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Holes Human Anatomy Chapter 5
Chapter 5 - Tissue
77
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/03/2013

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Term
Define Tissue
Definition
Similar cells with a common function
Term
The Study of tissues is called:
Definition
Histology
Term
Name 4 major tissue types:
Definition
1.Epithelial Tissue
2.Connective Tissue
3.Muscle Tissue
4.Nervous Tissue
Term
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue:
Definition

- Covers organs and body surface/lines cavities and hollow organs

Have a free surface on one side and basement membrane on other

Usually lack blood vessels

Cells readily divide

Cells are tightly packed

Classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers

Shapes – squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube shaped), columnar (tall)

Layers – simple (one layer of cells), stratified (more than one layer of cells)

Term
Shapes of Epithelial Tissue:
Definition

- Squamous (flat)

- Cuboidal (cube shaped)

- Columnar (tall)

Term
What is a simple layer vs. stratified layer?
Definition

Simple layer is one layer of cells

Stratified layer is more than one layer of cells

Term
Describe Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue:
Definition

-Singler layer of flat cells

-Substances pass easily through

-Lines air sacs, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

Term
Describe simple cuboidal epithelial tissue:
Definition

- single layer of cube shaped cells

- secretes and absorbs

- lines kidney tubules and ducts of some glands

- covers ovaries

- lines kidney tubules

Term
Describe simple columnar epithelial tissue:
Definition

- single layer of elongated cells

- nuclei usually near the basement

- membrane at same level

- sometimes possess cilia

- sometimes possess microvilli

- often has goblet cells (secrete mucus)

- lines uterus, stomach, intestines

Term
Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue:
Definition

- single layer of elongated cells

- nuclei at two or more levels giving appearance of being stratified

- often has cilia

- often has goblet cells (secretes mucus)

- lines respiratory passageways

 

Term
Describe stratified squamous epithelial tissue:
Definition

- many cell layers

- top cells are flat

- can accumulate keratin

- outer layer of skin, lines oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal

Term
Describe stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue:
Definition

- 2-3 layers, form lining of a lumen

- cube shaped cells

- lines ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas

Term
What is Lumen?
Definition
the cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ
Term
How are Epithelial cells classified?
Definition
According to cell shape and number of cell layers
Term
Name the 3 shapes of epithelial tissue
Definition

Squamous - flat

Cuboidal - cube shaped

Columnar - elongated cube (tall)

Term
Describe Stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue:
Definition

- Top layer of elongated cells

- Cube-shaped cells in deeper layers

- Lines par of male urethra and part of pharynx

Term
Describe Transitional Epithelial Tissue
Definition

- Many cell layers

- Cube-shaped and elongated cells

- Line urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra

Term
What is Glandular Epithelium?
Definition
Composed of cells that are specialized to produce and secrete substances
Term
Name the two types of Glandular Epithelium Tissue:
Definition

1. Endocrine Glands - secrete into tissue fluid or blood

2. Exocrine Glands - secrete into ducts

Term
Describe Unicellular Exocrine Gland:
Definition

- Composed of one cell

- Goblet cell (secretes mucus)

Term
Describe Multicellular Exocrine Gland:
Definition

- Composed of many cells

- Sweat glands, salivary glands, etc.

- Simple and compound

Term
Name 6 Structural Types of Exocrine Glands:
Definition

1. Simple Tubular

2. Simmple Branched Tubular

3. Simple Coiled Tubular

4. Simple Branched Alveolar

5. Compound Tubular

6. Compound Alveolar

Term
Name 3 types of Glandular Secretions:
Definition

Merocrine Glands

Apocrine Glands

Holocrine Glands

Term
Describe Merocrine Glands:
Definition

Type of glandular secretion:

- Secrete through exocytosis

- Fluid product

- Salivary Glands

- Pancreas Glands

- Sweat Glands

Term
Describe Apocrine Glands:
Definition

Type of glandular secretion:

- Cellular product

- Portions of cells

- Mammary glands

- Ceruminous glands

Term
Describe Holocrine Glands:
Definition

Type of glandular secretion:

- Secretory products

- Whole cells

- Sebaceous glands

Term
Give the general characteristics of Connective Tissue:
Definition

- Most abundant tissue type, comprise much of the body

- Fibrous tissue

- Have extracellular matrix made of protein fibers and ground substances

- Have varying degress of vascularity

- Have cells that usually divide

Term
What are the functions of Connective Tissue?
Definition

- Binds structures

- Provide support and protection

- Serve as frameworks

- Fill spaces

- Store fat

- Produce blood cells

- Protect against infections

- Help repair tissue damage

Term
Name the Major Cell Types of Connective Tissue:
Definition

1. Fibroblasts

2. Macrophages

3. Mast Cells

(also has collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers)

Term
What are Fibroblasts?
Definition

The most common type of fixed cell in connective tissue:

- Large, star-shaped

- Secret proteins into the extracellular matrix of connective tissue that become fibers

Term
What are Macrophages (Histiocytes)?
Definition

A cell in connective tissue:

- Originate as white blood cells

- Wandering cell (move through & appear in tissue temporarily in response to injury/infection)

- Phagocytic (carry on phagocytosis)

- Scavenger cells, clearing foreign particles from tissue

- Important in immunity and prevention of infection

Term
What are Mast Cells?
Definition

A cell in connective tissue:

- Fixed cell near blood vessels

- Release heparin

- Release histamine

Term
Name two categories of Connective Tissue:
Definition

1. Connective Tissue Proper

2. Specialized Connective Tissue

Term
Describe Connective Tissue Proper:
Definition

two types:

1. Loose connective tissue - areolar, adipose, reticular

2. Dense connective tissue - dense regular, dense irregular, elastic

(areolar - A small space in a tissue or part)

Term
What is Specialized Connective Tissue?
Definition

- Cartilage

- Bone

- Blood

Term
What are 3 types of Connective Tissue Fibers:
Definition

1. Collagenous Fibers

2. Elastic Fibers

3. Reticular Fibers

Term
Describe Collagenous Fibers:
Definition

A type of connective tissue fiber:

- Thick threads of the protein collagen

- major structural protein of the body

- Great tensile strength (resist considerable pulling force)

- Hold structures together

- Appear white in abundance

Term
Describe Elastic Fibers:
Definition

A type of connective tissue fiber:

- Bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin

- Fibers branch

- Elastic

- Appear yellow in abundance

Term
Describe Reticular Fibers:
Definition

A type of connective tissue fiber:

- Very thin collagenous fibers

- Highly branched

- Form delicate supportive networks

Term
Name Types of Connective Tissue:
Definition

1. Areolar Connective Tissue

2. Adipose Connective Tissue

3. Reticular Connective Tissue

4. Dense Regular Connective Tissue

5. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

6. Elastic Connective Tissue

7. Cartilage (3 types of cartilage)

8. Bone (Osseous Tissue)

9. Blood

Term

Describe Areolar Connective Tissue:

(areolar - A small space in a tissue or part)

Definition

- Gel-like ground substance

- Form delicate thin membranes throughout the body

- Mainly composed of fibroblasts with some Collagenous fibers and Elastic fibers

- Beneath most epithelia, Binds skin to structures

- Blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells

- Found in subcutaneous layer beneath the skin and surrounding organs.

Term
Describe Adipose Connective Tissue:
Definition

- Adipocytes

- cushions

- Insulates

- Stores fats

- Beneath skin

- Behind eyeballs

- Around kidneys and heart

- Between muscles

Term
Describe Reticular Connective Tissue:
Definition

- Composed of reticular fibers

- Supports internal organ walls

- Walls of liver, spleen

Term
Describe Regular Connective Tissue:
Definition

- Closely packed collagenous fibers

- Elastic fibers

- Fibroblasts

- Very strong

- Binds body parts together

- Tendons, ligaments, dermis

- Poor blood supply; slow to heal

Term
Describe Irregular Connective Tissue:
Definition

- Randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers

- Dermis of skin

- Around skeletal muscles

Term
What is Elastic Connective Tissue?
Definition

- composed of spring like protein called elastin.  Abundant in elastic fibers.

- Branch, forming complex networks in various tissues.

- after being stretched can resume normal length and shape and in body parts normally subjected to stretching (vocal cords, air passages, walls of large arteries, airways, heart)

- Fibroblasts, some collagenous fibers

Term
Describe Cartilage Connective Tissue:
Definition

- Rigid matrix containing gel-like ground substance

- Chondrocytes in lacunae

- Poor blood supply

- Covered by perichondrium

- Three types of Cartilage (Hyaline, Elastic, Fibrocartilage)

Term
Name 3 types of Cartilage:
Definition

Hyaline cartilage

Elastic cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Term
Describe Hyaline Cartilage:
Definition

- Most abundant

- Fine collagenous fibers

- End of bones

- Nose, respiratory passages

- Embryonic skeletal

Term
Describe Elastic Cartilage:
Definition

- Flexible (due to elastic fibers)

- External ear, larynx

Term
Describe Fibrocartilage:
Definition

- Very tough (due to many collagneous fibers)

- Shock absorber

- Intervertebral discs

- Pads of knee and pelvic girdle

Term
Describe Bone (Osseous Tissue) Connective Tissue:
Definition

- Solid matrix

- Supports

- Protects

- Forms blood cells

- Attachment for muscles

- Skeleton

- Osteocytes in lacunae

Term
What is Lacuna?
Definition
A small pit or hallow cavity
Term
Describe Blood Connective Tissue:
Definition

- Fluid matrix called plasma

- Red blood cells

- White blood cells

- Platelets

- Transports

- Defends

Term
What is Matrix?
Definition
the intercellular substance of a tissue or the tissue from which a structure develops
Term
Name 4 types of epithelial membranes:
Definition

Serous Membranes

Mucous Membranes

Cutaneous Membranes

Synovial Membranes

Term
Describe Serous Membranes:
Definition

- Lines body cavities that do not open to the outside

- Reduce friction

- Inner lining of thorax and abdomen

- Secrete serous fluid

Term
Describe Mucous Membranes:
Definition

- Line tubes and organs that open to outside of body

- Lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

- Secrete mucus

Term
Describe Cutaneous Membranes:
Definition

- Covers body

- Skin

Term
Describe Synovial Membranes:
Definition

- Composed entirely of connective tissue

- Lines joints

Term
Describe the general characteristics of Muscle Tissue:
Definition

- Muscle cells also called muscle fibers

- Contractile

- 3 Types of muscle tissue: Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

Term
Describe Skeletal muscle tissue:
Definition

- attached to bones

- striated

- voluntary

Term
Describe Smooth muscle tissue:
Definition

- walls of organs

- walls of blood vessels

- skin

- non-striated

- involuntary

Term
Describe Cardiac muscle tissue:
Definition

- heart wall

- Intercalated discs

- striated

- involuntary

Term
Where is Nervous Tissue found?
Definition

- Brain

- Spinal Cord

- Peripheral Nerves

Term
Name the functional cells of the Nervous Tissue?
Definition
Neurons
Term
What is the role of Neuroglial cells in Nervous Tissue?
Definition
Support and bind nervous tissue components
Term
Function of Nervous Tissue:
Definition

Sensory reception

Conduction of nerve impulses

Term
What is Heparin?
Definition

- Released by Mast cells

- A compound that prevents blood clotting.

(potent anticoagulant properties)

Term
What is Histamine?
Definition

- Released by Mast cells

- A substance that promotes some of the reactions associated with inflammation and allergies, such as asthma and hay fever.

Term
What is Collagen?
Definition
Aany of a family of extracellular, closely related proteins occurring as a major component of connective tissue, giving it strength and flexibility
Term
What is Dense Connective Tissue?
Definition
A tissue containing abundant collagenous fibers.  It appears white (sometimes called white fibers).
Term
What is Loose Connective Tissue?
Definition
Tissue that has sparce collagenous fibers.
Term
What are the major components of Connective Tissue?
Definition

Fibroblasts

Macrophages

Mast Cells

(Fibers: collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers)

Term
What is the function of Keratinization?
Definition
Proteins called keratine produces a covering of dry, tough protective material that prevents water and other substances from escaping the underlying tissues and blocks chemicals and microorganisms from entering.
Term
What is extracellular matrix composed of?
Definition
Protein fibers and ground substance
Term
Merocrine glands secrete what two fluids?
Definition
Serous Fluid and Mucus
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