faith of protestantism, developed own ideas, mainly predestination, gods control of all human actions
Church and state should act together to create godly society
Followers called Huguenots
Inspired Puritan movement in U.S. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Swiss thinker who was against moral decadence and inequality
Challenged basic enlightenment beliefs by arguing social progress corrupted human nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1547 Charles V defeated Lutherans in battle of Muhlberg. But couldn't crush them because his attentions were diverted to the might of the Muslims Ottoman empire. Religious and political compromise reached by peace of Augsburg 1555. Said that each emperor allowed each prince within empire to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism and impose those beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Portugal had bases at Malacca Goa and Hormuz which insured control of Persian gulf and major spice routes to the east |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Established around 1230 in south American Andes, 1525 empire at greatest stretching from modern day Ecuador in North to Chile in south, rich in gold
12500 mile network of roads. Fransisco Pizamo in 1527 attempted to seize empire and failed he returned in 1581 with 180 men and kidnapped the emperor and then the empire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Led by Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others, They were protesters who objected to doctrines, rituals, and structure of roman catholic church |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mayor Charles Martel defeats invading Muslim army at Poitiers, ending Muslim expansion in Westen Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ethnic group of central Mexico, dominated Meso-America in 14th to 16th century, by reign of Mactezuma II, over 10 million people subject to Aztec rule which was the belief in the sun god
Spanish Cortez, battled Moctezuma and failed, returned in 1521 and conquered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Under Bergundians, Which was a monastery in Cluny, The Bergundian Monks sought to impose more consistent interpretation of original monastic rule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The term the vassal used to refer to his kings
In manor system there is a lord a fief a vassal(nobleman) and a Serf (lowest class) |
|
|
Term
| a nobleman who entered into feudal relationship with kings |
|
Definition
| Magna Carta, Milestone in english history, issued 1215 by King John and English Barons, First document forced onto English king by a group of his subjects. No free man could be punished except through law of land |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
12th-13th century large number of Germans migrated into fertile lands east of Elbe river and into the eastern Baltic states
deep Troubles happened between eastern Greek speaking lands and Western Germanic speaking lands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
656 between forces allied to Ali and forces allied to Aisha (Muhammad's widow) Wanted justice on perpetrators of assassination of Uthman, 3rd Caliphs
First battle of Muslims vs. Muslims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cannibals, skilled boat builders, and sailors
Black Caribs descended from African slaves
produced silver which Ponce de Leon found
Caribbean sea named after them |
|
|
Term
| Problems with catholic church |
|
Definition
Started in 1517 with Martin Luther, criticized basic catholic teaching
Led to wars, 30 year war (ended with treaty of Westphalia which stated religion is secondary to the state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Romanesque: Gothic:
Round arches vs pointed arches,
Small windows vs stained glass,
Medium height vs tall height
Thin sculptures vs Realistic sculptures
Dark vs. tall and light filled |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1044 break between Latin church and Orthodox church due to conflict of appointments, popes wanted to appoint priest instead of kings appointing priests. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Son of Cyrus the Great (r. 559–530 BC), founder of the Persian Empire and of its first dynasty. His grandfather was Cambyses I, king of Anshan. Following Cyrus' conquests of the Near East and Central Asia, Cambyses further expanded the empire into Egypt during the Late Period. His forces invaded the Kingdom of Kush (located in what is now the Republic of Sudan) without any breakthrough successes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The pantheistic (and polytheistic) religions of the East regard salvation as an impersonal merging with the Absolute. In contrast, the three largest monotheistic religions of the world—Judaism, Christianity and Islam—associate salvation with freedom from the bondage of sin and the reestablishment of personal communication with the creator. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In 1519, Charles succeeded his paternal grandfather Maximilian as Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria. From that point forward, Charles´s realm, which has been described as "the empire on which the sun never sets", spanned nearly four million square kilometers across Europe, the Far East, and the Americas.[4]
In 1519, Charles succeeded his paternal grandfather Maximilian as Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria. From that point forward, Charles´s realm, which has been described as "the empire on which the sun never sets", spanned nearly four million square kilometers
Charles is best known for his role in opposing the Protestant Reformation(began counter-reformation). In Germany, although the Protestants were personally defeated by Charles at the Battle of Mühlberg in 1547, he legalized Lutheranism within the Holy Roman Empire with the Peace of Augsburg. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| August 1632 – 28 October 1704), widely known as the Father of Liberalism,[2][3][4] was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers. Locke was the first to define the self through a continuity of consciousness. He postulated that the mind was a blank slate or tabula rasa. Contrary to pre-existing Cartesian philosophy, he maintained that we are born without innate ideas, and that knowledge is instead determined only by experience derived from sense perception. |
|
|
Term
| trade empire's vs. land empires |
|
Definition
| A land empire is one that is composed of a contiguous land mass without oceans or seas separating different parts. A maritime empire is one that is smaller portions of land separated by large bodies of water. The empire of Alexander the Great was a land empire. It was just one big area that he controlled. The British Empire was a maritime empire, with British possessions scattered all over the world, supported and defended by the Navy. |
|
|
