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Definition
| synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones; anabolic metabolism |
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Definition
| breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones; catabolic metabolism |
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Definition
| anabolic process that joins small molecules by releasing the equivalent of a water molecule |
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| bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another |
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Definition
| molecule composed of two joined amino acids |
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Definition
| compound formed by the union of many amino acid molecules |
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Definition
| enzymatically adding a water molecule to split a molecule into smaller portions |
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Definition
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Definition
| region of an enzyme molecule that temporarily combines with a substrate |
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Definition
| series of linked reactions leading to a product, controlled by enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| determines the rate of reaction, it is the least efficient enzyme in the metabolic pathway, usually the first reaction in the sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that increases the efficiency of an enzyme. Cofactors include ions (zinc, iron, copper) and coenzymes |
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Definition
| organic molecule or vitamin that acts as a cofactor. |
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Term
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Definition
| are essential organic molecules that humans cannot synthesize so they must come from diet. Vitamins can function repeatedly so they can be used in small amounts. Many vitamins are coenzymes ex. Coenzyme A |
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Term
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Definition
| "capacity to change something, or to do work." Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it may be transferred from one form to another. Example of energy transfer: combustion engine |
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Term
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Definition
| "organic molecule that stores energy and releases energy, which may be used in cellular processes; ATP" |
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Term
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Definition
| molecule produced when adenosine triphosphate loses a terminal phosphate; ADP |
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Definition
| metabolic process that adds a phosphate to an organic molecule |
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Definition
| transfer of electrons away from a molecule. Glucose is oxidized in cell respiration. Energy from the transfer of electrons away from glucose is used to make ATP. |
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Term
| define cellular respiration |
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Definition
| the transfer of energy from food molecules into a form the cells can use. |
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Term
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Definition
| "series of chemical reactions that oxidizes certain molecules, releasing energy; Krebs cycle p.120" |
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Term
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Definition
| series of oxidation-reduction reactions that takes high-energy electrons from glycolyis and the citric acid cycle to form water and ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compound formed from pyruvic acid during the anaerobic reactions of cellular respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate compound produced during the oxidation of carbohydrates and fats |
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Term
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Definition
| complete set of genetic instructions for an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| "portion of DNA that encodes the information to synthesize a protein, a control sequence, or tRNA or rRNA. The unit of inheritance" |
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Term
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Definition
| information for synthesizing proteins that is encoded in the nucleotide sequence of DNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrogen bond joins adenine and thymine or guanine and cytosine in DNA. Adenine boinds to uracil in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| production of an exact copy of a DNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| "deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material; a double-stranded polymer of nucleotides, each containing a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine), and the sugar deoxyribose; DNA" |
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Term
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Definition
| "ribonucleic acid; single stranded polymer of nucleotides; each containing a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base (adenine, uracil, guanine, or cytosine), and the sugar ribose" |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA that transmits information for a protein's amino acid sequence from the nucleus of a cell ot the cytoplasm; mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| manufacturing a complementary RNA from DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| set of three nucleotides from messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule corresponding to a particular amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| assembly of an amino acid according to the sequence of base triplets in an mRNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA molecule that carries an amino acid to a ribosome in protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| organelle composed of RNA and protein that is a structural support for protein synthesis |
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Definition
| protein that removes mismatched nucleotides fron a section of DNA and replaces them with complementary nucleotides |
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Definition
| agent that can cause mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| the critical amount of energy required for a reaction to occur. |
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Definition
| biological catalyst, increases the reaction but is not consumed by it. |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of all reactions in the body, all chemical reactions in the cell |
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Term
| What are 4 molecules that can be decomposed by hydrolysis? |
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Definition
1. polysaccharide ---> monosaccharides
2. fats ---> 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids
3. proteins ---> amino acids
4. nucleic acids ---> nucleotides |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of enzymes? |
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Definition
1. most are proteins
2. they catalyze (speed up) reactions.
3. reusable because they are not consumed by reactions.
4. Specificity (highly specific) 1 enzyme works on 1 substrate.
5. Most end in "ase." Usually named after what it breaks down. ex. Lipase-digests lipids, Protease- digests proteins |
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Term
| What 3 factors limit the rate of enzyme-controlled reactions? |
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Definition
1. Concentration of Enzymes
2. Concentration of Substrates
3. Efficiency of Enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
1. Heat
2. Light
3. Sound
4. Chemical Energy
5. Mechanical Energy
6. Electrical Energy |
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Term
| What are the 3 major reactions of cell respiration? |
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Definition
1. Glycolysis
2. Citric Acid Cycle (aka Kreb's Cycle)
3. Electron Transport Chain |
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Term
| anaerobic respiration (glycolysis) |
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Definition
| Does NOT require oxygen, occurs in the cytoplasm, yields 2 ATP per glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Requires oxygen, occurs in the mitochondria, yields up to 38 ATP per glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| series of anaerobic reactions that occur in the cytoplasm. Glucose is broken down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Only 2 molecules of ATP are produced per glucose molecule. |
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