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Holes Human Anatomy
Final
125
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/04/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
During the first meiotic division ___ __ pairs separate.
Definition
homologous chromosome
Term
__occurs during prophase I
Definition
Synapsis
Term
The epithelium of the seminiferous tubules consists of__ cells and ___ cells
Definition
spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells
Term
The number of sperm cells that form from a primary spermatocyte is ___
Definition
4
Term
The head of a sperm is mostly __
Definition
nucleus
Term
The __ gland is an unpaired structure
Definition
Prostate
Term
The ___ glands secrete a mucus-like fluid
Definition
bulbourethral
Term
Semen consists of sperm and secretions, is alkaline, includes __ and ____ and travels in the urethra
Definition
prostaglandins and nutrients
Term
Causes of erectile dysfunction include underlying disease, such as __ ___
Definition
diabetes mellitus
Term
The epididymis, coiled on the outer surface of the testis, becomes the ___ ____
Definition
ductus deferens
Term
The average length of the epididymis is __ meters
Definition
6
Term
Sperm cells are stored primarily in the ___
Definition
epididymides
Term
Male reproductive functions are controlled mainly by hormones from the __, and anterior __ gland and testes
Definition
hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and
Term
The interstitial cells of the testes produce __
Definition
androgens
Term
The level of testosterone in the blood is __ by LH causing the interstitial cells to ___ testosterone
Definition
increased....release
Term
The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the __
Definition
cervix
Term
The egg, or ovum, is more correctly called a secondary __
Definition
oocyte
Term
Fertilization normally occurs in the __ ___
Definition
uterine tube
Term
The inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the __
Definition
endometrium
Term
The first step in oogenesis is a oocyte ___ to form a __ oocyte and a first __ body
Definition
primary oocyte divides to form a secondary and a first polar body
Term
The female structure that corresponds to the male penis is the __
Definition
clitoris
Term
In females, the urethra is immediately ____ to the vagina
Definition
anterior
Term
__ is due to aging of the ovaries
Definition
Menopause
Term
The hormone mainly responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics is
Definition
estrogen
Term
About the time of ovulation, the anterior __ gland releases a surge of __
Definition
pituitary...LH
Term
Signs of menopause include shrinking of the ___,___, AND___
Definition
vagina, uterus, and breasts
Term
A woman going through menopause can take __ ___therapy to minimize the symptoms
Definition
hormone replacement
Term
The glands in a lobe of a breast drain into __ ducts, which drain into a __ duct that leads to the nipple
Definition
alveolar ducts, which drain into a lactiferous duct
Term
The Rhythm method, Chemical barriers, Oral contraceptives and Intrauterine devices are all forms of ___
Definition
contraception
Term
The __ gland is the size and shape of a walnut or chestnut
Definition
prostate
Term
In ___ , tissue resembling the inner uterine lining grows in the __ cavity.
Definition
endometriosis tissue resembling the inner uterine lining grows in the abdominal cavity
Term
A __ ___is used to detect abnormal cells in the __
Definition
Pap smear is used to detect abnormal cells in the cervix
Term
Oral contraceptives may cause increased skin _,_ tenderness,fluid __, and __
Definition
pigmentation, breast tenderness, fluid retention and nausea.
Term
Human prenatal development takes __ weeks
Definition
38
Term
Muscle contractions of the __ walls and __ in the semen aid sperm cell movement through the uterus and uterine tubes
Definition
uterine walls and prostaglandins
Term
An enzyme that sperm secretes that is important for penetration is -
Definition
hyaluronidase
Term
The nuclei from the approaching sperm and egg are called __
Definition
pronuclei
Term
The ___is loosely organized connective tissue
Definition
Mesoderm
Term
__ is regulated by positive feedback control
Definition
Labor
Term
The fetus is protected from certain infections by __ from the mother's immune system
Definition
antibodies
Term
The hormone measured in a pregnancy test is__ .
Definition
hCG
Term
The cells of a __ that give rise to the body of the developing offspring constitute the __ cell mass
Definition
blastocyst...inner
Term
The __ membrane is composed of a double layer of epithelial cells
Definition
placental
Term
The __ __is a fetal vessel that transports blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava
Definition
ductus venosus
Term
The __ __is an opening that allows fetal blood to pass from the__atrium to the ___ atrium
Definition
foramen ovale ...right atrium to the left atrium
Term
The fetal blood that passes through the ductus venosus is relatively high in __ and __.
Definition
oxygen and nutrients
Term
As a result of the foramen ovale, blood is allowed to __ the lungs
Definition
bypass
Term
The ductus ___ allows fetal blood to move from the ___ trunk into the aorta
Definition
arteriosus..pulmonary
Term
The __ is composed of tissues from the mother and embryo
Definition
placenta
Term
The fetal stage of development begins __ weeks after fertilization, is when the organ systems are mostly formed, although immature, the head is disproportionately large compared to the rest of the body at the beginning of the stage and it comes after the ___ period
Definition
8...embryonic
Term
A major difference between fetal blood flow and adult blood flow is that in the fetus the inferior vena cava contains blood___in ___
Definition
high in oxygen
Term
Nerves are not derived from the same primary germ layer as blood __, __, __ and bone marrow
Definition
vessels, muscles, bones and bone marrow
Term
The external genitalia of the fetus can be distinguished as male or female by about __ weeks after fertilization
Definition
12
Term
Dizygotic twins result from __ egg cells and ___ sperm cells
Definition
two..two
Term
__are substances that cause congenital malformations.
Definition
Teratogens
Term
A ___ is a cell produced by cleavage and a __ is a hallow ball of cells
Definition
blastomere..blastocyst
Term
The implantation of the blastocyst results from enzymes ___ the endometrium around the blastocyst
Definition
digesting
Term
hCG helps protect the blastocyst against being __
Definition
rejected
Term
The major body part(s) derived from ectoderm are __ system and __
Definition
nervous...skin
Term
The major body parts derived from endoderm are the epithelial lining of the __ tract, __ tract, __ bladder and __
Definition
digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary bladder and urethra
Term
The term newborn refers to the period from birth through the first__ weeks, whereas the term infant refers to the period from the first month to __ year.
Definition
four..1
Term
__ concentration of ___ dioxide, __ pH, ___ oxygen concentration and Drop in body temperature all stimulates a newborn's first breath
Definition
Increasing concentration of carbon..Decreasing pH, Low oxygen concentration and Drop in body temperature all stimulates a newborn's first breath
Term
__ provides the main source of energy for a newborn during its first few days
Definition
Fat
Term
As a rule, during ___ skeletal muscles tend to lose strength, the circulatory system becomes less efficient, the skin becomes less elastic and weight usually increases
Definition
adulthood
Term
__ is a breakdown of structures and slowing of functions
Definition
Passive aging
Term
__ occurs from the embryo onward.
Definition
Apoptosis
Term
The three leading causes of death in the United States are __ disease, __, &__.
Definition
heart disease,cancer, &stroke.
Term
The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome include reduced __ size, impaired __, abnormal __ features and slow growth
Definition
head..intellect..facial
Term
__are people who live past 100 years
Definition
Centenarians
Term
The human genome consists of ___, most of which does not encode protein
Definition
DNA
Term
A __ is a DNA sequence that contains the information for producing one type of protein
Definition
gene
Term
__is the study of inheritance of characteristics
Definition
Genetics
Term
The origin of the__ chromosomes in a human zygote is ___from the sperm and __from the egg
Definition
46....half...half
Term
The processes that pass genetic information from generation to generation are ___ and
Definition
meiosis and fertilization
Term
The two types of information needed to predict the ___ pattern of a trait are the way genes are distributed in meiosis and the way that they come together when sperm joins egg.
Definition
inheritance
Term
The two types of chromosomes are __ chromosomes and __
Definition
sex and autosomes
Term
A __ is a size-ordered chart of chromosomes
Definition
karyotype
Term
A __ typically has many alleles because there are many ways that the DNA sequence can vary
Definition
gene
Term
A person can have at most __ different alleles of a gene because one allele of a gene is carried on each of two homologous chromosomes
Definition
two
Term
Identical alleles are said to be __
Definition
homozygous
Term
Different alleles of the same gene are said to be ___
Definition
heterozygous
Term
An allele that masks the effect of another is __
Definition
dominant
Term
The genotypes and phenotypes that result from a cross of __ and __ (A = normal pigmentation and a = albinism) are phenotypes-all normal; genotypes-50% homozygous dominant and 50% heterozygous
Definition
AA...Aa
Term
The phenotypes and genotypes that result from a cross of __ and __ (A = normal pigmentation and a = albinism) are phenotypes-50% normal and 50% albino; genotypes-50% heterozygous and 50% homozygous recessive
Definition
Aa...aa
Term
The genotypes and phenotypes that result from the cross of Aa and Aa (A = normal pigmentation and a = albinism) are phenotypes-3 normal: 1 albino; genotypes- __homozygous dominant: 2 heterozygous: 1 homozygous recessive
Definition
1
Term
An allele that is not expressed in the heterozygous condition is __
Definition
recessive
Term
In a __ dominant-recessive inheritance pattern, 50% of the offspring would exhibit the dominant trait if one parent is __ and the other is__ recessive
Definition
simple...heterozygous...homozygous
Term
In __ dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between that of either homozygote
Definition
incomplete
Term
A nearly purely polygenic trait is __ __
Definition
eye color
Term
A __ trait is caused by one or more genes and the environment
Definition
multifactorial
Term
A __ curve is characteristic of the distribution of phenotypes of a multifactorial trait because the phenotypes at the ends of the curve correspond to fewer genotypes than the phenotypes at the middle of the distribution
Definition
bell
Term
Possible offspring of a colorblind man and a normal (not colorblind) woman who is homozygous dominant for the trait are all __ color vision
Definition
normal
Term
__ is a defect in the clotting mechanism
Definition
Hemophilia
Term
An example of a sex-influenced trait is __
Definition
baldness
Term
___ syndrome is caused by nondisjunction or a translocation
Definition
Down
Term
A procedure used to obtain enough fetal tissue sampled through the cervix to test for genetic disorders without culturing cells is __ __ sampling.
Definition
chorionic villus
Term
During __ fetal fibroblasts in amniotic fluid are cultured and a karyotype constructed.
Definition
amniocentesis
Term
An __can be performed anytime during pregnancy
Definition
Ultrasound
Term
__ expression profiling detects the mRNAs present in a particular cell type under particular conditions.
Definition
Gene
Term
The advantage of using a DNA microarray that represents the entire human genome instead of profiling only certain genes is that it may__ proteins that were not __ to be involved in a particular cell type or physiological state.
Definition
implicate ...hypothesized
Term
T/F Gametes pass genetic information from generation to generation
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F The expression of an inherited trait is the genotype and the DNA sequence is the phenotype.
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F A recessive allele masks the effect of a dominant allele
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F The umbilical cord contains two umbilical veins
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F The fetal stage of development begins at the end of the eighth week
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F The ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to bypass the lungs
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F In a fetus, the umbilical arteries arise from the renal arteries
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F The neonatal period of development extends from birth to the end of one year
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F An autosomal dominant condition in a family will disappear if in any generation no one inherits the disease
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F An autosomal condition affects only males.
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F In incomplete dominance, the phenotype of a heterozygote is in between that of either homozygote.
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F Beard growth is a sex-influenced trait
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F Chorionic villus sampling can be performed earlier in pregnancy than amniocentesis
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F The testes originate from tissues posterior to the parietal pleura.
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F The ductus deferentia are muscular tubes about 25 centimeters long
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F As many as twenty primary ovarian follicles may reach full development at any one time.
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F Development is a continuous process and includes growth.
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F Progesterone in semen stimulates the movement of sperm cells
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F Proteolytic enzymes from the embryo aid implantation of an embryo.
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F The primary function of surfactant is to increase surface tension in the newborn's lungs
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F After birth, the ductus arteriosus constricts and becomes the ligamentum arteriosum.
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F Some factors that help to stimulate the newborn's first breath are increasing CO2, decreasing pH, decreasing O2, decreasing body temperature, and mechanical stimulation.
Definition
TRUE
Term
T/F The adolescent period begins at the end of the first year and completes at puberty.
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F The field of genetics deals only with disease
Definition
FALSE
Term
T/F . Genetic information passes from protein to RNA to DNA
Definition
FALSE
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