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| location of massacre of American POW's (72) |
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| Hitler's last attempt to try to win the war |
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| Germans who murdered 72 Americans discovered in snow |
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| sent to prison/ convicted at dachau |
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| dragged out of Cleveland. Israelis thought he was this bad guy, was convicted, found out wrong, but he did do bad things in Germany (where his trial is) |
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| a transit camp for Italian jews before Auschwitz |
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| died last November, originally Ukrainian (German family) Lost his job and joined the SS, went to Bolzano disappeared and year 2000 was discovered in Vancouver, sent to Verona for trials, sent to life in prison in Rome |
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| unsuccessful, that Germany had before Hitler came to power |
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| it is possible to be mixed race ½ Christian and ½ Jewish |
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| Chemist who was in a Civilian outfit behind the lines and admits he is Jewish and chronicles about Auschwitz and allows himself to be victimized |
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| responsible for pushing people out of gas chambers and incinerating them |
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| when you go in and take something |
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| the importance of monotheism |
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| more concerned about this world |
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| What are the 2 covenants of Judaism |
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| What's is the difference of the messiah in Judaism |
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| Jews dont think of messiah as a godly figure |
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| the oral interpretation of the torah |
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| 613 fringes for 613 commandments |
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| Inside Shema, sigh of piety |
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o Those who resuited from the inquisition of 1492
o More in Israel than Ashkenazai
o Many N. Africa, Greece
o Before the Holocaust, in Turkey and Middle East
o After Israel was founded in 1948, many left Iraq and Iran |
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o Primarily Jewish Germans, over centuries who moved to Eastern Europe and Poland
o Verona more Ashkenazi, Rome more Sephardic |
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| founded leaguer of Anti-Semitism in 1879- defined as hatred of Jewish People |
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| of ancient people towards Jews which was triggered by cultural/ religions conflict |
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| Christian Anti-Semitism (Primarily religious conflict) |
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• The original conflict can be traced to the time period after Jesus death when Christianity was emerging
- Jews refusing to accept Jesus as their Messiah
- Jews held responsible for Jesus' Death |
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• He was responsible for unifying and establishing a powerful German state and keeping the peace• He was responsible for unifying and establishing a powerful German state and keeping the peace
his accomplishments were central bands, a common currency, a single code of commercial and civil law. He is the father of German Social security and the German Welfare state |
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| feared group that would descend military tradition group |
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| stormtroopers, brownshirts |
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| Hitler's elite guard under Henrich Himler, must be racially pure |
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| The security device, had to member of the SS |
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| Michling of the 2nd Degree |
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| Person descended from 1 Jewish grandparent |
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| Michling of the 1st Degree |
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| Persons descended from 2 Jewish grandparents, but not belonging to the Jewish religion and not married to a Jewish person on September 15th, 1935 |
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| persons descended from 2 Jewish grandparents belonging to Jewish religion or married to a Jewish person on September 15th 1935 and persons descended from 3 or 4 grandparents |
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o German-German
o Jew/ Jew
o Milling of the 2nd degree/ German
o Michling of the 1st degree/ michling of the 1st degree
o Michling of the 1st degree/ Jew |
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| Prohibited except by special consent |
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Michling of the 1st degree- German
Micling of the 1st degree/ michling of the 2nd degree |
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| What is the difference between having a jewish wife/ or german wife and being married to a german husband/ jewish husband |
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| if you are a german wife/ jewish husband and are childless you are not privileged, but if you are a jewish wife/ german husband and are childless you are privileged |
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| (Night of the Broken Glass)- November 9th, 1938 |
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| The Tale of Herschel Grynszpan |
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o Young Polish Jew who found is way to Paris, but his parents lived in Berlin
o At this time Hitler, decides to expel all Jews to Poland, but the Pols will not accept them
o Von Rath is assassinated and this brings things back to Germany |
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• It increased Hitler’s domestic popularity
• It established his superiority as a military strategist
• It encouraged aggression against Austria, Czech and ultimately Poland |
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o Austria becomes part of Reich
o Measures on Jews extremely harsh
o No response to aggression makes the European situation worse
o Hitler gains strategic advantage |
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o They consisted of the most prominent Jewish leaders
o They had power over the Jewish community but were powerless against Germans
o Because of this, they were sometimes viewed as accomplices to the extermination |
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| removed the actions of German soldiers toward Russian civilians from the jurisdiction of military courts and explicitly approved collective reprisal against entire villages |
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| Massacre in the Ukraine approximately 34,000 Jews were murdered outside Kiev during September, 1941 |
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| book uses it interchangeable, but it’s a place where the Hiwis and other members of the SS were trained |
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| Nazi German effort --framed as a euthanasia program-- to kill incurably ill, physically or mentally disabled, emotionally distraught, and elderly |
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| formulated common procedures whereby all of Europe's 11 million Jews were to be rounded up and 'resettled' in the east. |
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| The mass gassing of the Jews in the General Government (which gathered momentum in 1942) |
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| Those responsible for the gold removal and cremation |
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Move into Sicily and its very hard to fight there
Italian King, Emanuel, attempts to make an agreement with the allies and kidnaps Mussolini |
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A planned invasion of western Europe
Battle of the Bulge- September 1944 |
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| The major purpose was to plan for the re- establishment of Europe in the post-war period |
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• A 4-powered allied control council is to rule Germany formalizes the division of Germany and Berlin
• An ultimatum is issued to Japan- unconditional surrender or total destruction |
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| The international military tribunal |
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| in Nuremberg this is the only trial conducted jointly by the allies; the us, British, French and USSR |
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| IMT (international military tribunal) |
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o U.S. Great Britain, France and Soviet Union (4 Allies)
• The only trial that involves all four of the nations
o 21 major actors in Nazi regime are tried
o 14 executed
o Hans Frankislst |
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SS Commander in Verona
Germans tried him in 1965
Bad guy of all of Northern Italy
Italy was not occupied by the Germans until September 1943 |
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Very powerful, ran Italian
Returns to Italy as a Socialist Journalist
Mussolini supported Italy entering the War
Forms the Fascist party |
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| Italy had a Jewish Prime Minister in 1910 |
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| someone who is concerned with ideas, they don’t necessarily have to have an education, but the two things correlate |
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• Vaticans believed there catholic to be superior michling marriages because whatever they authorize goes
• Vatican as a small independent state
• Financial support to the church encouraged Mussolini followers, which in turn was overthrown when he violated marriage laws against the church |
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| Why was the Holocaust a unique genocide? |
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| it was unique in its bureaucratic efforts |
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| Secretary of state of the vatican |
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| The Vatican's Representative to Italy |
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| Jewish refugee organization during the racial laws |
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| Camp where most Jews put in Italy |
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| Church who harbored Jewish Refugees |
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| Crotian mostly Catholic Nazis |
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| a murderer who allowed all of this to go in Croatia |
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| The collaboration government formed in France, a puppet government that would put up with them |
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| Main internament camp with Jews in Italy, if they were sent directly to Auschwitz |
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