- Covers organs and body surface/lines cavities and hollow organs

•Have a free surface on one side and basement membrane on other

•Usually lack blood vessels

•Cells readily divide

•Cells are tightly packed

•Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers

•Shapes – squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube shaped), columnar (tall)

•Layers – simple (one layer of cells), stratified (more than one layer of cells)

- Squamous (flat)

- Cuboidal (cube shaped)

- Columnar (tall)

Simple layer is one layer of cells

Stratified layer is more than one layer of cells

-Singler layer of flat cells

-Substances pass easily through

-Lines air sacs, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

- single layer of cube shaped cells

- secretes and absorbs

- lines kidney tubules and ducts of some glands

- covers ovaries

- lines kidney tubules

- single layer of elongated cells

- nuclei usually near the basement

- membrane at same level

- sometimes possess cilia

- sometimes possess microvilli

- often has goblet cells (secrete mucus)

- lines uterus, stomach, intestines

- single layer of elongated cells

- nuclei at two or more levels giving appearance of being stratified

- often has cilia

- often has goblet cells (secretes mucus)

- lines respiratory passageways

- many cell layers

- top cells are flat

- can accumulate keratin

- outer layer of skin, lines oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal

- 2-3 layers, form lining of a lumen

- cube shaped cells

- lines ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas

Squamous - flat

Cuboidal - cube shaped

Columnar - elongated cube (tall)

- Top layer of elongated cells

- Cube-shaped cells in deeper layers

- Lines par of male urethra and part of pharynx

- Many cell layers

- Cube-shaped and elongated cells

- Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

1. Endocrine Glands - secrete into tissue fluid or blood

2. Exocrine Glands - secrete into ducts

- Composed of one cell

- Goblet cell (secretes mucus)

- Composed of many cells

- Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc.

- Simple and compound

1. Simple Tubular

2. Simmple Branched Tubular

3. Simple Coiled Tubular

4. Simple Branched Alveolar

5. Compound Tubular

6. Compound Alveolar

Merocrine Glands

Apocrine Glands

Holocrine Glands

Type of glandular secretion:

- Secrete through exocytosis

- Fluid product

- Salivary Glands

- Pancreas Glands

- Sweat Glands

Type of glandular secretion:

- Cellular product

- Portions of cells

- Mammary glands

- Ceruminous glands

Type of glandular secretion:

- Secretory products

- Whole cells

- Sebaceous glands

- Most abundant tissue type, comprise much of the body

- Fibrous tissue

- Have extracellular matrix made of protein fibers and ground substances

- Have varying degress of vascularity

- Have cells that usually divide

- Binds structures

- Provide support and protection

- Serve as frameworks

- Fill spaces

- Store fat

- Produce blood cells

- Protect against infections

- Help repair tissue damage

1. Fibroblasts

2. Macrophages

3. Mast Cells

(also has collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers)

The most common type of fixed cell in connective tissue:

- Large, star-shaped

- Secret proteins into the extracellular matrix of connective tissue that become fibers

A cell in connective tissue:

- Originate as white blood cells

- Wandering cell (move through & appear in tissue temporarily in response to injury/infection)

- Phagocytic (carry on phagocytosis)

- Scavenger cells, clearing foreign particles from tissue

- Important in immunity and prevention of infection

A cell in connective tissue:

- Fixed cell near blood vessels

- Release heparin

- Release histamine

1. Connective Tissue Proper

2. Specialized Connective Tissue

two types:

1. Loose connective tissue - areolar, adipose, reticular

2. Dense connective tissue - dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

(areolar - A small space in a tissue or part)

- Cartilage

- Bone

- Blood

1. Collagenous Fibers

2. Elastic Fibers

3. Reticular Fibers

A type of connective tissue fiber:

- Thick threads of the protein collagen

- major structural protein of the body

- Great tensile strength (resist considerable pulling force)

- Hold structures together

- Appear white in abundance

A type of connective tissue fiber:

- Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin

- Fibers branch

- Elastic

- Appear yellow in abundance

A type of connective tissue fiber:

- Very thin collagenous fibers

- Highly branched

- Form delicate supportive networks

1. Areolar Connective Tissue

2. Adipose Connective Tissue

3. Reticular Connective Tissue

4. Dense Regular Connective Tissue

5. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

6. Elastic Connective Tissue

7. Cartilage (3 types of cartilage)

8. Bone (Osseous Tissue)

9. Blood

Describe Areolar Connective Tissue:

(areolar - A small space in a tissue or part)

- Gel-like ground substance

- Form delicate thin membranes throughout the body

- Mainly composed of fibroblasts with some Collagenous fibers and Elastic fibers

- Beneath most epithelia, Binds skin to structures

- Blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells

- Found in subcutaneous layer beneath the skin and surrounding organs.

- Adipocytes

- cushions

- Insulates

- Stores fats

- Beneath skin

- Behind eyeballs

- Around kidneys and heart

- Between muscles

- Composed of reticular fibers

- Supports internal organ walls

- Walls of liver, spleen

- Closely packed collagenous fibers

- Elastic fibers

- Fibroblasts

- Very strong

- Binds body parts together

- Tendons, ligaments, dermis

- Poor blood supply; slow to heal

- Randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers

- Dermis of skin

- Around skeletal muscles

- composed of spring like protein called elastin.  Abundant in elastic fibers.

- Branch, forming complex networks in various tissues.

- after being stretched can resume normal length and shape and in body parts normally subjected to stretching (vocal cords, air passages, walls of large arteries, airways, heart)

- Fibroblasts, some collagenous fibers

- Rigid matrix containing gel-like ground substance

- Chondrocytes in lacunae

- Poor blood supply

- Covered by perichondrium

- Three types of Cartilage (Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage)

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

- Most abundant

- Fine collagenous fibers

- End of bones

- Nose, respiratory passages

- Embryonic skeletal

- Flexible (due to elastic fibers)

- External ear, larynx

- Very tough (due to many collagneous fibers)

- Shock absorber

- Intervertebral discs

- Pads of knee and pelvic girdle

- Solid matrix

- Supports

- Protects

- Forms blood cells

- Attachment for muscles

- Skeleton

- Osteocytes in lacunae

- Fluid matrix called plasma

- Red blood cells

- White blood cells

- Platelets

- Transports

- Defends

Serous Membranes

Mucous Membranes

Cutaneous Membranes

Synovial Membranes

- Lines body cavities that do not open to the outside

- Reduce friction

- Inner lining of thorax and abdomen

- Secrete serous fluid

- Line tubes and organs that open to outside of body

- Lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

- Secrete mucus

- Covers body

- Skin

- Composed entirely of connective tissue

- Lines joints

- Muscle cells also called muscle fibers

- Contractile

- 3 Types of muscle tissue: Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

- attached to bones

- striated

- voluntary

- walls of organs

- walls of blood vessels

- skin

- non-striated

- involuntary

- heart wall

- Intercalated discs

- striated

- involuntary

- Brain

- Spinal Cord

- Peripheral Nerves

Sensory reception

Conduction of nerve impulses

- Released by Mast cells

- A compound that prevents blood clotting.

(potent anticoagulant properties)

- Released by Mast cells

- A substance that promotes some of the reactions associated with inflammation and allergies, such as asthma and hay fever.

Fibroblasts

Macrophages

Mast Cells

(Fibers: collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers)