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Hole's Chapter 3 Vocabulary
The Vocabulary for Chapter 3 intro, bold, and italic words
73
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/17/2009

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Term
cyt-
Definition
cell
Term
endo-
Definition
within
Term
hyper-
Definition
above
Term
hypo-
Definition
below
Term
inter-
Definition
between
Term
iso-
Definition
equal
Term
lys-
Definition
to break up
Term
mit-
Definition
thread
Term
phag-
Definition
to eat
Term
pino-
Definition
to drink
Term
pro-
Definition
before
Term
som
Definition
body
Term
vesic-
Definition
bladder
Term
cells
Definition
the basic units of an organism
Term
nucleus
Definition
cellular organelle enclosed by a double layer and containing DNA
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
the contents of a cell excluding the nucleus and the cell membrane
Term
cell membrane
Definition
the selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell consisting of a phospholipid bilyer embedded with proteins
Term
organelle
Definition
part of a cell that performs a specialized function
Term
cytosol
Definition
fluid matrix of the cytoplasm
Term
selectively permeable
Definition
a membrane that controls the entrance and exit of substances, allowing some in while excluding others
Term
signal transduction
Definition
series of biochemical reactions that allow cells to receive and respond to messages coming into the cell membrane
Term
integral protein
Definition
a protein that spans the membrane of a cell
Term
peripheral protein
Definition
a protein that projects from the membrane's outer surface
Term
receptor protein
Definition
proteins that are tightly coiled rodlike molecules that span the membrane, extending outward from the cell's surface, yet also dipping into the cell's interior. They bind to specific kinds of incoming molecules, triggering responses within the cell
Term
cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs)
Definition
proteins that guide cellular movement within the body
Term
intercellular junctions
Definition
site of union between cells
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
system of protein tubules and filaments that reinforces a cell's 3-D form, and provides scaffolding and transport tracks for organelles
Term
ribosomes
Definition
an organelle composed of RNA and protein that is a structural support for protein synthesis
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
organelle composed of a system of membranous tubules and vesicles; provides a tubular communication system and an attachment for ribosomes; it also functions in the synthesis of proteins and lipids
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
organelle that prepares glycoproteins for secretion
Term
vesicles
Definition
membranous sacs that vary in size and content that are used to transport substances into, within, and out of cells
Term
mitochondria
Definition
organelle housing enzymes that catalyze aerobic reactions of cellular respirations
Term
adenosine triphospate (ATP)
Definition
organic molecule that stores energy and releases energy which may be used in cellular processes
Term
lysosomes
Definition
organelle that contains digestive enzymes; it is the "garbage disposal" of the cell
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
membranous cytoplasmic vesicle that contains enzymes that catalyze reactions that produce and decompose hydrogen peroxide
Term
centrosomes
Definition
cellular organelle consisting of two centrosomes; pulls DNA to opposite ends of the cell in cell division process
Term
cilia
Definition
microscopic hairlike processes on exposed surfaces of certain epithelial cells
Term
flagellum
Definition
relatively long mobile process that extends from the surface of a sperm cell
Term
microfilaments
Definition
rod of the protein actin or myosin that provides structural support or movement in the cytoplasm
Term
microtubules
Definition
hollow rod of the protein tubulin in the cytoplasm
Term
chromotin fibers
Definition
DNA in complex protein that condenses to form chromosomes during mitosis
Term
chromosomes
Definition
rodlike structure that condenses from chromotin during a cell's mitosis; the DNA of the cell
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
membrane surrounds the cell nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm
Term
nucleolus
Definition
the small, dense body largely composed of RNA and protein within the cell nucleus
Term
diffusion
Definition
random movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration toward one of lower concentration
Term
diffusional equilibrium
Definition
the concentration of a substance becomes uniform throughout a solution; although random movements of individual atoms still occurs
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
diffusion in which a carrier molecule transports a substance across a cell membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration
Term
osmosis
Definition
diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient created by an impermeant solute
Term
osmotic pressure
Definition
amount of pressure needed to stop osmosis; a solution's potential pressure caused by impermeant solute molecules in the solution
Term
isotonic
Definition
solution with the same osmotic pressure as the solution with which it is compared..usually body fluids
Term
hypertonic
Definition
solution with a greater osmotic pressure than the solution with which it is compared...usually body fluids
Term
hypotonic
Definition
solution with a lower osmotic pressure than the solution with which it is compared...usually body fluids
Term
filtration
Definition
movement of material through a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure
Term
hydrostatic pressure
Definition
pressure exerted by fluids, such as blood pressure
Term
active transport
Definition
process that requires energy to move a substance across a membrane, usually against a concentration gradient
Term
endocytosis
Definition
physiological process by which a cell membrane envelops a substance and draws it into the cell into a vesicle
Term
pinocytosis
Definition
process by which a cell engulfs droplets of fluid from its surroundings
Term
phagocytosis
Definition
process by which a cell engulfs and digests solids from its surroundings
Term
phagocyte
Definition
cell that ingests particulate matter
Term
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
selective uptake of molecules within a cell by binding to a specific receptor
Term
exocytosis
Definition
transport of a substance out of a cell in a membrane bounded vesicle
Term
transcytosis
Definition
combines endocytosis and exocytosis to selectively and rapidly transport a substance from one end of a cell to another or move substances across barriers formed by tightly connected cells
Term
cell cycle
Definition
the series of changes that a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it divides
Term
interphase
Definition
period between two cell divisions when a cell metabolizes and prepares for cell division
Term
mitosis
Definition
a form of cell division that occurs in somatic (non sex) cells and produces two daughter cells from an original cell. They are genetically identical
Term
prophase
Definition
Stage of mitosis when chromosomes become visible
Term
metaphase
Definition
stage in mitosis when chromosomes are aligned in the middle of a cell
Term
anaphase
Definition
stage in mitosis when replicated chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
Term
telophase
Definition
stage in mitosis when newly formed cells separate
Term
oncogene
Definition
gene that normally controls cell division, but when overexpressed leads to cancer
Term
tumor suppresor genes
Definition
section of DNA that codes for a protein that ordinarily inhibits cell division
Term
stem cell
Definition
undifferentiated cell that can divide to yield either two daughter stem cells, or a stem cell and a progenitor cell
Term
progenitor cell
Definition
daughter cell of a stem cell that is partially specialized
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