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| the basic units of an organism |
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| cellular organelle enclosed by a double layer and containing DNA |
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| the contents of a cell excluding the nucleus and the cell membrane |
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| the selectively permeable outer boundary of a cell consisting of a phospholipid bilyer embedded with proteins |
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| part of a cell that performs a specialized function |
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| fluid matrix of the cytoplasm |
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| a membrane that controls the entrance and exit of substances, allowing some in while excluding others |
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| series of biochemical reactions that allow cells to receive and respond to messages coming into the cell membrane |
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| a protein that spans the membrane of a cell |
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| a protein that projects from the membrane's outer surface |
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| proteins that are tightly coiled rodlike molecules that span the membrane, extending outward from the cell's surface, yet also dipping into the cell's interior. They bind to specific kinds of incoming molecules, triggering responses within the cell |
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| cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) |
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| proteins that guide cellular movement within the body |
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| site of union between cells |
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| system of protein tubules and filaments that reinforces a cell's 3-D form, and provides scaffolding and transport tracks for organelles |
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| an organelle composed of RNA and protein that is a structural support for protein synthesis |
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| organelle composed of a system of membranous tubules and vesicles; provides a tubular communication system and an attachment for ribosomes; it also functions in the synthesis of proteins and lipids |
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| organelle that prepares glycoproteins for secretion |
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| membranous sacs that vary in size and content that are used to transport substances into, within, and out of cells |
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| organelle housing enzymes that catalyze aerobic reactions of cellular respirations |
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| adenosine triphospate (ATP) |
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| organic molecule that stores energy and releases energy which may be used in cellular processes |
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| organelle that contains digestive enzymes; it is the "garbage disposal" of the cell |
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| membranous cytoplasmic vesicle that contains enzymes that catalyze reactions that produce and decompose hydrogen peroxide |
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| cellular organelle consisting of two centrosomes; pulls DNA to opposite ends of the cell in cell division process |
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| microscopic hairlike processes on exposed surfaces of certain epithelial cells |
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| relatively long mobile process that extends from the surface of a sperm cell |
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| rod of the protein actin or myosin that provides structural support or movement in the cytoplasm |
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| hollow rod of the protein tubulin in the cytoplasm |
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| DNA in complex protein that condenses to form chromosomes during mitosis |
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| rodlike structure that condenses from chromotin during a cell's mitosis; the DNA of the cell |
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| membrane surrounds the cell nucleus and separates it from the cytoplasm |
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| the small, dense body largely composed of RNA and protein within the cell nucleus |
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| random movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration toward one of lower concentration |
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| the concentration of a substance becomes uniform throughout a solution; although random movements of individual atoms still occurs |
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| diffusion in which a carrier molecule transports a substance across a cell membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration |
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| diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient created by an impermeant solute |
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| amount of pressure needed to stop osmosis; a solution's potential pressure caused by impermeant solute molecules in the solution |
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| solution with the same osmotic pressure as the solution with which it is compared..usually body fluids |
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| solution with a greater osmotic pressure than the solution with which it is compared...usually body fluids |
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| solution with a lower osmotic pressure than the solution with which it is compared...usually body fluids |
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| movement of material through a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure |
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| pressure exerted by fluids, such as blood pressure |
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| process that requires energy to move a substance across a membrane, usually against a concentration gradient |
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| physiological process by which a cell membrane envelops a substance and draws it into the cell into a vesicle |
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| process by which a cell engulfs droplets of fluid from its surroundings |
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| process by which a cell engulfs and digests solids from its surroundings |
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| cell that ingests particulate matter |
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| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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| selective uptake of molecules within a cell by binding to a specific receptor |
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| transport of a substance out of a cell in a membrane bounded vesicle |
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| combines endocytosis and exocytosis to selectively and rapidly transport a substance from one end of a cell to another or move substances across barriers formed by tightly connected cells |
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| the series of changes that a cell undergoes from the time it forms until it divides |
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| period between two cell divisions when a cell metabolizes and prepares for cell division |
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| a form of cell division that occurs in somatic (non sex) cells and produces two daughter cells from an original cell. They are genetically identical |
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| Stage of mitosis when chromosomes become visible |
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| stage in mitosis when chromosomes are aligned in the middle of a cell |
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| stage in mitosis when replicated chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell |
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| stage in mitosis when newly formed cells separate |
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| gene that normally controls cell division, but when overexpressed leads to cancer |
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| section of DNA that codes for a protein that ordinarily inhibits cell division |
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| undifferentiated cell that can divide to yield either two daughter stem cells, or a stem cell and a progenitor cell |
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| daughter cell of a stem cell that is partially specialized |
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