Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Hole's Chapter 4 Vocabulary
intro terms and bold terms
50
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/05/2014

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
anabolism
Definition
synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones; anabolic metabolism
Term
catabolism
Definition
breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones; catabolic metabolism
Term
dehydration synthesis
Definition
anabolic process that joins small molecules by releasing the equivalent of a water molecule
Term
peptide bond
Definition
bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another
Term
dipeptide
Definition
molecule composed of two joined amino acids
Term
polypeptide
Definition
compound formed by the union of many amino acid molecules
Term
hydrolosis
Definition
enzymatically adding a water molecule to split a molecule into smaller portions
Term
substrate
Definition
target of enzyme action
Term
active sites
Definition
region of an enzyme molecule that temporarily combines with a substrate
Term
metabolic pathways
Definition
series of linked reactions leading to a product, controlled by enzymes
Term
rate-limiting enzyme
Definition
determines the rate of reaction, it is the least efficient enzyme in the metabolic pathway, usually the first reaction in the sequence
Term
cofactor
Definition
substance that increases the efficiency of an enzyme. Cofactors include ions (zinc, iron, copper) and coenzymes
Term
coenzyme
Definition
organic molecule or vitamin that acts as a cofactor.
Term
vitamins
Definition
are essential organic molecules that humans cannot synthesize so they must come from diet. Vitamins can function repeatedly so they can be used in small amounts. Many vitamins are coenzymes ex. Coenzyme A
Term
energy
Definition
"capacity to change something, or to do work." Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it may be transferred from one form to another. Example of energy transfer: combustion engine
Term
adenosine triphosphate
Definition
"organic molecule that stores energy and releases energy, which may be used in cellular processes; ATP"
Term
adenosine diphosphate
Definition
molecule produced when adenosine triphosphate loses a terminal phosphate; ADP
Term
phosphorylation
Definition
metabolic process that adds a phosphate to an organic molecule
Term
oxidation
Definition
transfer of electrons away from a molecule. Glucose is oxidized in cell respiration. Energy from the transfer of electrons away from glucose is used to make ATP.
Term
define cellular respiration
Definition
the transfer of energy from food molecules into a form the cells can use.
Term
citric acid cycle
Definition
"series of chemical reactions that oxidizes certain molecules, releasing energy; Krebs cycle p.120"
Term
electron transport chain
Definition
series of oxidation-reduction reactions that takes high-energy electrons from glycolyis and the citric acid cycle to form water and ATP
Term
lactic acid
Definition
organic compound formed from pyruvic acid during the anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration
Term
acetyl coenzyme A
Definition
intermediate compound produced during the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats
Term
genome
Definition
complete set of genetic instructions for an organism
Term
gene
Definition
"portion of DNA that encodes the information to synthesize a protein, a control sequence, or tRNA or rRNA. The unit of inheritance"
Term
genetic code
Definition
information for synthesizing proteins that is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of DNA molecules
Term
complementary base pairs
Definition
hydrogen bond joins adenine and thymine or guanine and cytosine in DNA. Adenine boinds to uracil in RNA
Term
replication
Definition
production of an exact copy of a DNA molecule
Term
DNA
Definition
"deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material; a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine), and the sugar deoxyribose; DNA"
Term
RNA
Definition
"ribonucleic acid; single stranded polymer of nucleotides; each containing a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base (adenine, uracil, guanine, or cytosine), and the sugar ribose"
Term
messenger RNA (mRNA)
Definition
RNA that transmits information for a protein's amino acid sequence from the nucleus of a cell ot the cytoplasm; mRNA
Term
transcription
Definition
manufacturing a complementary RNA from DNA
Term
codons
Definition
set of three nucleotides from messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule corresponding to a particular amino acid
Term
translation
Definition
assembly of an amino acid according to the sequence of base triplets in an mRNA molecule
Term
transfer RNA (tRNA)
Definition
RNA molecule that carries an amino acid to a ribosome in protein synthesis
Term
ribosomal RNA
Definition
organelle composed of RNA and protein that is a structural support for protein synthesis
Term
repair enzymes
Definition
protein that removes mismatched nucleotides fron a section of DNA and replaces them with complementary nucleotides
Term
mutagens
Definition
agent that can cause mutations
Term
activation energy
Definition
the critical amount of energy required for a reaction to occur.
Term
enzyme
Definition
biological catalyst, increases the reaction but is not consumed by it.
Term
metabolism
Definition
sum of all reactions in the body, all chemical reactions in the cell
Term
What are 4 molecules that can be decomposed by hydrolysis?
Definition
1. polysaccharide ---> monosaccharides
2. fats ---> 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids
3. proteins ---> amino acids
4. nucleic acids ---> nucleotides
Term
What are the characteristics of enzymes?
Definition
1. most are proteins
2. they catalyze (speed up) reactions.
3. reusable because they are not consumed by reactions.
4. Specificity (highly specific) 1 enzyme works on 1 substrate.
5. Most end in "ase." Usually named after what it breaks down. ex. Lipase-digests lipids, Protease- digests proteins
Term
What 3 factors limit the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions?
Definition
1. Concentration of Enzymes
2. Concentration of Substrates
3. Efficiency of Enzyme
Term
Name 6 forms of energy.
Definition
1. Heat
2. Light
3. Sound
4. Chemical Energy
5. Mechanical Energy
6. Electrical Energy
Term
What are the 3 major reactions of cell respiration?
Definition
1. Glycolysis
2. Citric Acid Cycle (aka Kreb's Cycle)
3. Electron Transport Chain
Term
anaerobic respiration (glycolysis)
Definition
Does NOT require oxygen, occurs in the cytoplasm, yields 2 ATP per glucose.
Term
aerobic respiration
Definition
Requires oxygen, occurs in the mitochondria, yields up to 38 ATP per glucose.
Term
Define Glycolysis
Definition
series of anaerobic reactions that occur in the cytoplasm. Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Only 2 molecules of ATP are produced per glucose molecule.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!