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History Flashcards
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98
History
9th Grade
10/19/2009

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Term
“gift of the river”
Definition
Egypt, because it was dependent on the river- Herodotus's definition
Term
ma'at
Definition
the ancient egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, law, morality, and justice
Term
theocracy
Definition
a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil ruler,
Term
pharaoh
Definition
the term for the god-king; means "great house"
Term
Khufu
Definition
Builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza. Also known as Cheops, the Greek version of his name.
Term
Giza
Definition
A city on the banks of the Nile; location of several famous monuments, including the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid of Giza.
Term
Thebes
Definition
A central city in Egypt- has the Temple of Karnak. Center of religion and justice.
Term
Temple of Karnak
Definition
Location of the Great Temple of Amen.
Term
Inundation
Definition
Flood, esp. that of the Nile- how the Egyptians measured major events in their calendar.
Term
Mummification
Definition
The Egyptian process of embalming a corpse.
Term
Thutmoses III
Definition
Sixth pharaoh of the eighteenth dynasty. His aunt, Hatshepsut, was his regent, then his co-regent, and then the pharaoh.
Term
Hatshepsut
Definition
Female pharaoh who ruled for twenty-two years.
Term
Valley of the Kings
Definition
An Egyptian valley where many tombs were constructed.
Term
Tutankhamun (King Tut)
Definition
Became pharaoh when he was nine, ruled for about ten years.
Term
Howard Carter
Definition
An English archaeologist and Egyptologist, noted as a primary discoverer of the tomb of Tutankhamun.
Term
Herodotus
Definition
A Greek historian who lived in the 5th century BC and is regarded as the "Father of History" in Western culture.
Term
Hieroglyphics
Definition
"Sacred writing." A system of writing used by the ancient Egyptians.
Term
Demotic
Definition
An ancient egyptian script, less formal then hieroglyphics. Its name means "document writing."
Term
Hieratic
Definition
A cursive writing system, primarily written in ink with a reed brush on papyrus.
Term
Papyrus
Definition
A thick paper-like material produced from the pith of the papyrus plant.
Term
Vizier
Definition
A high-ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or minister to a ruler.
Term
Upper Egypt
Definition
The south region of Ancient Egypt.
Term
Lower Egypt
Definition
The northernmost section of Ancient Egypt.
Term
Old Kingdom
Definition
A period in Egypt's history from 2650 to 2134 BC when Egypt attained its first continuous peak of civilization in complexity and achievement.
Term
Middle Kingdom
Definition
The period in Egypt's history between 2080 BC and 1640 BC.
Term
New Kingdom
Definition
The New Kingdom, sometimes referred to as the Egyptian Empire, is the period in ancient Egyptian history between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of Egypt. It was Egypt’s most prosperous time and marked the zenith of its power.
Term
Dynasty
Definition
A dynasty is a succession of people belonging to the same family, who, through various means and forms maintain power, influence or authority over the course of generations.
Term
Memphis
Definition
Memphis was the ancient capital of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and later for shorter periods during the New Kingdom, and an administrative centre throughout ancient history.
Term
Rosetta Stone
Definition
The Rosetta Stone is an Ancient Egyptian artifact which was instrumental in advancing modern understanding of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing.
Term
Meggido
Definition
Was an important city-state. Guarded the western branch of a narrow pass and an ancient trade route which connected the lands of Egypt and Assyria.
Term
Alexandria
Definition
Founded by Alexander the Great. Was the seat of the Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt.
Term
Step pyramid
Definition
Pyramid- like tombs made of several layers, or steps, of stone.
Term
Nubia
Definition
Nubia is the region in the south of Egypt, along the Nile and in northern Sudan
Term
Narmer/Menes
Definition
the Egyptian king credited with uniting Upper and Lower Egypt and founding the First dynasty, sometime around 3100 BC
Term
Hyksos
Definition
an Asiatic people who invaded the eastern Nile Delta, in the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt. Egyptian for "foreign rulers."
Term
Champollion
Definition
Deciphered hieroglyphics
Term
Agricultural (Neolithic) Revolution
Definition
the shift from hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance to producing food by systematic agriculture that occurred gradually between 10000 and 4000 B.C.E.

the shift from hunting animals and gathering plants for sustenance to producing food by systematic agriculture that occurred gradually between 10000 and 4000 B.C.E.
Term
Anthropomorphic
Definition
regarding the deities as humanlike in character and appearance
Term
Cuneiform
Definition
"wedge-shaped". A system of writing developed by the Sumerians that consisted of wedge-shaped impressions made by a reed stylus on clay tablets.
Term
Divination
Definition
the practice of seeking to foretell future events by interpreting divine signs, which could appear in various forms
Term
Dualism
Definition
the belief that the universe is dominated by two opposing forces, one good and the other evil
Term
Hieroglyphics
Definition
a highly pictorial system of writing most often associated with ancient Egypt
Term
Maat
Definition
Egyptian term for the right order of the universe
Term
Monotheism
Definition
having only one god, the doctrine or belief that there is only one god
Term
Obelisk
Definition
a slim, four-sided stone shaft that tapers upward to a pyramidal cap
Term
Paleolithic Age
Definition
the period of human history when humans used simple stone tools
Term
Polytheism
Definition
having many gods, belief in or the worship of more than one god
Term
Satrap/satrapy
Definition
a governor with both civil and military duties in the ancient Persian Empire, which was divided into satrapies, or provinces, each administered by a satrap
Term
Ziggurat
Definition
a massive stepped tower upon which a temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of a Sumerian: city was built
Term
Thera/Santorini
Definition
A Greek archipelago.
Term
Wanax
Definition
An ancient greek word meaning "king."
Term
Crete
Definition
The center of the Minoan civilization.
Term
Polis
Definition
A city-state.
Term
Knossus
Definition
The best excavated of the ancient Minoan palaces.
Term
Iliad
Definition
An epic poem by Homer about 50 days during the Trojan War. Mainly focuses on heroes such as Agamemmnon and Achilles.
Term
Homer
Definition
An eighth-century Greek poet.
Term
Minoans
Definition
Highly advanced for their time. Matriarchal society. First culture to produce art just for its beauty. Lived on the island of Crete. Named after the legendary King Minos.
Term
Mycenaeans
Definition
The "war mad greeks"
Term
Cyclopean Walls
Definition
a type of stonework found in Mycenaean architecture, built with huge limestone boulders, roughly fitted together with minimal clearance between adjacent stones and no use of mortar.
Term
Palace Complex
Definition
a palace, but not just one building.
Term
Fortified Citadels
Definition
A fortress for protecting a town, sometimes including a castle
Term
Sir Arthur Evans
Definition
Archaeologist, discovered the palace of Knossos.
Term
Heinrich Schleimann
Definition
Archaelologist, believed that Troy existed as described by Homer. Discovered the Mask of Agamemnon.
Term
Mask of Agamemnon
Definition
Discovered at Mycenae in 1876 by Heinrich Schliemann. Probably not actually Agamemnon's; possibly a hoax.
Term
Frescoes
Definition
Created by mixing paint with plaster and crafting an image as part of a wall.
Term
Matriarchal society
Definition
A society where the women have the power.
Term
Patriarchal society
Definition
A society where the men have the power.
Term
Lion's Gate
Definition
The entrance to Mycenae.
Term
King Minos
Definition
A mythical king, son of Zeus and Europa. Identified by early Greek historians as the ruler of Crete. Might not have been a real person.
Term
Labyrinth
Definition
The Greek name for Minoan palaces.
Term
"war mad Greeks"
Definition
The Mycenaeans.
Term
Dark Ages or the Black Hole of History
Definition
The period after the fall of Mycenae, during which writing was lost.
Term
Archaeology
Definition
the study of ancient things left by people of past civilizations
Term
artifact
Definition
any tool, utensil, implement, or object made by humans and studied by archaeologists in order to learn about the past.
Term
bulla (plural: bullae)
Definition
a seal/signature of clay attatched to an official document; it can reveal the owner
Term
Cuneiform
Definition
a system of writing in which letters were carved into soft clay
Term
field
Definition
the largest division of the grid pattern on a tell; they are identified by capital letters or Roman numerals
Term
field book
Definition
the square (or area) supervisor's notebook, with entries about the daily plan and all items uncovered during the day
Term
grid
Definition
the north-south and east-west lines used to divide a tell into fields and squares/areas
Term
hieroglyphics
Definition
a system of writing in which many symbols are conventionalized pictures of the thing represented; generally carved in stone or written on papyrus
Term
indicators (diagnostic shards)
Definition
tell about a vessel because of their distinctive shapes, often pieces of rims or bases
Term
layer
Definition
the depth of debris left behind by a group of people which has been destroyed or left the area; varies from centimeters to several meters in depth
Term
locus (loci in plural form)
Definition
any identifiable item found in the dig, such as a wall, well, pit, installation, skeleton, etc.
Term
mosaic
Definition
a picture made of small, colored, inlaid stones which are called tesserae
Term
ossuary
Definition
a stone box, urn, or other container in which the bones of the dead are stored
Term
ostracon (ostraca in plural form)
Definition
a piece of pottery with writing on it
Term
papyrus
Definition
material for writing on; made of crisscrossed sections of the papyrus plant found chiefly in Egypt, paper of the ancients
Term
potsherd (sherd)
Definition
a fragment of an earthen pot, jug, or jar
Term
scarab
Definition
reference to the stone of a ring having the shape of a beetle - the flat bottom has hieroglyphics on it - sometimes with the name of a pharaoh enclosed in a cartouche
Term
square
Definition
a section within a field to be dug, labeled with Arabic numberals, generally measuring 5-7 meters on a side
Term
stela (stelae in plural form)
Definition
an upright stone slab or pillar with writing on it
Term
stratification
Definition
the layers of civilization at a once-inhavited site discovered by archaeologists; numerous cities in the ancient Middle East were continually built on top of destroyed cities
Term
stratigraphy
Definition
the study of the layers of earth laid down in time by man or nature; on layer is called a stratum
Term
stratum (plural is strata)
Definition
layer(s) of earth laid down in time by man or nature. This is one of the two main pinciples of archaeology.
Term
tell
Definition
an Arabic word (Hebrew = tel) meaning "hill," used in archaeology to mean the mound on which cities and towns were built. These are generally on natural hills with a water supply nearby.
Term
typology
Definition
the study of artifacts by their type; classifying artifacts by their type
Term
wadi
Definition
a watercourse which is generally dry except during period of rainfall
Term
stratigraphy and typology
Definition
the two main principles of archaeology
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