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Hole's Chapter 2 Vocabulary
Hole's A&P textbook chp 2 terms
75
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/10/2009

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Term
bio-
Definition
life
Term
di-
Definition
two
Term
glyc-
Definition
sweet
Term
iso-
Definition
equal
Term
lip-
Definition
fat
Term
-lyt
Definition
dissolvable
Term
mono-
Definition
one
Term
nucle-
Definition
kernel (as in central)
Term
poly-
Definition
many
Term
sacchar-
Definition
sugar
Term
syn-
Definition
together
Term
-valent
Definition
power
Term
chemistry
Definition
considers the composition of substances and how they change
Term
matter
Definition
anything that has weight and takes up space
Term
element
Definition
chemical substance with only one type of atom
Term
bulk elements
Definition
basic chemical substance needed by the body in large quantities
Term
trace elements
Definition
basic chemical substance needed by the body in small quantities
Term
ultratrace elements
Definition
basic chemical substance needed by the body in very small quantities
Term
atoms
Definition
smallest complete units of the elements
Term
nucleus
Definition
the dense core of an atom that is composed of protons and neutrons
Term
electron
Definition
a small, negatively charged particle that encirles the nucleus of an atom
Term
protons
Definition
positively charged particle in an atomic nucleus
Term
neutron
Definition
electrically neutral subatomic particle
Term
atomic number
Definition
number of protons in an atom of an element
Term
atomic weight
Definition
protons plus neutrons in an atom
Term
isotope
Definition
same number of protons, different number of neutrons in atom of an element
Term
molecule
Definition
two or more atoms combined
Term
molecular formula
Definition
shorthand used to depict the numbers and kinds of atoms in a molecule
Term
compounds
Definition
atoms of two or more different elements combined
Term
bonds
Definition
links that connect atoms with other atoms
Term
electron shells
Definition
The path formed by an eletron or several electrons encircling the nucleus of an atom at a particular energy level
Term
ions
Definition
atoms that gain or lose electrons become electrically charged
Term
covalent bond
Definition
chemical bond formed by electron sharing between atoms
Term
structural formulas
Definition
repr. of way atoms bond to form a molecule, using symbols for each element and lines to indicate chemical bonds
Term
polar molecule
Definition
combination of atoms in which the electrical charge is not distributed symmetrically
Term
hydrogen bond
Definition
the attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative oxygen or nitrogen end of another polar molecule
Term
reactants
Definition
starting materials that are changed by the chemical reaction
Term
products
Definition
the atoms, ions, or molecules formed at the chemical reaction's conclusion
Term
synthesis reaction
Definition
when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules bond to form a more complex structure
Term
decomposition reaction
Definition
the bonds of the reactant molecule break to form simpler molecules, atoms, or ions
Term
exchange reaction
Definition
parts of two different kinds of molecules trade positions
Term
replacement reaction
Definition
synonym for exchange reaction
Term
reversible reaction
Definition
chemical reaction in which the end products can change back into the reactants
Term
catalysts
Definition
chemical that increases the rate of a chemical reaction, but is not permanently altered by the reaction
Term
electrolytes
Definition
substance that ionizes in a water solution
Term
acid
Definition
substance that ionizes in water to release hydrogen ions
Term
base
Definition
substance that ionizes in water to release hydroxide ions (OH-) or other ions that combine with hydrogen ions
Term
salts
Definition
compound produced by a reaction between an acid and a base
Term
pH scale
Definition
shorthand notation for the hydrogen ion concentration used to indicate the acidic or alkaline condition of a solution
Term
range of pH scale
Definition
the pH scale ranges from 0 to 14
Term
alkalosis
Definition
increase in the alkalinity of body fluids above pH of 7.45
Term
acidosis
Definition
increase in acidity of body fluids below pH of 7.35
Term
buffer
Definition
substance that can react with a strong acid or base to form a weaker acid or base, and thus resist a change in pH
Term
organic
Definition
carbon containing molecules
Term
inorganic
Definition
chemical substances that lack carbon or hydrogen
Term
electrolyte balance
Definition
condition when the quantities of electrolytes entering the body equal those leaving it
Term
carbohydrates
Definition
organic compound consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in a 1:2:1 ratio
Term
sugars
Definition
sweet carbohydrate
Term
monosaccharides
Definition
single sugar, such as glucose or fructose
Term
disaccharides
Definition
sugar produced by the union of two monosaccharides
Term
polysaccharides
Definition
carbohydrate composed of many joined monosaccharides
Term
lipids
Definition
fat, oil, or fat-like compound that usually has fatty acids in its molecular structure
Term
fatty acids
Definition
building block of a fat molecule
Term
glycerol
Definition
organic compound that is a building block for fat molecules
Term
saturated fatty acid
Definition
fat molecule that contains only fatty acid molecules with as many hydrogen atoms as possible, and therefore no double bonds between carbon atoms
Term
unsaturated fatty acid
Definition
fat molecule that includes unsaturated fatty acids with one or more double bonds between the atoms of the carbon chains
Term
proteins
Definition
nitrogen containing organic compound composed of joined amino acid molecules
Term
enzymes
Definition
protein that catalyzes a specific biochemical reaction
Term
amino acids
Definition
organic compound of relatively small molecular size that contains an amino group (-NH, sub2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH); the structural unit of a protein molecule
Term
R group
Definition
another name for side chain
Term
conformations
Definition
three dimensional form of a protein, determined by its amino acid sequence and attractions and repulsions between amno acids
Term
nucleic acids
Definition
substance composed of bonded nucleotides, RNA or DNA
Term
nucleotides
Definition
building block of a nucleic acid molecule, consisting of a sugar, itrogenous base, and phosphate group
Term
RNA
Definition
ribonucleic acid; single-stranded polymer of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate group, a nitrogen base (adenine, uracil, cytosine, or guanine) and the sugar ribose
Term
DNA
Definition
deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material; a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine), andthe sugar deoxyribose
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