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Hole's Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1
87
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/07/2006

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Term
ANATOMY =

a. histology =
b. cytology =
Definition
ANATOMY = the study of the structure (morphology, form) of body parts.

a. histology = the microscopic study of tissues.

b. cytology = the microscopic study of cells.
Term
PHYSIOLOGY =
Definition
PHYSIOLOGY = the study of the function of body parts.
Term
Life Processes distinguish living from non-living things.

Ten processes:
Definition
1. Movement
2. Responsiveness
3. Growth
4. Reproduction
5. Respiration
6. Digestion
7. Absorption
8. Circulation
9. Assimilation
10. Excretion
Term
Environmental Needs:

Name 5
Definition
Environmental Needs: See Table 1.2, page 6.

1. nutrients for energy
2. oxygen for cellular respiration
3. water for most metabolic reactions, lubrication, etc.
4.heat to maintain 37oC body temp, enzyme action
5. pressure for breathing and filtering blood through kidneys.
Term
HOMEOSTASIS =
Definition
HOMEOSTASIS = the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.
Term
HOMEOSTASIS - define and list the 3 next things about it
Definition
DEF 1 . the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.

2. All life processes and metabolic reactions work to maintain homeostasis.

3. Most homeostatic mechanisms are regulated by negative feedback (see example below).

4. Example = maintenance of body temperature at 98.6oF/37oC.

Normal body temp 98.6 f/ 37 c

If Stress increases body temperature
body compensates with
- Sweating;
- Dilation of superficial blood vessels;
- Increase in heart rate;
- Increase in breathing rate.

If Stress decreases body temperature
body compensates with

- Shivering (involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles;
- Inactivation of sweat glands;
- Constriction of superficial blood vessels.
Term
Normal body temp 98.6 f/ 37 c

If Stress increases body temperature
body compensates with

- list 4

If Stress decreases body temperature
body compensates with
- list 3
Definition
Normal body temp 98.6 f/ 37 c

If Stress increases body temperature
body compensates with
- Sweating;
- Dilation of superficial blood vessels;
- Increase in heart rate;
- Increase in breathing rate.

If Stress decreases body temperature
body compensates with

- Shivering (involuntary contraction of skeletal muscles;
- Inactivation of sweat glands;
- Constriction of superficial blood vessels.
Term
STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION = list smallest to largest -- 9
Definition
- atom (i.e. C, H, O)
- molecules (i.e. CO2, H20);
- macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)
- organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes)
- cells (i.e. skin cell, muscle cell, neuron);
- tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous);
- organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain);
- organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular);
- an organism - The human organism; the most complex level of organization.
Term
Atom
Definition
The atom (i.e. C, H, O) is the least complex level; the smallest particle of an element.

Atoms combine with another to form...
Term
Molecules
Definition
molecules (i.e. CO2, H20);

Molecules combine with another to form...
Term
macromolecules
Definition
macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids);

Macromolecules combine to form organelles
Term
Organelles
Definition
organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus, ribosomes); small organs of a cell each with a particular function;

Organelles collectively compose ... cells
Term
Cells
Definition
cells (i.e. skin cell, muscle cell, neuron); The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of living things!
(See the amoeba a single-celled organism in Fig 1.3, page 6.)

Similar cells are arranged into... tissues
Term
Tissues
Definition
Tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle, nervous);

Two or more tissues combine to form... organs
Term
Organ system
Definition
organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular);
The eleven organ systems collectively form the... an organism
Term
An organism
Definition
the most complex level of organization.- ex human organism
Term
Two principle body cavities
Definition
- Dorsal - Cranial cavity, vertebral canal- cns, meninges

- Ventral - thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity

* diaphragm muscle separates the thoracic from abdominopelvic cavities.
Term
CRANIAL CAVITY
Definition
CRANIAL CAVITY (belongs to dorsal cavity)
- it is the brain
Term
VERTEBRAL CANAL
Definition
VERTEBRAL CANAL (Dorsal Cavity)
spinal cord
Term
THORACIC CAVITY
Definition
THORACIC CAVITY (VENTRAL CAVITY)

- lungs
- mediastinum
- heart
- esophagus
- trachea
- thymus
Term
Membrane =
a.
b.
Definition
Membrane = a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that either:

a. covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL MEMBRANE.

b.lines a body cavity = PARIETAL MEMBRANE.
Term
Serous Membranes of the Ventral Body Cavity
Definition
There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication.
Term
Serous Membranes of the HEART (3)
Definition
- visceral pericardium -- The membrane on the surface of the heart is called visceral pericardium.

- parietal pericardium-- The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart is located is called parietal pericardium.

- pericardial cavity-- The space between these two membranes is called the pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Term
Serous Membranes of the LUNGS
Definition
- visceral pleura-- The membrane on the surface of the lung is called visceral pleura

- parietal pleura -- The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs are located is called parietal pleura

- pleural cavity -- The space between these two membranes is called the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Term
Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS
Definition
- visceral peritoneum -- The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach, etc. is called visceral peritoneum.

- parietal peritoneum -- The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is called parietal peritoneum.

- peritoneal cavity -- The space between these two membranes is called the peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Term
Anatomical Position =
Definition
Anatomical Position = standing erect, face forward, palms forward.
Term
Superior =
Definition
Superior = above;
Inferior = below;
Term
Anterior =
Definition
Anterior = front; Posterior = back;
Term
Medial =
Definition
Medial = center; Lateral = side;
Term
Cephalad =
Definition
Cephalad = head; Caudal = tail;
Term
Ventral =
Definition
Ventral = front; Dorsal = back;
Term
Proximal =
Definition
Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk;
Term
Superficial =
Definition
Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.
Term
7 pairs (opposites) that describe position
Definition
1. Superior = above; Inferior = below;

2. Anterior = front; Posterior = back;

3. Medial = center; Lateral = side;

4. Cephalad = head; Caudal = tail;

5. Ventral = front; Dorsal = back;

6. Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk;

7. Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.
Term
Sagittal cut =
Definition
Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions.

a. midsagittal = equal right and left portions.
Term
midsagittal =
Definition
midsagittal = equal right and left portions.
Term
Frontal Cut =
Definition
Frontal Cut: divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Term
Transverse Cut =
Definition
Transverse Cut: divides the body into superior and inferior portions.
Term
skull =
Definition
skull = cranial (anterior)
Term
head
Definition
cephalic = head (anterior)
Term
armpit
Definition
axillary = armpit (anterior)
Term
anterior elbow
Definition
antecubital = anterior elbow (anterior)
Term
wrist
Definition
carpal = wrist (anterior)
Term
finger
Definition
digital=finger (anterior)
Term
knee cap
Definition
patellar = knee cap (anterior)
Term
forehead
Definition
frontal = forehead (anterior)
Term
ear
Definition
otic = ear (anterior)
Term
nose
Definition
nasal = nose (anterior)
Term
chin
Definition
mental = chin (anterior)
Term
naval
Definition
umbilical (anterior)
Term
groin
Definition
inguinal = groin (anterior)
Term
ankle
Definition
tarsle = ankle (anterior)
Term
face
Definition
facial = face (anterior)
Term
neck
Definition
cervical = neck (anterior)
Term
upper arm
Definition
brachial = upper arm (anterior)
Term
forearm
Definition
antebrachial = forearm (anterior)
Term
hand
Definition
metacarpal = hand (anterior)
Term
thigh
Definition
femoral = thigh (anterior)
Term
leg
Definition
crural = leg (anterior)
Term
eye
Definition
orbital = eye (anterior)
Term
cheek
Definition
buccal = cheek (anterior)
Term
mouth
Definition
oral = mouth (anterior)
Term
breast
Definition
mammary = breast (anterior)
Term
hip
Definition
coxal = hip (anterior)
Term
pelvic
Definition
pubic = pelvic (anterior)
Term
shoulder
Definition
acromial = shoulder (posterior)
Term
butt
Definition
gluteal = buttocks (posterior)
Term
foot
Definition
pedal = foot (posterior)
Term
back
Definition
dorsal = back (posterior)
Term
heel
Definition
calcaneal = heel (posterior)
Term
elbow
Definition
olecranial = elbow (posterior)
Term
back of knee
Definition
popliteal = back of knee (posterior)
Term
sole
Definition
plantar = sole (posterior)
Term
loin
Definition
lumbar = loin (posterior)
Term
Integumentary (system)
Definition
organs in system:
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands

functions:
protection, regulation of body temperature, synthesis of Vitamin D, etc.
Term
Skeletal (system)

Organs in system & Functions:
Definition
Organs in system: Bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilages

Functions: support, protection, movement, Ca++ store, hematopoiesis
Term
Muscular (system)

Organs in system & Functions:
Definition
Organs in system: Skeletal Muscles

Functions: movement, heat production
Term
Nervous (system)

Organs in system & Functions:
Definition
Organs in system: Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Functions: coordination of body parts; control
Term
Endocrine (system)

Organs in system & Functions:
Definition
Organs in system: Endocrine Glands that secrete hormones

Functions: maintenance of homeostasis
Term
Cardiovascular (system)

Organs in system & Functions:
Definition
Organs in system:
Heart, blood vessels

Functions:
transport of nutrients, wastes, O2 and CO2
Term
Lymphatic (system)

organs & function
Definition
organs: lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

functions: to fight infection
Term
Respiratory (system)

organs & function
Definition
organs: oral cavity, nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes within lungs, alveoli

functions: exchange of gases (O2 and CO2), maintenance of blood pH and electrolytes
Term
Urinary (system)

organs & function
Definition
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

removal of metabolic wastes from blood, maintenance of blood pH and electrolytes
Term
Digestive (system)

organs & function
Definition
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gall bladder

breakdown of food into substances that can be absorbed (for energy)
Term
Reproductive (system)

organs & function
Definition
male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, seminal vesicle, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis, scrotum
female: ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, labia, clitoris

production, maintenance and transport of gametes; production of sex hormones
Term
Abdominopelvic Areas - 9 areas
Definition
- RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
- RIGHT LUMBAR REGION
- RIGHT ILIAC REGION

- EPIGASTRIC REGION
- UMBILICAL REGION
- HYPOGASTRIC REGION

- LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION
- LEFT LUMBAR REGION
- LEFT ILIAC REGION
Term
Four quadrants
Definition
- Rt upper
- Rt lower
- lt upper
- lt lower
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