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| Is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional. |
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| Most households did not own slaves. True/false? |
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| -Was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. The act authorized him to negotiate with the Indians in the Southern United States for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands |
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| -Was a financial crisis or market correction in the United States built on a speculative fever. The end of the Second Bank of the United States had produced a period of runaway inflation, but on May 10, 1837, in New York City, every bank began to accept payment only in specie (gold and silver coinage), forcing a dramatic, deflationary backlash |
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-Pro-slavery Defense
-The policy or practice on the part of people in positions of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the subordinates' supposed best interest
-Argued that slaves are now better feed, clothed, christianity, medicine
-Slaves= life is tormenting and horrible |
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-Southern men were not expected to take insults sitting down. "Southern Honor"
-Beginning in the late 18th century and during the 19th century, duels were more commonly fought using pistols |
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| was an American social theorist who published racial and slavery-based sociological theories in the antebellum era. He argued that "the negro is but a grown up child" who needs the economic and social protections of slavery. Fitzhugh decried capitalism as spawning "a war of the rich with the poor, and the poor with one another" – rendering free blacks "far outstripped or outwitted in the chase of free competition." Slavery, he contended, ensured that blacks would be economically secure and morally civilized. |
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1807 - Was a general embargo enacted by the United States Congress against Great Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars.
The embargo was imposed in response to violations of U.S. neutrality, in which American merchantmen and their cargo were seized as contraband of war by the belligerent European navies. The British Royal Navy, in particular, resorted to impressment, forcing thousands of American seamen into service on their warships. |
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| What role did the family and church play within slave culture? What actions did slaves take to resist the authority of slaveowners? |
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Family allows for steady and remarkable growth in the south.
Slave marriage is not legally acknowledged, but fairly encouraged.
Spent sundays together as the day of rest. The one day for them to manage their own timeline throughout the day.
Religion become a huge benefit for slaves as they use the book for their own good.
Slave families were more likely to be led by women.
Gender roles for slaves are completely different.
-Fathers lack the ability to protect children and wife. |
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-Is a term used in politics for someone favoring war in a debate over whether to go to war
-War Hawks, consisting of Democratic-Republicans and were primarily from southern and western states
-They were pissed off Americans who advocated going to war against Britain for reasons related to the interference of the Royal Navy in American shipping which the War Hawks believed hurt the American economy and image. |
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-Was the seventh President of the United States
-A polarizing figure who dominated the Second Party System in the 1820s and 1830s,
-as president he dismantled the Second Bank of the United States
-Forced relocation of Native American tribes from the Southeast to west of the Mississippi River |
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was a military conflict fought between the forces of the United States and those of the British Empire.
-The United States declared war in 1812 for several reasons, --trade restrictions brought about by Britain's ongoing war with France,
--the impressment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support of American Indian tribes against American expansion,
--outrage over insults to national honour after humiliations on the high seas,
--and possible American desire to annex Canada |
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| Was a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy (known as Tecumseh's Confederacy) which opposed the United States during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812. |
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-Was an event in 1814–1815 in the United States in which New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and the political problems arising from the federal government's increasing power
-They Wanted: to remove 3/5ths comp.
-Then: Major General Andrew Jackson's overwhelming victory in New Orleans swept over the Northeast.
Result: Federalist party eliminated |
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| -Was a dominant figure in both the First and Second Party systems. As a leading war hawk, he favored war with Britain and played a significant role in leading the nation to war in 1812 |
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| -Was an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat |
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| -Was the belief widely held by Americans in the 19th century that the United States was destined to expand across the continent |
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| -Invented the first commercially successful steel plow in 1837. |
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-served as the nation's federally authorized central bank
-n the aftermath of the War of 1812 the federal government suffered from the disarray of an unregulated currency and a lack of fiscal order; business interests sought security for their government bonds.[27][28] A national alliance arose to legislate a central bank to address these needs. |
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| -Is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses "the moral worth of the individual" |
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-Was a Protestant revival movement during the early 19th century in the United States. The movement began around 1790, gained momentum by 1800, and, after 1820 membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations, whose preachers led the movement.
-Promoting doctrine of FREE WILL
-Every person could be saved through revivals |
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| -Was an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30′ north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. |
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-Was the sixth president of the United States
-He lost his 1828 bid for re-election to Andrew Jackson.
-Negotiating many international treaties, most notably the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the War of 1812 |
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| -Is a term of periodization used by historians and political scientists to name the political party system existing in the United States from about 1828 to 1854, after the First Party System. The system was characterized by rapidly rising levels of voter interest beginning in 1828, as demonstrated by Election Day turnout, rallies, partisan newspapers, and a high degree of personal loyalty to party |
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| -Was a Lemhi Shoshone woman, who accompanied the Lewis and Clark Expedition, acting as an interpreter and guide, in their exploration of the Western United States. |
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| was the first transcontinental expedition to the Pacific coast undertaken by the United States. Commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson, it was led by two Virginia-born veterans of Indian wars in the Ohio Valley, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Their objectives were both scientific and commercial – to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to learn how the region could be exploited economically |
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| -Is a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. The landmark decision helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government. |
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| whose court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches |
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| killed his political rival Alexander Hamilton in a duel. |
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| -Were local political organizations formed in the United States in 1793-94 to promote republicanism and democracy and to fight aristocratic tendencies |
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was a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Haitian republic.
Ticked Napoleon off and he sold us the Louisiana Territory because he was sick of having to fight elsewhere around the world. |
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-They were signed into law by President John Adams.
-Were four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress in the aftermath of the French Revolution and during an undeclared naval war with France |
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-The first United States Secretary of the Treasury.
-Established the first National Bank.
-Leader of the Federalist party
-Killed by Aaron Burr |
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| -Was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791, during the presidency of George Washington. Farmers who used their grain in the form of whiskey as a medium of exchange were forced to pay a new tax. The tax was a part of treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to increase central government power, in particular to fund his policy of assuming the war debt of those states which had failed to pay |
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| was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that had a major impact on France and throughout the rest of Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed in three years. |
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| efers to a movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the Constitution of 1787. The previous constitution, called the Articles of Confederation, gave state governments more authority |
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| -Are a series of 85 articles or essays promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison |
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| The use of slaves for both taxation and representation |
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-Was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented by William Paterson
-The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan, which called for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population |
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| -A tax imposed on imports or exports in and out of a country |
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| the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817). He is hailed as the “Father of the Constitution” for being instrumental in the drafting of the United States Constitution and as the key champion and author of the United States Bill of Rights |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| -1776 - was an agreement among the 13 founding states that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution. |
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| women sought their place within the new representational government by raising the next generation of citizens. In essence, this meant women had to be educated to better serve the country. Their education then led to service because they could better raise children who could further the republican ideal. |
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| VA Statute Religious Freedom |
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| It supported the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment, and freedom of conscience. |
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| In what ways was the American Rev. a radical event? In what ways was the Revolution not radical in it's impact? |
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It had a ripple effect around the world and helped fuel cause behind the French Revolution.
It did not support freedom for all of the humans in America at the time. It did nothing productive for the slaves or native american. |
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| How did American Revolution and the subsequent debates in the Constitutional Convention affect the topic of slavery in national debate(s) |
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| Slowed the importation of new slaves and made slavery a prevalent issue in later debates. |
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| How did American attitudes toward Religious liberty change during and soon after the american revolution? What part did Thomas Jefferson play in advocating a separation between church and state? |
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Religious tolerance expanded greatly.
He made Virginia Statute for Religious Liberty (1779)
- eliminated religious requirements for voting/office-holding
- eliminated government financial support for churches |
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| What were the A.O.C and why were they quickly abandoned? What major changes to the Articles did the framers of the Constitution make? |
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-First "Constitution" they were weak
-Congress unable to pay its wartime debts
-Congress unable to regulate commerce
-States adopt their own relief measures
--Shay’s Rebellion
- Massachusetts raised property taxes 60+ percent
- Western farmers in danger of losing property
Strengthen the ability to collect taxes, strengthen executive and judicial powers. |
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| What were the major changes in American land policy in the 1780s? Why did Congress implement theses changes? |
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-Congress more closely regulates the land that is sold and settled.
-They enacted ordinances that set the steps by which western territories would be governed
-They regulated land sales in Old NW
-To avoid any further conflict with native americans. |
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| What compromises were needed to secure the ratification of the U.S. Constitution? |
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Connecticut Compromise: bicameral legislative branch
3/5th's compromise. |
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| Who were the Federalists and Anti-Federalists, and what were their respective arguments about the constitution? |
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Federalists: wanted constitution passed with equal 3 part gov.
Anti-Federalists: did not want constitution passed unless it had a bill of rights. |
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| What kind of national gov. did Alexander Hamilton envision for the United States? How did that vision compare with that advocated by Thomas Jefferson? |
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Hamilton:
Pay off national/state debts at full face value
Create new national debt: issue interest-bearing bonds
Establish a Bank of the United States
Whiskey tax (to raise revenue)
Tariff + government subsidies: to nurture American manufacturing
Jefferson:presidential pardons, repeal of Alien Acts
- reduced size of military
- slashed number of government employees
- the problem with patronage
- lowers taxes and pays off part of national debt |
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| What were the major differences between the first major political parties, the Federalists and Democrat-Republicans? |
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Definition
Federalists: bank and implied powers
Democrat-Republican
agrarian and commercial nation, with a limited national government |
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| In what ways was the war of 1812 a "Second war for Independence"? |
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| Great Britain had been contributing to the harassment of American trade. British naval ships were stopping American ships, mostly merchant and not naval, and pressing -- or rather, forcing -- some of the American crew members to join the British Navy on the grounds that American crew members were supposedly "British citizens" who had deserted and become American. |
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| How had transportation in America changed during the colonial period? How did it change in the early nineteenth century? What impact did this have on the "market revolution"? |
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Invention of steamboats and railroads
Led to Rapid market/revenue growth |
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| What were the three primary streams of western settlement in the early nineteenth-century America? |
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1. Cotton Kingdom (AL, MS, LA, AR)
2. Upper South/Lower Midwest (OH/MS Valley)
3. Old Northwest (northern OH, IN, IL, MI, WI) |
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| How did the rise of factories transform work in the early nineteenth century? |
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Led to less artisans and more steady wage labor
Led to working on the "Clock". |
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| What were the Missouri Compromises? How did it attempt to address the growing sectional tensions over slavery? |
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1) No slavery north of the 36"30' line of missouri.
2) Maine admitted as a free state |
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| How did the elections of 1824 and 1828 give rise to the second party system? Who were the Whigs and the Democrats, and how were their political visions different? |
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Whigs:
Supported program of economic development . . .
(protective tariff, internal improvements, Bank of US)
-Many bankers, businessmen, farmers near rivers/canals
Democrats:
liberty = a private entitlement, best protected by local governments |
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| Why was the second bank controversial for many americans |
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| It was an unelected power that had a lot of power over commerce. |
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An important textile mill in Massachusetts.
Many young women worked there.
Cotton production |
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| Frenchman that documents the Democracy in America in which democracy is CULTURAL |
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| -Was an American religious leader and the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, the predominant branch of which is Mormonism. |
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-Was one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement.
-Education for all children
-Equal rights for women
-Property would be held in common |
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| American Colonization Society |
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Definition
| -Founded in 1816, was the primary vehicle to support the return of free African Americans to what was considered greater freedom in Africa |
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| -As an outspoken African-American abolitionist and anti-slavery activist. In 1829, while living in Boston, Massachusetts, he published An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, a call for black unity and self-help in the fight against oppression and injustice. |
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| He promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. Garrison was also a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement. |
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| American Anti-Slavery Society |
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Definition
| was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison |
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