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History
9th Grade
01/26/2008

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Term
goverment
Definition
System for excercising authority
Term
monarchy
Definition
goverment controlled by one person
Term
aristocracy
Definition
state ruled by the noble class
Term
oligarchy
Definition

a goverment ruled by a few powerful people

 

Term
democracy
Definition

Idea that people can govern themselves

Term
direct democracy
Definition
government in which the citizens rule directly and not through representatives
Term
republic
Definition
government in which citizens elect leaders who make government decisions
Term
senate
Definition
aristocratic brnach of romes government
Term
indulgence
Definition
release from punishment due from a sin
Term
reformaition
Definition
16th century movement for religious reform, leading to the founding of new Christian teachings
Term
lutheran
Definition
a member of a protestant church founded on the teachings of martin luther
Term
protestant
Definition
member of the christian church founded on the princables of the reformation
Term
peace of augusburg
Definition
agreement in the 1555 declaring that the region of each german state would be decided by its ruler
Term
annul
Definition
cancel or put an end to
Term
anglican
Definition
relating to the church of england
Term

utopia

Definition
an ideal place
Term
william shakespere
Definition
famous renaissance writer
Term
John Gutenburg
Definition
german craftsberg who develoed the printing press
Term
judiasm
Definition
religion of the hebrews
Term
ten commandments
Definition
written code of laws
Term
christianity
Definition
religion founded by jesus
Term
islam
Definition
religion founded by the profit muhammed
Term
roman catholic church
Definition
church that developed from christianity
Term
reformation
Definition
16th century religious reform movement
Term
renaissance
Definition
period of rebirth of art and learning in europe lasting from about 1300 to 1600
Term
humanism
Definition

focus on human potential and acheivements

Term
secualar
Definition
concer with worldly rather that spiritual matters
Term
patrons
Definition
people who financially supported artists
Term
perspective
Definition
art technique taht recreates three dimensions
Term
vernacular
Definition
use of native language instead of classic latin
Term
predestination
Definition
doctorine that god has decided all things beforehand, including which people will be saved
Term
calvanism
Definition
religious techings based on the reformer john calvin
Term
theocracy
Definition
goverment controlled by religious leaders
Term
presbytarian
Definition
member of a protestant church governed by elders and founded by john knox
Term
anabaptist
Definition
mamber of protestant group during the reform tha tbelieved only adults should be baptized also believed that church and state should be seperate
Term
catholic reformation
Definition
16th century catholic reform movement in respons to protestant reformation
Term
jesuits
Definition

members of the society for jesus , a roman catholic religious order founded

Term
Council of trent
Definition
Meeting of Roman Catholic leaders to rule on the docrines criticized by the protestant reformers
Term
common law
Definition
Body of english law that reflected the customes and princables established over time
Term
Magna Carta
Definition

Document drawn up by nobles in 1215 guaranteeing basic political rights in england

Term
due process of law
Definition
administration of law in known, orderly ways to protect peoples rights
Term
glorious revlution
Definition
bloodless overthrow of king james 2 of england and his replacement by william and mary
Term
constitutional monarchy
Definition
monarchy in which the rulers powers is limited by the law
Term
bill of rights
Definition
list of rights and freedoms considered essenial to the people
Term
parliment
Definition
law making body of england
Term
divine right
Definition
theory that a monarchs power came from god
Term
safavid
Definition
member of the sh'ia muslim group that built a nempire in persia
Term
isma'il
Definition
safavid warriror who mostly seized what is now iran
Term
shah
Definition
Persian title maning king
Term
shah abbas
Definition
leader during the safavid golden age
Term
esfahan
Definition
Capital city if the safavid empire
Term
enlightenment
Definition
intellectual movement that started in europe
Term
social contract
Definition
agreement between citizens and goverment
Term
natural rights
Definition
rights that all people have
Term
seperation of powers
Definition
division of goverment into seperate branches
Term
american revolution
Definition
americas fight for independence with britain
Term
representative goverment
Definition
goverment in which citizens elect representatives to make laws
Term
federal system
Definition
goverment in which powers are divided between federal and state goverments
Term
french revolution
Definition
french peoples fight for democratic freedom
Term
united nations
Definition
international organazationa esttablished in 1945
Term
babur
Definition
founder of the mughal empire
Term

mughal

Definition
one of the nomads who invaded the indian subcontinent an estaablished a powerful empire there
Term
akabar
Definition
mughal ruler with a genius for cultural blending, military conquest, and art
Term
sikh
Definition
nonviolent religious gruop that became the enemys of the mughals
Term
shah jahan
Definition
mughal ruler who built the taj mal
Term
taj mahal
Definition
tomb built by shah jahan for his wife
Term
aurangzeb
Definition
Last important mughal ruler
Term
ghazis
Definition
warriors for islam
Term
osman
Definition
succesful ghazi who built a small state in anatolia
Term
sultans
Definition
rulers of muslim state
Term
timur the lame
Definition
conquerer of persia and russia
Term
mehemad 2
Definition
conquerer who made istanbull his capital
Term
suleyman the lawgiver
Definition
ruler who brought ottoman empire to its hight
Term
devshirme
Definition
policy for creating the sultans army
Term
janissary
Definition
soldier slave drawn from conquered christian territories
Term
bartolomeu dias
Definition
portugese explorer who rounded the tip of africa
Term
prince henry
Definition
portugese supporter of exploration
Term
vasco de gama
Definition
explorer who gave portugal a direct sea route to india
Term
treaty of tordesillas
Definition
treaty between spain and portugal dividing newly discovered lands them
Term
dutch east india company
Definition
dutch company that establihed and directed trade throughout asia
Term
hongwu
Definition
commander of the rebel army that drove the mongols out of china
Term
ming dynasty
Definition
chinease dynasty from 1368-1644
Term
yonglo
Definition
ming ruler, son of hongwu
Term
zheng he
Definition
muslim admiral that led seven voyages of exploration during the ming dynasty
Term
manchus
Definition
people from manchuria
Term
Quing dynasty
Definition
chinease dynasty that followed the ming dynasty and was begun by the manchus
Term
kangxi
Definition
powerful machu emperor of the qing dynasty
Term
daimyo
Definition
warrior- chieftains
Term
oda nobunaga
Definition
daimyo who hoped to control all of japan and seized tokoyo
Term
toyotomi hideyoshi
Definition

daimyo who took control of almost all of japan

Term
tokugawa shogunate
Definition
dynasty that ruled japan from 1603-1863
Term
kabuki
Definition
japanese theater
Term
haiku
Definition
japanese poetry
Term
christopher columbus
Definition
itlian explorer who landed in the americas
Term
colony
Definition
land controlled by another nation
Term
hernando cortes
Definition
conquistador that defeated the aztecs
Term
conqistadors
Definition
Spanish explorers in the amercias
Term
francisco pizzaro
Definition
conqistador who defeated the incas
Term
atahulapa
Definition
last incan emperor
Term
mestizo
Definition
person with mixed spanish and native american blood
Term
ecomienda
Definition
system of mining and farming using natives as slave labor
Term
Columbian exchange
Definition
global transfer of food , plants and animals during the colonazation of the americas
Term
capitalism
Definition
economic system based on the private ownership and the investment of wealth for profit
Term
joint stock company
Definition
company in which people pooled their wealth for a common purpose
Term
mercantilism
Definition
economic policy of incresing wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and selling more goods than bought
Term
favorable balance of trade
Definition
condition resulting from selling more goods than are bought
Term
new france
Definition
area of the americas explored and claimed by france
Term
jamestown
Definition
first permenent settlement in america
Term
pilgrims
Definition
group of english people who founded a colony in plymouth
Term
puritans
Definition
people who did not agree with the practices of the church of england
Term
new netherland
Definition
dutch colony begun in modern new york city
Term
french and indian war
Definition
war between britain and france over the land in north america
Term
metacom
Definition
native american leader who led an attakck on the villages of massachusets , also called king phillip
Term
phillip 2
Definition

spanish king who took control of portugal but failed in his invasion of england

Term

 absolute monarch

Definition
king or queen with complete control
Term
divine right
Definition
idea that rulers recieves thier right from god
Term
atlantic slave trade
Definition
buying and selling slaves of africans for work in the americas 
Term
triangular trade
Definition
european trade between the americas, africa, and europe involving slaves and other goods
Term
middle passage
Definition
voyage that brought captured africans to the west indies and the americas
Term
edict of nantes
Definition
order that gave huguenots the right to live in catholic france
Term
cardianal richelieu
Definition
chief minister of france who reduced the powers of nobles
Term
skepticism
Definition
belief that can be known for certain
Term
louis xiv
Definition
french king who was an absolute ruler
Term
intendant
Definition
official of the french goverment
Term

war of the spanish succesion

 

Definition
Was fought by other european nations against france and spain when those two states tried to unite their thrones
Term
jean baptiste colbert
Definition
chief minister of finance under louis xiv
Term
thirty years war
Definition
conflict over religion, territory, and power among european ruling families
Term
maria theresa
Definition
empress of austria whose main enemy was prussia
Term
fredrick the great
Definition
leader of prussia who sought to increse its territory
Term
seven years war
Definition
conflict from 1756 to 1763 in which the forces of britain and prussia battled those of austria, france, and other countries
Term
ivan the terrible
Definition
ruler who added lands to russia, gave it a code of laws , and also used his secret police to execute traitors
Term
boyar
Definition
russian noble who owned land
Term
peter the great
Definition
important leader of russia who started westernazation
Term
Westernazation
Definition
use of western europe as a model of change
Term
charles 1
Definition
king of england wh was executed
Term
english civil war
Definition
war fought from 1642to 1649 between the royalists, or cavaliers and the puritan suppoters of england
Term
oliver croomwell
Definition
leader of the puritans
Term
restoration
Definition
period after the monarchy was restored in england
Term
habeus corpus
Definition
law giving prisoners the right the obtain a document a document saying that the prisoner cannot go to jail without being brought before a judge 
Term
scientific revolution
Definition
new way of thinking about the natural world basd on carefull observation and wilingness to question
Term
heliocentric theory
Definition
theory that the sun is at the center of the universe
Term
geocentric theory
Definition

view which hel the earth at the center of the universe

Term
galileo galilei
Definition
Scientist who was forced by the catholic church to take back scientific ideas that disagreed with the churches view
Term
scientific method
Definition
logical procedures for gathering an testing ideas
Term
Isaac Newton
Definition
Scientist who dicovered the laes of motion and the laws of gravity
Term
Enlightenment
Definition
age of reason
Term
social contract
Definition
Thomas hobbes: agreement people make with the goverment
Term
John locke
Definition
philosopher who wrote about goverment
Term
philophes
Definition
social critics in france
Term
volitaire
Definition
writer who fought for tolerance freedom of religious belief and freedom of speech
Term
motesqueiu
Definition
french writer concerned with goverment an political liberty
Term
rousseau
Definition
enlightenment thinker who championed freedom
Term
Mary wollstonecraft
Definition
Author who wrote about womens rights
Term
salon
Definition
social gathering for dicussing ideas or buying art
Term
baroque
Definition
grand, ornate style
Term
neoclassical
Definition
simple style that borrowd ideas fraom classical greece and rome
Term
enlightenment despot
Definition
ruler who supported enlightenment ideas but did not give up power
Term
Catherine the great
Definition
russian ruler who took steps to reform modern day russia
Term
Declaration of Independence
Definition
Document declaring tAmerican independence from britain
Term
Thomas Jefferson
Definition
Author of the declaration of independence
Term
checks and balances
Definition
System in which each branch of the goverment checks, or limits, power of the other two branches
Term
federal system
Definition
system of goverment in which power is divided between the national and state goverments
Term
bill of rights
Definition
First ten commandments to the constitution; protection of basic rights for individuals
Term
legislative assembly
Definition
assembly that replaced the national assembly in 1791
Term
emigres
Definition
nobles and others who left franc during the peasant uprisings and who hoped to come bak and restore the old system
Term
sans- culottes
Definition
radical group of parisian wage earners
Term

Jacobin

Definition
member of the jacobin club ,a radical and poliical organazation
Term
guillotine
Definition
machine for beheading people
Term
maximelien robespierre
Definition
revoltionary leader who tried o wipe out every trace of francs past and monarchy and nobility
Term
Reign of terror
Definition
period of robespierres rule
Term
old regime
Definition
system of fuedilism
Term
estate
Definition
social class of people
Term
Louis xvi
Definition
weak king who came to french throne in 1774
Term
marie antoinete
Definition
unpoular queen, wife of louis xvi
Term
estates general
Definition
assembly of representatives from all three states
Term
national assembly
Definition
french congress established by representatives of the third estate
Term
tennis court oath
Definition
promise made by third estate representatives to draw up a new consttution
Term
great fear
Definition
wave of panic
Term
Napolean bonaparte
Definition
Military leader who seized power in france
Term
coup d'etat
Definition
A sudden take over of the goverment
Term
plebiscite
Definition
vote by the people
Term
lycee
Definition
gverment run public school
Term
concordat
Definition
agreement
Term
Napoleonic code
Definition
complete set of laws set up by napolean that eliminated many justices
Term
battle of trafalgar
Definition
british defeat of napoleans forces at sea
Term
blockade
Definition
forced closing of ports
Term
continental system
Definition
napolean policy of preventing trade and communication between great britain and other european countries
Term
guerilla
Definition
spanish peasant fighter
Term
peninsular war
Definition
war that napolean fought in spain
Term
scorched earth policy
Definition
poicy of burning and fields and slaughtering livestock so that enemy troops would find nothign to eat
Term
waterloo
Definition
battle in belgium that was napoleans final defeat
Term
hundred days
Definition
napoleans last bid for power, which ended at waterloo
Term
Congress of vienna
Definition
meetings in vienna for the purpose of restoring order to euope
Term

klemens von matternich

Definition
key leader at the congress of vienna
Term
balance of power
Definition
condition in which no one country becomes a threat to the other
Term
legitimacy
Definition
bringing back power the kings that napolean had driven out
Term
holy alliance
Definition
league formed by russia, prussia, and austria
Term
concert of europe
Definition
series of alliances to help prevent a revolution
Term

peninsulars

Definition
latin americans born in spain
Term
creoles
Definition
spaniards born in latin america
Term
mullatos
Definition
africans or people of mixed european and african anscestory
Term
simon bolivar
Definition
leader of venizualin independence movement
Term

jose de san martin

Definition
leader who helped win independence for chile and argentina
Term
miguel hidalgo
Definition
priest who began the revolt against spanish rule in mexico
Term
jose morelos
Definition
leaer of the mexican revolt after hidalgo was defeatd
Term
conservative
Definition
people who supported a monarchy
Term
liberal
Definition
people who wanted to give more power to the legisslative
Term
radical
Definition
people who wanted to end the rule by kings and give full voting power to all of the people
Term
nationalism
Definition
belief that a perons loyalty belongs to the nation itself instead of the nations ruler
Term
nation-state
Definition

country with its own independant goverment

Term
the balkans
Definition
region including all of present day greece, albania bulgaria, turkey , romania and yugoslavia(former)
Term
louis-napolean
Definition
winner of the presidential election 1848 ; later emperor
Term
alexander 2
Definition
ruler of russia who freed he serfs
Term
russification
Definition
a policy of forcing russian culture on ethnic groups in the russian empire
Term
camillio de cavour
Definition
prime minister who unified modern italy
Term
giuseppe garbadali
Definition
leader of the red shirts who won control over parts of southern italy
Term
oto von bismark
Definition
leader who workerd to expand prussia
Term
junker
Definition
wealthy german land holders
Term
realpolitik
Definition
tough practical politics
Term
kaiser
Definition
emperor
Term
romantacism
Definition
movement in art and ideas that focused on nature, and the thoughts and felings of individuals
Term
realism
Definition
moement in art that ried to show life as it really was
Term
impressionism
Definition
stlye of art using light and light filed colors to reproduce an impression
Term
industrial revolution
Definition
great increse in machine production that began in England int he18th century
Term
enclosure
Definition
large closed-in field for farming
Term
crop rotation
Definition
planting a different crop in a differnet field each year
Term
industrialization
Definition
praocess of developing machine production of goods
Term
factors of production
Definition
conditions needed to produce goods and services
Term
factory
Definition
building where goods are made
Term
entepreneur
Definition
person who organizes, manages and takes on the financial risk of buisness enterprise
Term
urbanization
Definition
city building and the movment of people to cities
Term
middle class
Definition
a social class of skilled workers, proffesionals, buisness people and wealthy farmers
Term
stock
Definition
right of ownership in a company called a corporation
Term
corporation
Definition
buisness owned by stockholders who share its proits but are not responsible for its debts
Term
laissez faire
Definition
economic theory that argues that goverments should not interfere with buisness affairs
Term
adam smith
Definition
philosopher who defended laissez faire economice
Term
capitlism
Definition
economic system in which people invest moneyy to make a profit
Term
utilitarianism
Definition
belief that an idea is onlu as good as it is useful
Term
socialism
Definition
belief that busnesses should be owned by societies as a whole
Term
Karl Marx
Definition
economic thinker who wrote about a radical for of socialism
Term
communism
Definition
form of socialis in which all production is owned by the people
Term
union
Definition
organized groups of workers that bargain with business owners to get better pay and working conditions
Term
strike
Definition
organized refusal to work
Term
suffrage
Definition
the right to vote
Term
chartist movement
Definition
movement in england to give the rght to vote to more people and obtain other rights
Term
queen victoria
Definition
leader of britain when democratic hanges were occuring
Term
third republic
Definition
goverment formed in frnce after napolean was exiled
Term
dreyfus affiar
Definition
events surroundind the framing of ajewish officer in the french army
Term
anti-senimism
Definition

predjudice against the jews

Term
zionism
Definition
movement to establish a seperate homeland in palestine for the jews
Term
dominion
Definition
nation in the british empire allowed to govern its own domestic affairs
Term
maori
Definition
polysein people who settled in new zealand
Term
aborigne
Definition
natibe people of australia
Term
penal colony
Definition
place where convicts are sent to serve thier sentences as an alternate to prison
Term
home rule
Definition
local control over domestic affairs
Term
irish republic army
Definition
unofficial militar6y force seeking independence
Term
manifest destiny
Definition
belief that the US would rule the land from the Pacific cean to the atlatic ocean
Term
abraham lincoln
Definition
16th president of the US
Term
secede
Definition
to leave the nation
Term
US civil war
Definition
war fought between the North and South from 1861- 1865
Term
emancipation proclamation
Definition
proclamation tofree saves in the confederate states
Term
segregation
Definition
seperation by race
Term
assembly line
Definition
arrangement by which a product in a factory is moved from worker with each worker completing a simple step in the task
Term
Charles darwin
Definition
scientist who developed thea theoy of evolution
Term
theory of evolution
Definition
the theory that all life on earth developed from silpler life forms
Term
radioactivity
Definition
form of energy released as atoms decay
Term
psycology
Definition
study of the mind
Term
mass culture
Definition
art and entertainment appealing to a large audiance
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