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| considers the composition of substances and how they change |
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| anything that has weight and takes up space |
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| chemical substance with only one type of atom |
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| basic chemical substance needed by the body in large quantities |
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| basic chemical substance needed by the body in small quantities |
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| basic chemical substance needed by the body in very small quantities |
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| smallest complete units of the elements |
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| the dense core of an atom that is composed of protons and neutrons |
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| a small, negatively charged particle that encirles the nucleus of an atom |
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| positively charged particle in an atomic nucleus |
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| electrically neutral subatomic particle |
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| number of protons in an atom of an element |
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| protons plus neutrons in an atom |
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| same number of protons, different number of neutrons in atom of an element |
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| two or more atoms combined |
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| shorthand used to depict the numbers and kinds of atoms in a molecule |
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| atoms of two or more different elements combined |
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| links that connect atoms with other atoms |
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| The path formed by an eletron or several electrons encircling the nucleus of an atom at a particular energy level |
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| atoms that gain or lose electrons become electrically charged |
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| chemical bond formed by electron sharing between atoms |
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| repr. of way atoms bond to form a molecule, using symbols for each element and lines to indicate chemical bonds |
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| combination of atoms in which the electrical charge is not distributed symmetrically |
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| the attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative oxygen or nitrogen end of another polar molecule |
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| starting materials that are changed by the chemical reaction |
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| the atoms, ions, or molecules formed at the chemical reaction's conclusion |
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| when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules bond to form a more complex structure |
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| the bonds of the reactant molecule break to form simpler molecules, atoms, or ions |
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| parts of two different kinds of molecules trade positions |
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| synonym for exchange reaction |
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| chemical reaction in which the end products can change back into the reactants |
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| chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, but is not permanently altered by the reaction |
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| substance that ionizes in a water solution |
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| substance that ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions |
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| substance that ionizes in water to release hydroxide ions (OH-) or other ions that combine with hydrogen ions |
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| compound produced by a reaction between an acid and a base |
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| shorthand notation for the hydrogen ion concentration used to indicate the acidic or alkaline condition of a solution |
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| the pH scale ranges from 0 to 14 |
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| increase in the alkalinity of body fluids above pH of 7.45 |
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| increase in acidity of body fluids below pH of 7.35 |
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| substance that can react with a strong acid or base to form a weaker acid or base, and thus resist a change in pH |
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| carbon containing molecules |
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| chemical substances that lack carbon or hydrogen |
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| condition when the quantities of electrolytes entering the body equal those leaving it |
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| organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in a 1:2:1 ratio |
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| single sugar, such as glucose or fructose |
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| sugar produced by the union of two monosaccharides |
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| carbohydrate composed of many joined monosaccharides |
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| fat, oil, or fat-like compound that usually has fatty acids in its molecular structure |
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| building block of a fat molecule |
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| organic compound that is a building block for fat molecules |
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| fat molecule that contains only fatty acid molecules with as many hydrogen atoms as possible, and therefore no double bonds between carbon atoms |
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| fat molecule that includes unsaturated fatty acids with one or more double bonds between the atoms of the carbon chains |
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| nitrogen containing organic compound composed of joined amino acid molecules |
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| protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction |
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| organic compound of relatively small molecular size that contains an amino group (-NH, sub2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH); the structural unit of a protein molecule |
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| another name for side chain |
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| three dimensional form of a protein, determined by its amino acid sequence and attractions and repulsions between amno acids |
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| substance composed of bonded nucleotides, RNA or DNA |
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| building block of a nucleic acid molecule, consisting of a sugar, itrogenous base, and phosphate group |
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| ribonucleic acid; single-stranded polymer of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate group, a nitrogen base (adenine, uracil, cytosine, or guanine) and the sugar ribose |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material; a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine), andthe sugar deoxyribose |
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