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| synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones; anabolic metabolism |
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| breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones; catabolic metabolism |
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| anabolic process that joins small molecules by releasing the equivalent of a water molecule |
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| bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another |
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| molecule composed of two joined amino acids |
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| compound formed by the union of many amino acid molecules |
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| enzymatically adding a water molecule to split a molecule into smaller portions |
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| region of an enzyme molecule that temporarily combines with a substrate |
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| "series of linked, enzymatically controlled chemical reactions" |
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| "enzyme, usually present in small amounts, that controls the rate of a metabolic pathway by regulating one of its steps" |
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| small molecule or ion that must combine with an enzyme for activity |
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| combines with acetyl to form acetyl coenzyme A which then enters the citric acid cycle |
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| "organic compound other than a carbohydrate, lipid, or protein that is needed for normal metabolism but that the body cannot synthesize in adequate amounts and must therefore be obtained in the diet" |
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| "ability to cause something to move, and thus do work" |
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| "organic molecule that stores energy and releases energy, which may be used in cellular processes; ATP" |
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| molecule produced when adenosine triphosphate loses a terminal phosphate; ADP |
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| metabolic process that adds a phosphate to an organic molecule |
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| process by which oxygen is combined with another chemical; the removal of hydrogen or the loss of electrons; the opposite of reduction |
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| cellular process that releases energy from organic compounds |
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| "series of chemical reactions that oxidizes certain molecules, releasing energy; Krebs cycle p.120" |
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| series of oxidation-reduction reactions that takes high-energy electrons from glycolyis and the citric acid cycle to form water and ATP |
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| organic compound formed from pyruvic acid during the anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration |
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| intermediate compound produced during the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats |
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| complete set of genetic instructions for an organism |
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| "portion of DNA that encodes the information to synthesize a protein, a control sequence, or tRNA or rRNA. The unit of inheritance" |
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| information for synthesizing proteins that is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of DNA molecules |
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| hydrogen bond joins adenine and thymine or guanine and cytosine in DNA. Adenine boinds to uracil in RNA |
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| production of an exact copy of a DNA molecule |
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| "deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material; a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine), and the sugar deoxyribose; DNA" |
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| "ribonucleic acid; single stranded polymer of nucleotides; each containing a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base (adenine, uracil, guanine, or cytosine), and the sugar ribose" |
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| RNA that transmits information for a protein's amino acid sequence from the nucleus of a cell ot the cytoplasm; mRNA |
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| manufacturing a complementary RNA from DNA |
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| set of three nucleotides from messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule corresponding to a particular amino acid |
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| assembly of an amino acid according to the sequence of base triplets in an mRNA molecule |
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| RNA molecule that carries an amino acid to a ribosome in protein synthesis |
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| organelle composed of RNA and protein that is a structural support for protein synthesis |
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| protein that removes mismatched nucleotides fron a section of DNA and replaces them with complementary nucleotides |
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| agent that can cause mutations |
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| energy required by metabolic reactions before they proceed |
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