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Holes Human Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 6 Integumentary
80
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/11/2013

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Term
What is an Organ?
Definition
Two or more kinds of tissues grouped together performing specialed functions.
Term
What is the Integumentary System?
Definition
The skin, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands.
Term
Name the functions of the Integumentary System:
Definition

Maintains homeostatis

Protective covering

Retards water loss

Regulates body temperature

Houses sensory receptors

Contains immune system cells

Synthesizes chemicals

Excretes small amounts of wastes

Term
Where is Epidermis?
Definition
The outer layer of skin.
Term
Where is the Dermis?
Definition
The middle/inner layer of skin - under the epidermis
Term
What type of tissue is in the Epidermis?
Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium
Term
What type of tissue is in the Dermis?
Definition

Collagenous and Elastic Fibers

Called Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Term
Where is the Subcutaneous Layer?
Definition
Beneath the Dermis
Term
What type of tissue is in the Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)?
Definition
Areolar and Adipose Connective Tissue
Term
The Epidermis lacks _____ ______.
Definition
Blood Vessels
Term
Name the Five layers of the Epidermis:
Definition

1. Stratum Corneum

2. Stratum Lucidum (palsm/soles only)

3. Stratum Granulosum

4. Stratum Spinosum

5. Stratum Basale

Term
Where is the Stratum Corneum located?
Definition
The outmost layer of the epidermis
Term
What are the characteristics of stratus corneum?
Definition
Many layers of keratinized, dead epithelial cells that are flattened and non-nucleated
Term
Where is the Strtum Lucidum located?
Definition
Only on soles and palms, between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum
Term
Where is the Granulosum located?
Definition
Beneath the stratum corneum
Term
Where is the Stratum Spinosum located?
Definition
Beneath the stratum granulosum
Term
Where is the Stratum Basale located?
Definition
Deepest layer of Epidermis, beneath the stratum granulosum
Term
Where are Melanocytes located?
Definition
In the stratum basale layer of the epidermis.
Term
What do mealnocytes poduce?
Definition
Melanin - gives skin pigment color and absorbs UV light.
Term
What is the funtion of Melanin?
Definition

Absorbs UV Light

Gives skin color

Term
Where are Epidermis new cells produced?
Definition
In the deepest layer of the epidermis called the stratus basale (mitotic layer)
Term
What determines skin color?
Definition
Heredity and environment
Term
What are the genetic factors in skin color?
Definition

- Varying amounts of melanin

- Varing size of melanin granules

(Albinos lack melanin)

Term
What are the physiological factors in skin color?
Definition

- Dilation of dermal blood vessels

- Constriction of dermal blood vessels

- Accumulation of carotene

- Jaundice

Term
What are the environmental factors in skin color?
Definition

- Sunlight

- UV light from sunlamps

- X-rays

Term
What is the average thickness of the Dermis?
Definition
1.0 - 2.0 mm
Term
Why is the boundary between the empidermis and the dermis uneven?
Definition
Dermal papillae extend from the dermis into the spaces between the rediges.
Term
What is the role of the Dermal Papillae?
Definition
They increase the surface area where epidermal cells receive ogxygen and nutrients from dermal capillaries.
Term
Where is Dermal Papillae most abundant?
Definition
They are all over the body but most abundant in the hands and feet.
Term
What does the Dermis contain?
Definition

- Dermal papillae

- Muscle cells

- Specialized sensory receptors

- Hair Follicles

- Glands (sebaceous/sweat)

- Nerve cell processes

Term
What are the two layers of the Dermis?
Definition

- Papillary Layer

- Reticular Layer

Term
Where is the Papillary Layer of the Dermis?
Definition
The top (superficial) layer.  It is Areolar and thin.  Dermal Papillae are in this layer.
Term
Where is the Reticular Layer of the Dermis
Definition
The large bottom layer (most of Dermis) and is the dense irregular connective tissue
Term
What are the accessory structures from the Epidermis?
Definition

Nails

Hair Follicles

Skin Glands

Term
Name the 3 parts of the Nail:
Definition

- Nail plate

- Nail bed

- Lunula

Term
Name the three parts of Hair Follicles:
Definition

- Hair Root

- Hair Bulb

- Hair Shaft

Term
A Hair Follicle extends into the ______.
Definition
Dermis
Term
The Dermis binds the Epidermis to _________ _______.
Definition
underlying tissue
Term
Where does each hair develop?
Definition
At the base of a tubelike depression, called a hair follicle, from a group of epidermal cells.
Term
What determines hair color?
Definition
Type and amount of melanin
Term
What are the bundle of smooth muscle cells that attach to a hair follicle?
Definition
Arrector Pili
Term
What glands attach to a Hair Follicle?
Definition
Sebaceous glands and Aprocrine Sweat Glands
Term
What are sebaceous glands usually associated with?
Definition
Hair follicles
Term
What type of gland is the Sebaceous gland?
Definition
Holocrine Gland
Term
What is a Holocrine Gland?
Definition
Secretes entire disintegrated cells with secretory products
Term
What does the Sebaceous Gland secrete?
Definition
Sebum (fatty material and cellular debris)
Term
Where are Sebaceous glands absent?
Definition
On hands and feet
Term
What is another name for Sweat Glands?
Definition
Sudoriferous Glands
Term
What layer of skin do Sweat Glands originate?
Definition
Deep in the Dermis or Hypodermis
Term
Name two types of Sweat Glands
Definition

- Apocrine

- Eccrine

Term
What are the most numerous type of sweat gland?
Definition
Eccrine gland
Term
How does an Eccrine Gland secrete its fluid?
Definition
Through a duct that opens to a pore on the surface of the skin.
Term
How does an Aprocrine Gland secrete its fluid?
Definition
Into ducts that open into hair follicles.
Term
When do Aprocrine Glands start to develop?
Definition
In puberty
Term
Where are Aprocrine Glands most numerous?
Definition
Axillary regions and the groin.
Term
Name the Skin Glands
Definition

Sebaceous Glands

Sweat Glands

 - Eccrine glands

 - Apocrine glands

Ceruminous Glands

Mammory Glands

Term
What do Ceruminous Glands secrete?
Definition
Earwax in the external acoustic meatus
Term
What do Mammory Glands secrete?
Definition
Milk from the breast.
Term
Why is regulation of body temperature important?
Definition
Even slight shifts can disrupt rates of metabolic reactions.
Term
What does Cellular Metabolism produce?
Definition
Heat
Term
Heat is a product of _____ _______.
Definition
Cellular metabolism
Term
The more active body cells that produce heat are:
Definition

- Skeletal muscle

- Cardiac muscle

- Cells of certain glands (ie liver)

Term
What is the primary means of heat loss?
Definition
Radiation
Term
Name 4 forms of heat loss:
Definition

- Radiation

- Conduction

- Convection

- Evaporation

Term
What is Hyperthermia?
Definition
Abnormally high body temperature
Term
What is Hypothermia?
Definition
Abnormally low body temperature
Term
How do we lose heat by Radiation?
Definition
Infrared heat rays escape from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings.
Term
What is Conduction Heat Loss?
Definition
Heat moves from the body directly into the molecules of cooler objects in contact with it's surface (i.e. sitting on a chair that is cooler than your body temperature)
Term
What is Convection Heat Loss?
Definition
Continuous circulation of air over a warm surface
Term
What is Evaporation Heat Loss?
Definition
When body temp rises, the eccrine glands rlease sweat and as it evaporates off the skin it carries heat away.
Term
What is a normal response to injury or stress?
Definition
Inflammation
Term
When a tissue is damaged what happens to the blood vessels?
Definition
The blood vessels in the affected tissue dilate and become more permeable, allowing fluids to lead into the damaged tissue
Term
Inflamed skin may become:
Definition

- Reddened

- Swollen

- Warm

- Painful

Term
A shallow cut results in epidermal cells along its margin to:
Definition
Divide more rapidly (epidermis has no blood vessels)
Term
A deep cut results in blood vessels breaking which cause a _____ to form.
Definition
Clot
Term
Clot and dried tissue fluid form a ____.
Definition
Scab
Term
What cells remove dead cells and debris?
Definition
Phagocytic
Term
What stimulates new tissue formation?
Definition
Growth Factors
Term
What are Growth Factors (pertaining to cuts)?
Definition
Stimulate certain cells to divide
Term
How is a scar formed?
Definition
Excess collagenous fibers
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