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Holes Human Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 2
62
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/14/2013

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Cards

Term
Reasons for Chemistry in Anatomy & Physiology Class
Definition

- body functions depend on cellular level

- cellular functions result from chemical changes

- biochemistry helps to explain physiological processes

Term
What is Matter?
Definition
Anything that takes up space, has weight (mass).  It's composed of elements.
Term
What are Elements?
Definition

* composed of chemically identical atoms

- Bulk elements: required by the body in large amounts

- trace elements: required by the body in small amounts

- ultratrace elements: required by the body in very minute amounts

Term
What are Atoms?
Definition
Smallest particle of an element.
Term
Examples of particles of Matter:
Definition

Atom - smallest particle of an element that has properties of that element.

Electron - small with almost no weight and carries a negative charge, stays in constant motion around nucleus of atom.

Proton - large and carries positive charge within nucleus

Neutron - same weight as proton, uncharged (neutral) within nucleus

Ion - Particle that is electricall charged because gained/lost electrons

Molecule - Particle formed by the chemical union of two or more atoms.

Term
All Matter is composed of:
Definition
Elements
Term
Elements are composed of:
Definition
Atoms of the same type
Term
Compounds are composed of:
Definition
Atoms of different types that are chemically bonded
Term
An Atom is composed of:
Definition

Protons - single positive charge

Electrons - single negative charge

Neutrons - no electrical charge

Term
What is the Nucleus?
Definition

Central part of an atom that is comprised of protons and neutrons.

Electrons move around the nucleus

Term
What is the Atomic Number?
Definition

The number of Protons in the nucleus of one atom.

Each element has a unique atomic number

Protons = # of electrons in an atom

Term
What is Atomic Weight?
Definition

Approximated by number of Protons and Neutrons in an atom because both have a weight of one.

Electrons do not contribute to the weight of the atom.

Term
What are Isotopes?
Definition

- Atoms with same atomic # but different atomic weights

- Different # of Neutrons

- Oxygen often form Isotropes (O16, O17, O18)

- Radioactive isotopes are unstable, releasing energy or pieces of themselves (atomic radiation)

(For an element, the atomic weight is often considered the average of the atomic weights of it's isotopes)

Term
What is a Molecule?
Definition
Particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combine
Term
What is a Compound?
Definition
Particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combined
Term
What are Molecular Formulas?
Definition

Depict the elements present and the number of each atom present in the molecule.

Examples: H2  C6H12O6  H2O

Term
What is a Bond?
Definition
When atoms bond with other atoms
Term
What is an Electron Shell?
Definition
Where the electron occupy region of space which circle the nucleus of an atom.
Term
What are the rules for an atom with atomic numbers of 18 or less?
Definition

- First electron shell can hold 2 electrons

- Second electron shell can hold up to 8 electrons

- Third electron shell can hold up to 8 electrons

Term
Which electron shell is filled first?
Definition
The inner most ring (1st shell)
Term
What is an Ion?
Definition

An atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable.

An electrically charged atom.

Term
What is Cation?
Definition

A positively charged ion that is formed when an atom loses electrons

Term
What is Anion?
Definition

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.

Term
What is an Ionic Bond?
Definition
An attraction between a cation and anion - formed when electrons are tranferred from one atom to another atom.
Term
What is a Covalent Bond?
Definition

Formed when atoms share electrons.

 i.e. two hydrogen atoms sharing 2 electrons 

Term
What is a structural formula?
Definition

Shows how atoms bond and are arranged in various molecules.

 

H - H = H2

Term
What are Polar Molecules?
Definition

- Molecule with slightly negative end and slightly positive end

- Results when electrons are not shared equally in covalent bonds

- Water is an important polar molecule

Term
What are Hydrogen Bonds?
Definition

- A weak attraction between positive end of one polar molecule and negative end of another polar molecule.

- Formed between water molecules

- Important for protein and nucleic acid structure

Term
What is a chemical reaction?
Definition

- Occur when chemical bonds form or break among atoms, ions, molecules

- Reactants are the starting materials for the reaction - the atoms, ions, or molecules

- Products are substances fomed at the end of the chemical reaction.

Term
Name 4 Types of Chemical Reactions:
Definition
1. Synthesis Reaction - more complex chemical structure is formed (A+B=AB)
2. Decomposition Reaction - chemical bonds are broken to form simpler chemical structure (AB = A+B)
3. Exchange Reaction - chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed (AB+CD = AD +CB)
4. Reversible Reaction - the products can change back to the reactants (A+B = AB = A+B)
Term
What are Electrolytes?
Definition

Substances that release ions in water

- Salts and minerals that can conduct electrical impulses in the body. Common human electrolytes are sodium chloride, potassium, calcium, and sodium bicarbonate. Electrolytes control the fluid balance of the body and are important in muscle contraction, energy generation, and almost every major biochemical reaction in the body.

Term
What are Acids?
Definition

Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water

(HCI = H+ + Ci-)

Term
What are Bases?
Definition

Substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions.

(NaOH = Na+ + OH-)

Term
What are Salts?
Definition

Electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base.

 

Term
What is pH scale?
Definition

Indicates the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.

-pH the symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution.  pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases.

Term
What does Neutral mean (with regards to pH)?
Definition

pH 7; indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH-

 

OH- is hydroxide

the OH anion
Term
What does Acidic mean?
Definition
pH is less than 7; indicates a greater concentration H+
Term
What does Basic or Alkaline mean?
Definition
pH greater than 7; indicates greater concentration of OH-
Term
What is normal Blood pH?
Definition
Normal blood pH is 7.35 - 7.45
Term
What is Alkalosis in blood pH?
Definition
Occurs when blood pH rises to 7.5 - 7.8
Term
What is Acidosis in blood pH?
Definition
Occurs when blood pH drops to 7.0 - 7.3
Term
What helps regulate pH?
Definition
Homeostatic mechanisms
Term
What acts to resist pH changes?
Definition

Buffers

(chemicals which act to resist pH changes)

Term
What are Organic Molecules?
Definition

- Contain C and H

- Usually larger than inorganic molecules

- Dissolve in water and organic fluids

- Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

Term
What are inorganic molecules?
Definition

- Generally do NOT contain H and C

- Usually smaller than organic molecules

- Usually dissociate in water, forming ions

- Water, Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and inorganic salts

Term
Describe Water (inorganic):
Definition

- Most abundant compound in living material

- Two-thirds of the weight of an adult human

- Major composnent of all body fluids

- Medium for most metabolic reactions

- Important role in transporting chemicals in the body

- Absorbs and transports heat

Term
Describe Oxygen (inorganic):
Definition

- Used by organelles to release energy from nutrients in order to drive cells metabolic activities

- Necessary for survival

Term
Describe Carbon Dioxide (inorganic):
Definition

- Waste product released during metabolic reactions

- Must be removed from body

Term
Describe Inorganic Salts:
Definition

- Abundant in body fluids

- Sources of necessary ions (Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca+2, etc.)

- Play important roles in metabolism

Term
What are Carbohydrates (organic)?
Definition
Any of a group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums and serves as a major energy source in the diet of animals. These compounds are produced by photosynthetic plants and contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio 1:2:1.

- Provide energy to cells

- Supply materials to build cell structures

- Water-soluble

- Contains C, H, and O

- Ration of H to O is close to 2:1 (C6H12O6)

Term
Examples of Carbohydrates:
Definition

- Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose

- Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose

- Polysaccharides: glycogen, cellulose

Term
What are Lipids (organic)?
Definition
Any of a group of organic compounds, including the fats, oils, waxes, sterols, and triglycerides, that are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents, are oily to the touch, and together with carbohydrates and proteins constitute the principal structural material of living cells.
Term
Most common Lipid in the body:
Definition

Triglycerides

(fats)

Used primarily for energy

Contain C, H, O but less Oxygen than carbohydrates

Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule (saturated fats come from animals and are mostly solid.  Unsaturated fats come from plants and are mostly liquid.)

Term
What are Phospholipids?
Definition

- Building blocks are 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate per molecules

- Hydrophilic and hydrophobic

- Major component of cell membranes

Term
What are Triglycerides?
Definition

Fats used primarily for energy

Contain C, H, O but less Oxygen than carbohydrates

Building blocks are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids per molecule

Saturated fats come from animals and are mostly solid. 

Unsaturated fats come from plants and are mostly liquid.

Term
What are Steroids?
Definition

- Type of Lipid

- Four connected rings of carbon

- Widely distributed in the body, various functions

- Component of cell membrane

- used to synthesize hormones

- cholesterol

Term
What is Protein (organic):
Definition
Proteins are fundamental components of all living cells and include many substances, such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, that are necessary for the proper functioning of an organism. They are essential in the diet of animals for the growth and repair of tissue and can be obtained from foods such as meat, fish, eggs, milk, and legumes.
Term
Amino Acids are:
Definition
Protein building blocks are amino acids
Term
Amino acids are held together with:
Definition
Peptide bonds
Term
Describe Proteins:
Definition

- structural material

- energy source

- hormones

- receptors

- enzymes

- antibodies

Term
What are the 4 levels of Protein Structure?
Definition

- Primary Structure (amino acids join to from a polypetide chain)

- Secondary Structure (polypeptide chain either pleated or twisted to form a coil)

- Tertiary Structure (Pleated and coiled polypeptide chain folds to a unique 3 dimensional structure)

- Quaternary Structure (two or more polypeptide chains connected to form a single protein molecule)

Term
What is Nucleic Acids (organic)?
Definition
Any of a group of complex compounds found in all living cells and viruses, composed of purines, pyrimidines, carbohydrates, and phosphoric acid. Nucleic acids in the form of DNA and RNA control cellular function and heredity.
- Encode amino acids sequences of proteins
- Building blocks are nucleotides
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