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Holes Human Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 3
73
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/23/2013

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Term
Another name for the Cell Membrane is:
Definition
Plasma Membrane
Term
Location of the Cell Membrane
Definition
Outer limit of the cell
Term
The cell membrane is selectively permeable.  What does selectively permeable mean:
Definition
The cell membrane controls what move in and out of a cell.
Term
What is the outer most layer of the cell membrane made of:
Definition
A bilayer of Phosopholipids
Term
What is the Phosopholipid layer made of?
Definition

Heads - form surfaces and are hydrophilic

Tails - form the interior and are hydrophobic

It is permeable to lipid-soluble substances

Term
What does hydrophilic mean?
Definition

water-soluble

(attracts moisture)

Term
What does hydrophobic mean?
Definition

not water-soluble

(fear of water)

Term
What stabilizes the cell membrane?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
What are the building blocks of Proteins?
Definition
Amino Acids
Term
What type of Proteins are in a cell?
Definition

Receptors

Pores, channels and carriers

Enzymes

CAMs (cellular adhesion molecules)

Self-markers

Term
What is a cell membrane made up of?
Definition
Lipids, Proteins, and some Carbohydrates
Term

What is the role of CAMs

(cellular adhesion molecules)

Definition

They guide cells on the move

Important for growth of embryonic tissue

Important for growth of nerve cells

Term
What is the role of Selectin?
Definition
It allows white blood cells to "anchor"
Term
What is the role of Integrin?
Definition
Guides white blood cells through capillary walls
Term
What is the role fo the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Definition
Transport system made up of connected, membrane-bound sacs, canals and vesicles
Term
Name the two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
Definition

Rough ER

(Studded with ribosomes)

Smooth ER

(Lipid synthesis-added to proteins arriving from rough ER, and Break down of drugs)

Term
What are Ribosomes composed of?
Definition
Protein and RNA
Term
What is the role of Ribosomes?
Definition
Provide structural support and enzyme activity to amino acids to form protein
Term
Where are Ribosomes found in the cell?
Definition
They are the only organelle not composed of or contained in membranes.  They are free floating and bound to the end of endoplasmic reticulum.
Term
What is the Golgi Apparatus and what is its function?
Definition
Stack of flattened membranous sacs that modifies, packages and delivers proteins
Term
What are Vesicles?
Definition

membranous sacs that store and transport substances

(vesicle trafficking - transporting substances into and out of cells by a fleet of vesicles.)

Term
What do Mitochondria look like?
Definition

Two membrane layers - inner and outer.

The inner membrane folds in forming shelflike partitions called Cristae

Term
What is the function of Cristae?
Definition
Increase surface area which chemical reactions can occur.
Term
What is Cellular Respiration?
Definition
Chemical reactions that release energy from glucose or other nutrients.
Term
What is ATP?
Definition

Adenosine Triphosphate

The mitochondrian captures and transfers newly release energy (from cellular respiration) into special chemical bonds of the molecule ATP that cells can readily use.

Term
Why is Mitochondria called the "powerhouse" of the cell?
Definition
Because it captures and tranfers energy to ATP.
Term
What is the function of Lysosomes?
Definition
Enzyme containing sacs that digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances.
Term
What are Centrosomes?
Definition
Two rod like centrioles used to produce cilia and glagella.  Distributes chomosomes during cell division
Term
What are Peroxisomes?
Definition
Enzyme containing sacs that break down organic molecules.
Term
Describe Cilia
Definition
Short hair like projections that propel substances on cell surface.
Term
Describe Flagellum
Definition
Long tail like projection that provides motility to sperm.
Term
What are Microfilaments and Microtubules?
Definition

Thin rods and tubules

Support cytoplasm

Allows for movement of organelles

Term
What are the parts of the Cell Nucleus?
Definition

Nuclear envelope

Nucleolus

Chromatin

Term
What is the control center of the cell?
Definition
Cell Nucleus
Term
Describe the Nuclear Envelope
Definition
Porous double membrane that separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm
Term
Describe the Nucleolus
Definition

Dense collection of RNA and proteins,

Site of ribosome production

Term
What is Chromatin?
Definition

Consists of all the cells chromosomes, each containing DNA wound around proteins.  Fibers of DNA and proteins.

Stores information for synthesis of proteins.

Term
Name the 2 types of movements into and out of the cell:
Definition

Physical (Passive) Process

Physiological (Active) Process

Term
Describe and give examples of Physical (passive) processes:
Definition

Requires no cellular energy and include:

Simple diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Osmosis

Filtration

Term
Describe and give examples of Physiological (active) processes:
Definition

Require cellular energy and include:

Active transport

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Transcytosis

Term
Define Simple Diffusion:
Definition

Movement of substances from regions of higher concentrations to regions of lower concentration.

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and lipid-soluble substances.

Term
Describe Facilitated Diffusion
Definition

Diffusion across a membrane with the help of a channel or carrier molecule.

Glucose and amino acids.

Term

Describe Osmosis:

 

Definition

Movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration.

Water moves toward a higher concentration of solutes.

Term
What is Osmotic Pressure?
Definition
Ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water.  Osmostic pressure increases as the concentration of nonpermeable solutes increases.
Term
What is Isotonic?
Definition

Same osmotic pressure.

Cells placed in isotonic have no net gain or loss of water

Term
What is Hypertonic?
Definition

Higher osmotic pressure (water loss).

Cells placed in hypertonic solution lose water.

Term
What is Hypotonic?
Definition

Lower osmostic pressure (water gain).

Cells placed in hypotonic solution gain water.

Term
Describe Filtration:
Definition

When smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes.

(i.e. small molecules leaving blood capillaries.)

Requires hydrostatic pressure.

Term
Describe Active Transport:
Definition

Carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentrations.

Requires energy.

Sugars, amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions, etc.

Term
What is Sodium-Potassium Pump?
Definition

An Active transport mechanism.

Creates balance by pumping 3 sodium (Na+) out and 2 potassium (K+) into the cell.

(3:2 ratio)

Term
Describe Endocytosis:
Definition
Cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance.
Term
What are the Three types of Endocytostis?
Definition

Pinocytosis - substance is mostly water

Phagocytosis - substance is solid

Receptor-mediated endocytosis - requires the substances to bind to a membrane-bound receptor

Term
What is Exocytosis?
Definition

Reverse of endocytosis.

Substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane and the contents are released outside the cell.  Release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells.

Term
What is Transcytosis?
Definition

Endocytosis followed by exocytosis.

Transports a substance rapidly through a cell.

Term
What is the Cell Cycle?
Definition
Series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides.
Term
What are the stages of a cell cycle?
Definition

Interphase

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

Term
What is the Interphase of the cell cycle?
Definition
Cellular components duplicate.
Term
Describe Mitosis:
Definition
A form of cell division that occurs in somatic cells and produces two daughter cells from an original cell.  The new cells are identical with a complete set of 46 chromosomes.
Term
What does Cytokinesis mean?
Definition
Cell movement
Term
Describe Cytokinesis:
Definition

The cytoplasm is apportioned into the two daughter cells.

Cytoplasm division (in anaphase of mitosis)

Term
What is Karyokinesis and what does it mean?
Definition

The nuclear contents divide.

Meaning: Nucleus movement

Term
Name two types of Tumors:
Definition

Benign - usually remains localized

Malignant - invasive and can metastasize, cancerous

Term
What two major genes cause cancer?
Definition

Oncogenes

Tumor suppressor genes

Term
Describe Oncogenes:
Definition
Activate other genes the increase cell division.
Term
Describe Tumor suppressor genes:
Definition

They normally regulate mitosis.

If inactivated they are unable to regulate mitosis and cells are known as "immortal".

Term
What does Differentiation mean?
Definition
Specialization of cells.
Term
What is a stem cell?
Definition

Can divide to form two new stem cells (self renewal)

Can divide to form a stem call and a progenitor cell.

Term
What is a Progenitor cell?
Definition
A partly specialized cell that is the daugher of a stem cell but is intermediate between a stem cell and fully differntiated cell.
Term
Why is a Progenitor cell called "committed?"
Definition
Because its daugher cells can become any of a restricted number of cell types (called Totipotent).
Term
In a Progenitor cell, what does Pluripotent mean?
Definition

Can give rise to a restricted number of cell types.

(can follow several pathways, but not all of them).

Term
What is programmed cell death called?
Definition
Apoptosis
Term
What is Apoptosis?
Definition

Programmed cell death

Acts as protective mechanism

Is a continuous process

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