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Holes Human Anatomy & Physiology
Final From All Quizes
247
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/19/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Illustrate the idea of increasing levels of complexity:

a. cells, tissues, organelles, organs, organ systems

b. tissues, cells, organs, organelles,organ systems

c. organs, organelles, organ systems, cells, tissues

d. cells, organelles, organs, tissues

e. organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Definition
Particles, atoms, elements, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
Term

In all organisms, the basic unit of structure and function is:

a. atom

b. molecule

c. macromolecule

d. spleen

e. cell

Definition
The Cell
Term

Metabolism is defined as the:

a. removel of wastes produced by chemical reactions

b. breakdown of substances into simpler forms

c. production of new organisms

d. physical and chemical changes occuring in an organism

e. rate at which a person gains weight

Definition
Physical and chemical changes occurring in an organism
Term

Homeostatsis is the:

a. ability to keep body weight within normal limits

b. maintenance of a constant external temperature inside a room

c. ingestion of enough food to satisfy hunger

d. tendency of the body to maintain a stable environment

e. ability of the blood to circulate nutrients

Definition
Tendency of the body to maintain a stable environment
Term

The thoracic cavity lies ____ to the abdominopelvic cavity.

a. dorsal (posterior)

b. ventral (anterior)

c. superior

d. inferior

e. inside

Definition
Superior
Term

Most of the terminology to name and describe body parts and their functions come from:

a. latin and greek

b. english and italian

c. picture drawings on the cave walls of our ancestor

d. the language of hunter-gatherers

Definition
Latin and Greek
Term

What does NOT help to maintain the life of an individual organism:

a. responsiveness

b. movement

c. reproduction

d. metabolism

e. respiration

Definition
Reproduction
Term

A blood clot stimulating further clotting is an example of:

a. positive feedback

b. negative feedback

c. homeostasis

d. vital sign

e. a disease rate

Definition

positive feedback

(Positive feedback is a process that moves conditions away from the normal state)

(Negative feedback is a process that moves conditions back to the "set point" or normal state)

Term

Which of the following organs are in the abdominopelvic cavity?

a. heart

b. trachea

c. thymus gland

d. kidneys

e. eyes

Definition
stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small and large intestines, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs. (viscera)
Term

What are the signs of aging at the cellular level?

a. graying hair, waning strength, wrinkles

b. unrepaired DNA and abnormal proteins

c. impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cells parts

d. a fatty liver and clogged blood vessels

e. an increase in the number of nuclei

Definition
Impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts
Term

Maintaining a stable internal environment typically requires:

a. positive feedback

b. unrepaired DNA and abnormal proteins

c. energy input

d. inadequate nutrition

e. negative feedback

Definition
Negative feedback
Term

The activities of an anatomist consist of ____, whereas those of a physiologist consist of _____.

a. observing body parts; sudying function of body parts

b. conductig experiments; making microsopic examination

c. studying chemical molecules; observing forms of the body parts

d. sketching; dissecting

e. none above

Definition
Observing body parts; studying functions of body parts.
Term

What process is necessary to ensure the continuation of the human species?

a. responsiveness

b. movement

c. reproduction

d. metabolism

e. respiration

Definition
Reproduction
Term

Homeostasis exists if concentrations of water, nutrients, oxygen, heat and pressure ________:

a. remain perfectly static and not vary

b. remain within certain limited ranges

c. disappear

d. fluctuate greatly between very high and low values

e. increase when the body is stressed

 

Definition
Remain within certain limited ranges
Term

Cell death first occurs in what stage of life?

a. age 60

b. age 50

c. at puberty

d. in the fetus

e. at conception

Definition
In the fetus
Term

An anatomical section that separates the body into right and left portions is a _____ section.

a. frontal

b. tranverse

c. coronal

d. parietal

e. saggital

Definition
Sagittal
Term

Paired organs, such as the kidneys or lungs, are said to be:

a. bisexual

b. bilingual

c. bilateral

d. bicyclic

e. bivalent

Definition
Bilateral
Term

Physical and chemical changes or reactions in the body are collectively known as:

a. metabolism

b. physiology

c. assimilation

d. excretion

e. astrology

Definition
Metabolism
Term

Which of the following is NOT an example of a homeostatic mechanism in the body?

a. shivering when body temperature falls below normal limits

b. increasing heart rate and contraction force when blood pressure falls

c. pulling blankets over yourself when cold at night

d. secreting insulin after a meal to decrease blood sugar concentration

e. release of a hormone that causes the body to conserve water when the outside environment is extremely hot and dry

Definition
Pulling blankets over yourself when cold at night
Term
True or flase - pulling blankets over yourself when cold at night is a homeostatic mechanism.
Definition
False
Term

Which of the following are vital signs?

a. body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate

b. quality of the skin, red blood cell count, oxygen level

c. ability to take a multiple choice exam and short term memory

d. visual acuity and auditory sharpness

e. non above

Definition
Body temperature, blood pressure, pulse rate
Term

The upper midportion quadrant of the abdomen is called the ________:

a. hypochondriac

b. iliac

c. hypogastric

d. epigastric

e. metabdonimal

Definition
Epigastric
Term

When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is NOT true?

a. Face is forward

b. arms are at the sides

c. Palms are facing backward

d. body is erect

e. Head is bowed

Definition
Face forward, arms at sides, palms facing foward, body erect (palms do not face backwards)
Term

Which is an environmental factor that a human body requires?

a. carbon dioxide

b. water

c. wastes

d. heat

e. light

Definition
Water, heat, oxygen, pressure
Term

Two anatomical terms that refer to features near the surface of the body:

a. anterior and posterior

b. distal and proximal

c. superficial and deep

d. superficial and peripheral

e. epithelial and epidermal

Definition
Superficial and peripheral
Term

Why is atomic radiation useful for treating cancer?

a. radiation affects cancer cells but not normal cells

b. radiation protects normal cells against the effects of cancer

c. radiation harms cancer cells more readily than it does non-cancer cells

d. chemicals in normal cells are not affected by radiation

e. it kills all cells

Definition
Radiation harms cancer cells more readily than it does most non-cancer cells.  (attacks rapidly dividing cells)
Term

DNA:

a. helps synthesize nucleic acids

b. is important in building fats

c. stores genetic information

d. is important in building carbohydrates

e. provides celluar energy

Definition
Genetic Information
Term

Proteins:

a. are structural materials

b. are chemical messengers

c. contains C,H,O, and N, and sometimes sulfur

d. can function as enzymes

e. all the above

Definition
All the above
Term

DNA and RNA differ in that:

a. RNA has deoxyribose and DNA has ribose

b. RNA is double stranded and DNA is single stranded

c. DNA holds genetic information and RNA uses that information to synthesize proteins

d. RNA holds genetic information and DNA uses that info to synthesize proteins

e. DNA is found in males and RNA found in females

Definition
DNA holds genetic information and RNA uses that information to synthesize protein.
Term

Which of the following is NOT a source of ionizing radiation?

a. cosmic rayas from outer space

b. cholestrol and triglycerides

c. atomic and nuclear weapons

d. smoke detectors

e. tv components

Definition
Cholesterol and triglycerides
Term

What gland uses the element iodide?

a. spleen

b. liver

c. thymus

d. thyroid

e. spinal cord

Definition
Thyroid
Term

What is the molecular formula for a simple carbohydrate?

a. has a molecular formula of C6H12O6

b. is a building block of protein

c. consists of several joined chains

d. has only one nucleotide

e. is a building block of fat

Definition
C6H12O6
Term

Lipids:

a. are insoluble in water

b. include phospholipids, cholesteral, and fats

c. contain C, H, and O, but with less oxygen than carbohydrates

d. are organic

e. all the above

Definition
e. all the above
Term

In the body, oxygen:

a. reacts with water to form carbonic acid

b. is used in various metabolic processes

c. helps regulate body temperature

d. exchanges with carbon dioxide

e. releases energy from glucose during cellular respiration

Definition
Releases energy from glucose during cellular respiration
Term

Sodium Ions and Calcium Ions are examples of:

a. cations

b. dogions

c. anions

d. salts

e. molecules

Definition
Cations (positively charged ions)
Term
What does the pH scale measure?
Definition
Concentration of hydrogen ions in solution
Term

A complete atom is electrically neutral because the number of:

a. positively charged protons and neutral neutrons are equal

b. negatively charged electrons and neutral neutrons are equal

c. negative lectrons and positive protons are equal

d. electrons is greate than the number of protons and neutrons combines

e. none above

Definition
Negative electrons and positive protons are equal.
Term

The difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions with pH 4 and pH 5 is:

a. twofold

b. fivefold

c. tenfold

d. twentyfold

e. hundredfold

Definition
Tenfold
Term

The formula H2O means:

a. an atom contains two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule

b. an atom contains one hydrogen molecule and two oxygen molecules

c. a molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atoms

d. a molecule contains one hydrogen atom and two oxygen atoms

e. a molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atms

Definition
A molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Term
What is the maximum # of electrons in the first electron shell?
Definition
Two
Term

The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element can vary in the number of _____:

a. electrons

b. protons

c. neutrons

d. nuclei

e. molecules

Definition
Neutrons
Term

The atomic weight of an element whose atoms contain 8 protons, 8 electrons and 8 neutrons is:

a. 8

b. 16

c. 24

d. 32

e. 64

Definition
16
Term

Which of the following is a form of ionizing radiation?

a. cosmic radiation

b. gamma radiation

c. cosmic radiation and gamma radiation

d. neither cosmic nor gamma radiation

e. none above

Definition
Cosmic radiation and gamma radiation
Term

What substances account for more than 95% of the human body?

a. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

b. calcium, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

c. carbon, phosphorus, oxygen, hydrogen

d. calcium, phosphorus, hydrogen, nitrogen

e. carbon, calcium, nitrogen, hydrogen

Definition
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
Term

In a covalent bond:

a. one atom shares and another atom gains electrons

b. atoms share pairs of electrons

c. oppositely charged atoms attract

d. oppositely charged atoms repel

e. all above

Definition
Atoms share pairs of electrons
Term

An organic compound contains:

a. water and salt

b. oxygen and nitrogen

c. carbon and oxygen

d. nitrogen and hydrogen

e. carbon and hydrogen

Definition
Carbon and Hydrogen
Term

Which of the following is not organic (organic always contains carbon and hydrogen):

- oxygen

- Lipids

- nucleic acids

- enzymes

- cholesterol

Definition
Oxygen
Term

What is true of Lipids?

- are insoluble in water

- include phospholipids, cholesterol, fats

- contain C, H, O, but with less O than Carbs

- are organic

- all the above

Definition
All the above
Term

A solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions is:

- acidic

- basic

- alkaline

- neutral

- toxic

Definition
Neutral
Term

 ______ is the tendency of atoms, molecules, and ions in a liquid or air solutions to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration, thus becoming more evenly distributed, or more diffuse.

 

Definition
Diffusion
Term
To frequent mitoses or those that continue unabated produce an abnormal growth, or neoplasm, which may form a disorganized mass called a ______.
Definition
Tumor
Term
Name the 3 major parts of a cell:
Definition
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane
Term
The cell membrane is mainly composed of ____ and ____, with some _____.
Definition
Lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates
Term

True or False:

Certain white blood cells take in bacterial cells by phagocytosis.

Definition
True
Term

True or False:

Cilia and flagella extend from certain cells, enabling them to move.

Definition
True
Term

True or False:

Lucky people who cannot be infected with HIV are protected because their cells lack receptors that admit the virus.

Definition
True
Term

True or False:

Cancer can result if the cell cycle stops.

Definition

False

(cancer is rapidly dividing cells - to much mitoses)

Term

True or False:

A selectively permeable membrane allows all substances to pass through.

Definition
False
Term

True or False:

Mitochondria has a total of 4 membranes.

Definition

False

(2 membranes)

Term

Which of the following describes a lysosome?

a. a double-membraned organelle that is the powerhouse of the cell.

b. a complex network of interconnected membranes that is a communication system in the cell

c. a tiny, membranous sac that contains enzymes that degrade worn cell parts and debris

d. a nonmembranous structure that is essential for mitosis

e. a bilayer of lipid in which proteins are embedded

Definition
A tiny, membranous sac that contains enzymes that degrade worn out cell parts and debris.
Term

Osmosis is the movement of:

a. molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration

b. water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

c. water molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

d. ions from a low pressure region to a high pressure region through a spm

e. water molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration through an unselectively permeable membrane

Definition
Water molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
Term
The adult human body is composed of how many cells?
Definition
75 Trillion
Term

The following are major components of a human cell EXCEPT:

- cell wall

- cell membrane

- cytoplasm

- nucleus

Definition
cell wall (only in plants)
Term

The endoplasmic reticulum in a cell is best described as:

a. membranous vesicles; contains digestive enzymes

b. network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals; packages protein molecules for secretion

c. nonmembranous structure that synthesizes proteins

d. particles composed of protein and RNA; synthesizes proteins

Definition
network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals; packages protein molecules for secretion.
Term

In a cell, lipids are synthesized in the:

a. golgi apparatus

b. smooth ER

c. rough ER

d. liver

Definition
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Term

In a cell, organelle that is described as "flattened, membranous sacs" are the:

a. smooth ER

b. nuclear envelope

c. vesicles

d. golgi apparatus

Definition
Golgi Apparatus
Term

This organelle structure migrates to either end of the cell during division and form spindle fibers to assist in chromosome distrubtion:

- Centrioles

- nuclear envelope

- ribosome

- Nucleus

Definition
Centrioles
Term

Movement out of or into a cell AGAINST a concentration gradient is know as:

- Filtration

- Osmosis

- Diffusion

- Active Transport

Definition

Active Transport

(all others are passive)

Term

The processes of transporting large molecules or particles into a cell via pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor mediated movement is called:

- Active transport

- Exocytosis

- Endocytosis

- Filtration

Definition
Endocytosis
Term

The cell cycle can best be described as:

- interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis

- metaphase, telophase, prophase

- cytokinesis, metaphase and diffusion

- Mitosis, meiosis and prophase

Definition
- interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
Term

The most active period in a cells existence is:

- telophase

- interphase

- prometaphase

- G1 Phase

Definition
Interphase
Term

The general term "cancer" caused by a problem with the genes ususally means there are abnormalities of:

a. cancer supportive genes

b. oncogenes

c. tumor suppressor genes

d. both b and c

Definition
both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
Term

______ is a form of pre-programmed cell death:

- differentiation

- apoptosis

- pluripotent

- phagocytosis

Definition
Apoptosis
Term

During ____ the chomosomes align at the "equator" and then during ____ sister chromatids separate to opposite "poles" of the cell.

- interphase, anaphase

- metaphase, anaphase

- anaphase, telophase

- prophase, telophase

Definition
Metaphase, Anaphase
Term
What is the physical and chemical changes occurring in an organism called?
Definition
Metabolism
Term
_____ a type of metabolism where small molecules are built up into larger ones - which REQUIRES energy:
Definition
Anabolism
Term
_____ is a type of metabolism where large molecules are broken down into smaller ones - which RELEASES energy:
Definition
Catabolism
Term
_____ are job specific protein catalysts that lower activation energy needed to start reactions (acts to put components together or break apart).
Definition

Enzymes

(names end in -ase.  amaylase, lactase, catalase)

Term
The _____ is the material or substance on which an enzyme acts.
Definition
Substrate (i.e. hyrdrogen peroxide)
Term
______ are non-protein substances that must be associated with an enzyme for the substance to function.  Helps bind the enzyme to it's substrate.
Definition
Cofactors (i.e. ions or coenzymes)
Term
_____ is a cofactor, an organic non-protein molecule that works with an enzyme to initiate or aid the function of the enzyme.
Definition
Coenzyme (i.e. Vitamin B12)
Term
List and explain the function of 3 types of RNA:
Definition
???? (I got wrong on test, need to ask)
Term
Define a Gene:
Definition
A segment of DNA that codes for one protein.
Term
Define Genome:
Definition
A complete set of genes.
Term
Define Genetic Code:
Definition
The method used to translate a sequence of nucleotides of DNA into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
Term
What are the four types of DNA nitrogenous bases:
Definition

- adenine

- guanine

- cystosine

- thymine

(AGCT)

Term
What are the terms for the "ring structure" of DNA bases:
Definition

Purines (A&G)

Pyrimidines (T&C)

Term
What are the complimentary pairs of DNA bases?
Definition

A binds T (A&T)

C binds G (C&G)

Term
Name 3 important consequences of the Citric Acid Cycle:
Definition

1. One ATP is produced for each citric acide molecule that goes through the cycle.

2. 8 hydrogen atoms with high energy electrons are transferred to hydrogen carriers.

3. As the 6-carbon citric acid reacts to form the 4 carbon oxaloacetic acid, 2 carbon dioxide molecules are produced.

Term
Describe Phosphorylation:
Definition
When two phosphates are added to glucose. ATP can be resynthesized from ADP by using energy released from cellular respiration to reattach a phosphate.
Term

List the 13 steps in Protein synthesis:

(Chapter 4 Quiz)

Definition
????
Term

The layer of the epidermis that includes melanocytes and a single row of columnar cells that undergo mitosis is the:

- stratum corneum

- stratum granulosum

- stratum spinosum

- stratum basale

Definition
Stratum Basale
Term
What determines the color of skin?
Definition
The amount of melanin that melanocytes produce
Term
The arrector pili muscle is attached to:
Definition
A hair follicle
Term
Blood vessels in the _______ supply epidermal cells with nutrients:
Definition
Dermis
Term

Eumelanin and pheomelanin are:

a. reddish-yellow and brownish-black pigment

b. Brownish-black and reddish-yellow pigment

c. types of keratine

d. a hair follicle

e. skin on the nose

 

Definition
Brownish-Black and reddish-yellow pigments.
Term

Adipose (fat) tissue is a form of:

a. epithelium

b. muscle

c. nervous tissue

d. connective tissue

Definition
Connective tissue.
Term

The hardness of a nail comes from:

a. carotene

b. collagen

c. calcium

d. keratin

e. bone

Definition
Keratin
Term
Embryonic stems cells grown in a lab that pulsate in unison are most likely what type of muscle?
Definition
Cardiac muscle
Term

A _____ membrane lines tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body.

a. serous

b. epithelial

c. synovial

d. mucous

e. cell

Definition
Mucous
Term

Muscle cells with more than one nucleus are what type of muscle?

a. cardiac and skeletal

b. cardiac and smooth

c. skeletal only

d. smooth only

e. cardiac only

Definition
Skeletal only
Term
Cutaneous membrane refers to the ______.
Definition
Skin
Term

Redded skin reflects:

- Dilated blood vessels sending more blood to the dermis.

- Eating too many carrots.

- Inheriting extra melanin

- Constricted blood vessels sending more blood to the epidermis

Definition
- Dilated blood vessels sending more blood to the dermis
Term

Skin cells play an important role in producing:

- Vitamin A

- Vitamin B

- Vitamin C

- Vitamin D

Definition
Vitamin D
Term

Corns are:

- areas of white skin pigmentation

- scaly scalp areas

- keratinized conical masses on toes

- growths emanating from the nostrils

Definition
Keratinized conical masses on toes
Term

The functions of skin include:

- synthesizing antibodies

- producing adipose tissue

- regulating body temperature

- synthesizing digestive enzymes

Definition
Regulating body temperature.
Term

An engineered tissue might include:

- stem cells

- progenitor cells

- scaffold built of synthetic materials

- extracellular matrix components

- all the above

Definition
All the above
Term
There are ____ types of muscle cells.
Definition
Three
Term

Neurons can send messages to:

- only other neurons

- neurons and neuroglia

- other neurons, glands, and muscles

- other neurons and skeletal muscles

- only neurons in sense organs

Definition
Other neurons, glands, and muscles
Term

Epidermis is _______, whereas dermis is _______.

a. the innermost layer of the skin; under the epidermis

b. composed largely of dense connective tissue; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

c. the outermost layer of the skin; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

d. composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue, smooth muscle and nerve cell processes

Definition
composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue; composed of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and nerve cell processes.
Term

The epidermis:

- retains water in deeper skin layers

- keeps out harmful chemicals and pathogens

- protects the skin against mechanical injury

- loses some cells every day

- all the above

Definition
All the above
Term

Musscle tissue that can be consciously controlled (voluntary) is:

a. smooth

b. skeletal

c. intercalated

d. cardiac

e. epithelial

 

Definition
Skeletal muscle
Term

In areas of the skin where the epidermis is thin, the _____ may be absent.

a. stratum lucidum

b. stratum granulosum

c. stratum corneum

d. stratum basale

e. stratum cranium

Definition
Stratum Lucidum (found in palms of hands and feet)
Term
Cardiac muscle is found in the wall of the _____:
Definition
Heart
Term
What are keratinized epidermal cells?
Definition
Dead cells that fall off the body (can be found on towels after shower)
Term

Which of the following is not one of the four basic types of body tissues?

- epithelial tissue

- connective tissue

- eye tissue

- muscle tissue

- nervous tissue

Definition
Eye tissue
Term

Exposure to ultraviolet light darkens skin by stimulating synthesis of ______.

- melatonin

- carotene

- hemoglobin

- cyanin

- melanin

Definition
Melanin
Term

Epithelial tissue functions in:

- secretion, absorption, protection

- contraction, movement, reflexes

- reacting to stimuli, thinking, remembering

- nourishing and hydrating tissues

Definition
Secretion, absorption, protection
Term

The skin appears yellowish if a person eats too much:

- collagen

- carotene

- cyanin

- melanin

- chicken soup

Definition
Carotene (in carrots)
Term

This is the name of the middle layer of the integumentary system:

- adipose layer

- epidermis layer

- subcutaneous layer

- dermis layer

Definition
Dermis layer
Term

Collagen is a major component of:

- bone

- ligament

- tendon

- connective tissue

- all the above

Definition
All the above
Term

An organ consists of:

- skin and bones

- 2 or more tissues grouped together that function together

- at least 4 tissues grouped together

- one variety of each of the four tissue types

- multiple tissue layer

Definition
2 or more tissues grouped together that function together
Term

______ produce connective tissue fibers:

- macrophages

- mast cells

- fibroblasts

- osteoblasts

- cartilage cells

Definition
Fibroblasts
Term

Melanin is produced by ______:

- aerolar cells

- fibroblasts

- melanocytes

- squamous cells

Definition
Melanocytes
Term

Cartilage heals slowly because:

- chondrocytes don't have direct blood supply

- the intercellular material is sesamoid

- cartilage cells are immersed in fluids

- it isn't used often

Definition
Chondrocytes don't have direct blood supply
Term

These type of cells cover the body surface, organs, forms the inner lining of body cavities, and lines hollow organs:

- Melanocytes

- Epithelium cells

- connective tissue cells

- Fibroblasts

Definition
Epithelium cells
Term

Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of:

- dense irregular tissue

- reticular connective tissue

- muscle tissue

- dense regular connective tissue

- epithelial tissue

Definition
Dense regular connective tissue
Term

The human integumentary system includes:

- skin, nails, hair follicles, glands

- epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer

- just the skin

- bones and muscles

Definition
Skin, nails, hair follicles, glands
Term

Which of the following is not correct concerning the skin?

- Dermis is usually thicker than epidermis

- Epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium

- Subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and epidermis

- dermis contains smooth muscle and nerve tissue

- Skin contains some immune system cells

Definition
The subcutaneous layer is between the dermis and the epidermis
Term

Macrophages do what action?

- Nourish the white blood cells

- help keritinization

- destroy cells through phagocytosis

- carry secondary oxygen for cells

Definition
Destroy cells through phagocytosis
Term

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis towards the surface, ____:

- they divide continually

- their supply of nutrients improve

- they die

- they become dermal cells

- they can become cancerous

Definition
They die
Term

Which of  nitrogenous bases is part of DNA but not RNA?

- Adenine

- Thymine

- Guanine

- Cytosine

- Uracil

Definition
Thymine
Term

Sweat glands are also known as:

- Sebaceous glands

- Sudoriferous glands

- dermal glands

- metabolism glands

- sebum glands

Definition
Sudoriferous glands
Term

Which of the nitrogenous bases is part of RNA but not DNA?

- Cytosine

- thymine

- Guanine

- Uracil

- Adenine

Definition
Uracil
Term

The outer most level  the integumentary system is:

- dermis

- melanocytes

- epidermis

- keratin

Definition
Epidermis
Term

Malignant Melanoma is:

- a disease that starts in the integumentary system

- a skin cancer

- effects cells that are in the epidermal layer

- often appears as a change in a freckle or mole

- all the above

Definition
All the above
Term

Smooth muscle lacks:

 

Definition
Striations
Term

Areolar tissue contains:

- many adipocytes filled with fat

- nipple and other breast tissue

- chondrocytes and lacunae

- osteocytes, osteoblasts, canaliculi

- collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and gel-like ground substance

Definition
Collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, gel-like ground substance
Term

The following is a type of connective tissue:

- blood

- brain

- simple squamous epithelium

- simple columnar epithelium

- none of the above

Definition
Blood
Term

Bone tissue contains abundant:

- fibronectin

- laminin

- fibrocartilage

- collagen

- cholesterol

Definition
Collagen
Term

This type of tissue comprises much of the body and is the most abundant type of tissue by weight:

- connective tissue

- epithelium

- cardiac tissue

- neurons

Definition
Connective tissue
Term

A compact bone has ____, whereas spongy bone has _____.

- tightly packed tissue that reduces the weight of the bone; cancellous bone that provide solid strong tissue resistant to bending

- tightly packed tissue that is solid, strong and resistant to bending; cancellous bone that reduces the weight of bone

- epiphyses; a diaphysis

- osteocytes, no osteocytes

- none of the above

Definition
Tightly packed tissue that is solid, strong and resistent to bending, cancellous bone that reduces the weight of the bone
Term

The white material that reduces friction at the ends of bones is called:

- epiphysis

- articular cartilage

- periosteum

- endostreum

- white matter

Definition
Articular cartilage
Term

The presence of an ephiphyseal plate indicates that:

- the bone is lengthening

- the bone is no longer lengthening

- bone is increasing in diameter

- bone is dead

- bone is broken

Definition
The bone is still lengthening
Term

It is possible to determine if a childs long bone is growing by examining a radiograph of the:

- diaphysis

- medullary cavity

- epiphyseal plate

- articular cartilage

- neophyseal plate

Definition
Epiphyseal Plate
Term

Exercise _____ and _____ bones:

- thickens, elongates

- elongates, weakens

- thickens, strengthens

- thins, atrophies

- strengthens, innervates

Definition
Thickens and Strengthens
Term

Which of the following is a function of the skeletal system?

- responsible for blood cell production

- Storage of inorganic salts

- protection of organs, especially in head and thorax

- interaction with muscles for movement

- all the above

Definition
All the above
Term

The axial skeleton includes the:

- upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles

- skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, vertebral column

- radius, ulna, carpals, phalanges

- femur, tibia, fibula

- none above

Definition
Skull, hyoid bone, thoracic cage, vertebral column
Term

The pituitary gland is located in the:

- sella turcica

- cribriform plate

- sphenoidal sinus

- glenoid cavity

- mandibular fossa

Definition
Sella Turcica
Term

They zygomatic arch is compose of the processes of the:

- zygomatic and temporal bones

- zygomatic and maxilla bones

- maxilla and temporal bones

- temporal and parietal bones

- none above

Definition
Zygomatic and Temporal bones
Term

The hip bone includes:

- ilium, pubis

- ilium sacrum, pubis

- ischium, pubis

- ilium, ischium, pubis

- ischium, sacrum, pubis

Definition
Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
Term

Ribs that join the sternum directly by costal cartilages are called:

- true ribs

- false ribs

- floating ribs

- direct ribs

- spare ribs

Definition
True Ribs
Term

The acetabulum:

- is a depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur

- a protuberance in the hip bone that attaches to the head of the femur

- the prominence of the hip

- is the anterior portion of the hip bone

- is formed anteriorly by the joining of the pubic bones

Definition
A depression in the hip bone that receives the head of the femur
Term

The talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and lateral, intermediate, cuneiform bones are all part of the:

- foot

- hand

- pelvis

- sternum

- skull

Definition
The foot (called Tarsals)
Term

A vitamin D deficiency results in _____, whereas a vitamin A deficiency results in ______.

- rickets, dwarfism

- rickets, retardation of bone development

- osteomalacia, rickets

- soft bones, rickets

- osteoporosis, orange skin

Definition
Rickets; retardation of bone development
Term

Which of the following bones is not part of the eye orbit?

- ethmoid

- sphenoid

- vomer

- frontal

- zygomatic

Definition
Vomer
Term

The clavicles:

- hold the shoulders in place and provide attachments for muscles of the back, chest, upper limbs

- form the shoulders

- provide attachments for muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs

- are triangle shaped bones with indentations in the center

- serve no function in the body

Definition
Hold the shoulders in place and provide attachments for muscles of the back, chest, upper limbs
Term

The following are bones of the cranium:

- ethmoid, nasal, maxilla, zygomatic

- sphenoid, lacrimal, parietal, mandible

- parietal, occiput, frontal and sphenoid

- frontal, parietal, temporal, nasal

- none above

Definition
Parietal, Occiput, Frontal, and Sphenoid
Term

Names of the bones in the middle ear are:

- malleous, concha, stapes

- malleous, incus, zygomatic

- hyoid, incus, stapes

- malleous, hyoid, zygomatic

- malleous, incus, stapes

Definition
Malleous, Incus, Stapes
Term

The appendicular skeleton system includes all these EXCEPT for:

- humerus

- axis

- lower extremity

- femur

- phalanges

Definition
Axis
Term

This facial boe has sinuses:

- maxilla

- sphenoid

- mandible

- lacrimal

- zygomatic

Definition
Maxilla
Term

There are ___ phalanges, on average, in the human body:

- 14

- 56

- 28

- 64

- 206

Definition
56
Term

Th cervical vertebrae are easily distingiushable by this feature:

- large, thick tranverse processes

- large knife like spinous processes

- largest vertebral bodies

- bifurcated spinous processes

- superior articular processes

Definition
Bifurcated spinous processes
Term

There are ___ pairs of true ribs, ____ pair of false ribs, of which ____ are floating:

- 7, 5, 2

- 12, 5, 4

- 5, 7, 2

- 7, 2, 5

Definition
7, 5, 2
Term

True or False:

Blood cell formation is called hematoformation

Definition
False
Term

True or False:

 Red marrow is found in the medullary cavity.

Definition
False
Term

True or False:

The longest bone in the human body is the femur.

Definition
True
Term

True or False:

The pectoral girdle is made of the: clavicle and scapula.

Definition
TRUE
Term

True or False:

 The pigmented molecule that carries oxygen in red blood cells is hemoglobin.

Definition
True
Term

True or False:

The largest foramen in the head is the obturator foramen.

Definition
False (in hip)
Term

True or False:

The pisiform is a carpal bone.

Definition
True
Term

True or False:

The five areas of the spine are called; atlas, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

Definition
False (replace atlas with cervical)
Term
Give an example of a Fibrous Joint:
Definition
Suture
Term
The ends of the bones in a synovila joint is covered by hyaline cartilage called:
Definition
Articular cartilage
Term

Give an example of a Cartilagenous Joint:

 

Definition
Between bodies of vertebrae
Term

Give 3 examples of types of arthritis:

 

Definition

Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis

Gout

Term
Give 2 examples of ball and sockets joints (synovial):
Definition

Hip (asetabulum and femur head)

Shoulder (glenoidhumeral)

Term
Give two examples of Condylar Joints:
Definition

Radiocarpal (wrist)

Carpometacarpal (carpals and metacarpals)

Term
Give 2 examples of Hinge Joints:
Definition

Humero-ulnar (elbow)

Talocrural (ankle)

Term
The 2 Joints of the Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle are:
Definition

glenohumeral

acromialclavicular (AC Joint)

Term
The tip/end of the elbow is called:
Definition
Olecranon Process
Term
What are the 4 major ligaments of the knee?
Definition

ACL (anterior cruciate ligament)

PCL (posterior cruciate ligament)

MCL (medial collateral ligament)

LCL (lateral collateral ligament)

Term
Pointing your toes down is known as:
Definition
Plantar flexion
Term
Attempting to roll the bottom of my medially is known as FOOT ______.
Definition
INVERSION
Term
Attempting to push your lower jaw FORWARD is known as:
Definition
Protraction
Term
Starting with your palm facing the floor, attempting to pint your fingers up is called:
Definition
Hyperextention
Term
Starting with palms facing the floor, then flipping your hand over so that the palm is facing up is called:
Definition
Supination
Term
Moving a part toward the midline is called:
Definition
Adduction
Term
Walking your heels will cause your foot into:
Definition
Dorsiflextion
Term
Lowering or drooping your shoulders is called:
Definition
Depression
Term
The cartilagenous pads between the femur and tibia are called:
Definition
Meniscus
Term
Moving a part away from the midline is called:
Definition
Abduction
Term

The _____, made of dense connective tissue, separating adjacent muscles and holding them in position.

- fascia

- perimysium

- endomysium

- sarcomysium

- myomysium

Definition
Fascia
Term

Myofibrils are composed primarily of:

- ATP and ADP

- Actin and Myosin

- Troponin and tropomyosin

- fascia and tendson

- perimysium and enomysium

Definition
Actin and Myosin
Term

The sarcoplasmic reticulum has a high concentration of:

- myofibrils

- tendons

- calcium

- blood vessels

- ligaments

Definition
Calcium
Term

A tendon is ____, whereas an aponeurosis is _____.

- cordlike and connects bone to bone, broad fibrous sheet of connective tissue

- broad fibrous sheet CT that connects muscle to muscle, cordlike and connects bones to bones

- found in humans, not found in apes

- cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad fibrous sheet of CT that connects muscle to muscle

Definition
Cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad fibrous sheet of connective tissue that connects muscle to muscle.
Term

Neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles in:

- myofibrils

- motor units

- motor end plates

- motor neuron endings

- sarcomeres

Definition
motor end plates
Term

A neuromuscular junction, the space between muscle fiber membrane and nerve is called:

- motor neuron

- neurotransmitter

- synapse

- schwann cell

- motor end plate

Definition
Synapse
Term

Which of the following statements is correct?

- a sarcomere is the functional unit of skeletal muscles

- Actin are firmly attached to mysoin filaments

- cross bridges form between actin and sarcolemma filaments

- skeletal muscles are involuntary

- you can create new muscles cells by exercise

Definition
A Sarcomere is the function unit of skeletal muscles
Term

Types of contractions are:

 

Definition

Isometric and Isontonic

AND

Eccentric and Concentric

Term

Smooth Muscles:

a. Lack striations

b. Use norephinephrine and acetylcholine

c. can change length

- (first two)

- all the above

Definition
A, B, and C
Term

Which of the following is NOT true?

- Red fibers contract more slowly than white

- Red fibers contain more myoglobin than white

- Red fibers have fewer mitochondria than white

- Red fibers fatigue more slowly than white

- Red roosters have red fibers and white chickens have white fibers

Definition
Red fibers have fewer mitrochondria than white
Term

A primary muscle of the cervical area that pulls the head to one side, flexes the neck or elevates the sternum is the:

- quadratus lumborum

- splenius capitus

- sternocleidomastoid

- illiocostalis cervicis

- all the above

Definition
Sternocleidomastoid
Term

The Buccinator muscle is in the:

- buttocks

- ankle

- cheek

- chest

Definition
Cheek
Term

The Linea Alba is:

- a muscle extending from the ischial spine to the coccyx and sacrum

- a curved, broad muscle on the side of the chest

- a muscle beneath the skull

- a band of tough connective tissue to which abdominal wall muscles attach

- a muscle attached to the symphysis pubis

Definition
A band of tough connective tissue to which abdominal wall muscles attach
Term

Which of the following is not a part of the rotator cuff?

- supraspinatus

- subscapularis

- pectoralis minor

- pectoralis minor

- teres minor

Definition
Pectoralis Minor
Term

These muscles flex the arm:

- Deltoid and Pectoralis major

- Latissimus Dorsi and Infraspinatus

- biceps and triceps

- soleus and gastrocnemius

- levator scapula and trapezius

Definition
Deltoid and pectoralis major
Term

The muscle that abducts, extends and flexes the arm is the:

- coracobrachialis

- deltoid

- levator scapulae

- teres major

- none of the above

Definition
Deltoid
Term

Cardiac muscle:

- contracts as a syncytium

- excites itself

- responds in an all or none manner

- is only in the heart

- all the above

Definition
All the above
Term

The Soleus is a muscle that forms part of the:

- Calf

- Buttocks

- Thigh

- Abdomen

- Shoulder

Definition
Calf
Term

The muscle that extends the elbow:

- biceps brachii

- coracobrachialis

- pronator teres

- vastus medialis

- triceps brachii

Definition
Triceps Brachii
Term

Muscles of the abdominal wall are:

- transverse abdominus

- internal obliques

- external obliques

- rectus abdominus

- all the above

Definition
All the above
Term

The cytoplasmic extensions that, together with the cell body,provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are:

a. neurofibrils

b. chormatiophilic substance (Nissl bodies)

c. axons

d. dentrites

Definition
Dendrites
Term

The space between nerurons is a:

a. dendrite

b. gap junction

c. bleb

d. neurotransmitter

e. synapse

Definition
synapse
Term

The nervous system:

a. detects changes in the internal or external environment

b. controls the movement of muscles

c. regulates secretions

d. integrates information from several sources and uses it to respond appropriately

e. all the above

Definition
All the above
Term

Masses of myelanted nerve fibers appear:

a. white

b. gray

c. brown

d. transparent

e. wet

Definition

White

(gray matter is unmyelinated)

Term

A neuron may have:

a. one axon and many dendrites

b. one dendrite and many axons

c. no dendrites

d. no axons

e. more than one cell body

Definition
One axon and many dendrites
Term

Myelin

a. is released from a neuron and travel to another neuron

b. comprises much of the cell emmbrane of Schwann cells

c. is a type of neuron

d. is a form of chromatophilic substance that fills Schwann cells

e. is produced in response to bacterial infection

Definition
Comprises much of the cell membrane of Schwann cells
Term

Which of the following is (are) a type of neuraglia?

a. astrocyte

b. Oligodendrocyte

c. ependymal cell

d. Schwann cell

e. all the above

 

Definition
All the above
Term

Dendrites on unipolar neurons are part of:

a. sensory neurons (afferent)

b. motor neurons (efferent)

c. interneurons

d. efferent neurons

e. affective neurons

Definition
Sensory neurons
Term

A stimulus great enough tochange the membrane potential and propagate and action potential is said to have reached:

a. recruitement

b. nirvana

c. summation

d. tetanus

e. threshold

Definition
Threshold
Term

The most rapid nerve impulses are conducted on fibers that are:

a. thick and myelinated

b. thick and unmyelinated

c. thin and myelinated

d. thin and unmyelinated

e. of medium thickness with spots of myelin

Definition
Thick and myelinated
Term

The following molecules is responsible for "RUNNER'S HIGH," a good feeling that accompanies long distance running?

a. beta endorphin

b. acetylcholine

c. epinephrine

d. dopamine

e. alcohol

Definition
Beta Endorphin
Term

The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle contraction is:

a. beta endorphin

b. nitric oxide

c. acetylcholine

d. GABA

e. nitrous oxide

Definition
Acetylcholine
Term

The central nervous system (CNS) consists of:

a. spinal and cranial nerves

b. the brain and spinal cord

c. the cerebrum and cerebellum

d. nerves in the upper and lower limbs

e. none above

Definition
The Brain and Spinal Cord
Term

The meninges consist of:

a. the brain and spinal cord

b. the membranes that delineate all the major brain parts

c. the pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater

d. nerve tracts that run up and down the spinal cord

e. non above

Definition
The pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
Term

Cerebrospinal fluid:

a. informs the autonomic centers in the brainstem and hypothalamus about the internal environment

b. provides a pathway for waste to enter the blood

c. protects the brain

d. protects the spinal cord

e. all the above

Definition
All the above
Term

The expectd response to the triceps-jerk reflex is:

a. flexion of the forearm

b. extension of the forearm

c. plantar flexion

d. plantar extention

e. none above

Definition
Extension of the forearm
Term

The corticospinal tracts control:

a. sweat glands

b. posture

c. voluntary muscle movements

d. spinal reflexes

e. the urge to urinate

Definition
Voluntary muscle movements
Term

If the right lateral spinothalamic tract is servered:

a. muscles on the left side are paralyzed

b. muscles on the right side are paralyzed

c. pain impulses from the left side are blocked

d. pain impulses from the right side are blocked

e. a burnign sensation comes from the left side

Definition
Pain impulses from the right side are blocked
Term

The part of the brain that coordinats voluntary muscular movements is the:

a. cerebrum

b. brainstem

c. cerebellum

d. corpus callosum

e. hoppocampus

Definition
Cerebellum
Term

Which lobe of your brain are you using when you answer this question?

a. frontal

b. parietal

c. temporal

d. occipital

e. insula

Definition
Parietal
Term

Spina bifida is a(n):

a. abnormality in neural tube development

b. open vertebral column

c. exposed spinal cord

d. birth defect

e. all above

Definition
All the above
Term

The area of skin supplied by sensory nerve fibers from a particular (single) dorsal root is called a:

a. dermatome

b. microtome

c. sensory body

d. nerve body

e. sensitized area

Definition
Dermatome
Term

The part of the brain that is overactive in post traumatic stress disorder is the:

a. amygdala

b. brainstem

c. infundibulum

d. thalamus

e. hippocampus

Definition
Hippocampus
Term

The somatic nervous system consists of nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the ___, whereas the autonomic nervous system consists of fibers that connect the ____.

a. skin and skeletal muscles; brain to the spinal cord.

b. visceral organs; CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles

c. heart intestines; CNS to the cardiac and smooth muscles

d. skin and skeletal muscles; CNS to the visceral organs

e. brain and spinal cord; PNS to the CNS

Definition
skin and skeletal muscles; CNS to the visceral organs
Term

A spinal nerve passing through the intervertebral foramen is:

a. associated with the vertebra above

b. composed of afferent fibers only

c. composed of efferent fibers only

d. associated with cranial nerve C1

e. none of the above

Definition
Associated with the vertebra above
Term
How many pairs of nerves are in the body?
Definition

31 pairs

8 pair of cervical (C1-C8)

12 pairs of thoracic (T1-T12)

5 pairs of lumbar (L1-L5)

5 pairs of sacral (S1-S5)

1 set of coccygeal (C0)

Term

True or False:

Reflexes use the brain

Definition
False
Term

True or False:

Reflex and Response are the same thing.

Definition

False

(reflex does not use the brain, response uses the brain)

Term

True or False:

There are five types of receptor nerves.

Definition
True
Term

True or False:

Chemoreceptors deal with smell in the nose.

Definition

True

(respond to changes in chemical concentrations)

Term

True or False:

General senses are widely distributed throughout the body.  They are in the skin, various organs, and joints.

Definition
True
Term

True or False:

General senses are found are spinal nerves

Definition
True
Term

True or False:

Special senses are located in the cranial nerves.

Definition

True

(confined to structures in the head: eyes, ears, nose and mouth)

Term

True or False:

The autonomic systems consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Definition
True
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