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History Test
Terms and definitions for the history test on March 13th.
38
History
11th Grade
03/13/2012

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Term
Nativism
Definition
Prejudice against foreign-born peoples

Part of a rising fear of immigrants and communists in America after World War I
Term
Isolationism
Definition
Non-involvement in international affairs

Part of a rising fear of internationalism and communism in America after World War I
Term
Palmer Raids
Definition
Response to the red scare

Hunt down those who opposed the government

Many civil rights were violated in the process
Term
Sacco & Vanzetti
Definition
Italian immigrants and anarchists who were convicted in a prejudiced and unfair trial of committing robbery and murder

Sentenced to death and ultimately executed after many appeals
Term
KKK
Definition
Rises in popularity after World War I

Follows the slogan “100% Americanism”

Anti-communist and anti–minorities

By 1924, there were 4.5 million members
Term
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
Definition
Attempted to halt the drastic influx in immigration by setting a maximum number of people that could come from each country

The quota was generally 2% of the population of people from that country already living in the United States

No Japanese were allowed whatsoever, angering the Japanese government

The act didn’t apply to nations of the Western Hemisphere, Canada, or Mexico
Term
Quota System
Definition
From 1919-1921, immigration increased by 600%

In response, Congress instituted immigration quotas
Term
Boston Police Strike
Definition
Bostonian police offers hadn’t been given a raise since the beginning of World War I, so they decide to strike

Governor Coolidge calls in the National Guard

Strike ends, and the majority of the policemen are fired, with new officers replacing them

Coolidge is praised for saving Boston from anarchy
Term
Steel Mill Strike
Definition
Steel mill workers across the nation wanted shorter working hours and improved wages

US Steel refused to meet with the workers and negotiate, so 300,000 workers decided to strike

US Steel hires scabs to qualm the strike, but also uses force at times, such as encouraging federal troops and police to beat the striking workers

Linked strikers to communists

By 1923, steel workers are given a shorter workday, but are not allowed to unionize
Term
Coal Miners' Strike
Definition
• More successful than steel mill workers at unionizing
In 1919, the United Mine Workers union promotes a new leader named John Lewis, who calls for a strike

Attorney General Palmer orders the workers to return to work, but the strike goes on for another month

President Wilson orders arbitration

Coal miners receive a 27% wage increase
Term
Warren G. Harding
Definition
Elected on a campaign promise that we “return to normalcy”

Wanted to avoid international politics

Was highly troubled by the multiple scandals that affected his tenure
Term
Washington Naval Conference of 1921
Definition
Secretary of State Charles Hughes convinces the five major naval powers (US, Britain, France, Italy, Japan) to scrap many of their ships

Many celebrate
Term
Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928
Definition
Fifteen countries renounce war

Ineffective due to a lack of enforcement
Term
Fordney-McCumber Tariff of 1922
Definition
Raises taxes on foreign imports by 60%

Supposed to protect American businesses, but angers France and Germany
Term
Post-War Germany
Definition
Post-war hyperinflation in order to repay debts

Their money loses all value, so they still fail at repaying

French troops advance on Germany
Term
Dawes Act
Definition
Grants Germany substantial American loans

Germans guarantee eventual repayment
Term
Calvin Coolidge
Definition
Industry flourishes under Coolidge

Believed that American society resolved around business

Wanted to keep taxes down, profits up, and to provide credit for expansion
Term
Ohio Gang
Definition
Has some qualified people in his cabinet, but also has poker-playing cronies from his home serving as well

These friends used their power for graft

Charles Forbes of the Veterans Bureau was caught selling hospital supplies to private organizations

Tom Miller was caught taking a bribe
Term
Teapot Dome Scandal
Definition
Government set aside oil land at Teapot Dome, Wyoming, as well as in California, specifically for the Navy

Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall, a close friend of oil executives, gets the land transferred from Navy control to property of the Department of the Interior

Fall then secretly leases the land to two private companies

Suddenly, he becomes $400,000 richer

Becomes the first cabinet member to be accused (and convicted) of a felony (bribery)
Term
Harlem Renaissance
Definition
A shift in black culture and music
Term
Invention of the Automobile
Definition
Roads are paved, such as Route 66 from Chicago to LA

Liberates isolated farmers, who could now go to cities for entertainment or in order to purchase supplies

Allows people to work farther from their homes, creating what is known as urban sprawl

Affluence and identity were associated with owning car

By the late 1920s, 80% of Americans owned a car
Term
Urban Sprawl
Definition
Cities begin to spread out in all different directions
Term
Electricity
Definition
Everyday use of electricity transforms the nation

Alternating electrical current allows for electricity to travel farther distances in a more stable fashion

By the end of the 1920s, people had refrigerators, cooking appliances, and other electrical appliances to make life easier
Term
Rise in Advertising
Definition
Caused by the growth of consumer goods

No longer purely about informing consumers, but also now about influencing them

Use of psychology increases

Growth of ‘brand name’ items

Businessmen are now seen as the builders/doers of great things
Term
Expansion of Business
Definition
Factory workers see a 50% increase in their wages by end of 1920s

National income increases by more than $23 billion in eight years

Chain stores such as Sears begin to expand

Income gap between managers and workers rises

Overproduction leads to lower prices, especially agriculturally
Term
Credit
Definition
Method of luring consumers into consuming more goods

“A dollar down and a dollar forever”

Consumers would buy goods over extended periods of time in what was known as an installment plan

Some economists become concerned that consumers are being provided a false sense of security
Term
Urbanization
Definition
Small towns were seen as conservative, outdated areas

Cities represented change, progress, and opportunity to many

More competition and intelligence in the cities

Fast-paced, constant entertainment

Difficult to navigate, especially for immigrants

Unlike in the cities, they knew everyone in their small town
Term
Prohibition
Definition
Alcohol banned by the 18th Amendment in 1920

Manufacture, sale, and transport of alcohol prohibited

Supported by rural areas, especially in the south and in the west, who viewed alcohol as a cause of corruption and crime

Highly difficult and expensive to enforce
Term
Speakeasies
Definition
Bars that resisted prohibition and admitted customers who knew the secret password

Customers had to speak softly (“easy”) in order to avoid being overheard by the police and arrested
Term
Bootleggers
Definition
People who sold homemade alcohol hidden in boots (or elsewhere)
Term
Al Capone
Definition
A bootlegger who made $60 million a year

Ran a network of 10,000 speakeasies

Destroyed his competition and became a ‘celebrity’

Arrested on tax evasion

By the mid 1920s, only 19% of the country supported prohibition, and, in 1933, it was repealed
Term
Fundamentalism
Definition
Literal interpretation of religious texts

Sparks a rise in creationism, a rejection of the theory of evolution

Laws are passed in order to outlaw the teaching of evolution
Term
Scopes Trial
Definition
Tennessee passes a law prohibiting the teaching of evolution

ACLU fights the law

John Scopes, a biology teacher, is arrested for doing it anyway

Lawyer Clarence Darrow defends Scopes against William Jennings Bryan

Gets Bryan to admit to not being a complete fundamentalist who interprets the Bible literally

Scopes is arrested and fined but his punishments are eventually overturned
Term
Roles of Women
Definition
Forced out of their jobs as men returned home from WWI

Forced into ‘women’s professions’ such as nursing, teaching

By 1930, ten million women were earning wages; few were managers, however, and almost none of them were making as much as men

Birthrate begins to decline after activists such as Margaret Sanger promote birth control
Advances in technology facilitated household chores and lessened responsibilities, creating more free time

Greater equality in marriage

Teenagers began to spend more time with their peers as opposed to their families, leading to the growth of the common rebellion of the youth
Term
Flapper
Definition
A phrase used to describe the new ideals of women

Independent, fashionable, assertive, etc.

Drink, smoke, and discuss sex in public

Still, a double standard existed in the 1920s wherein men had greater sexual freedom than women
Term
Media
Definition
More education leads to higher literacy and thus more media

In 1922, Time and Reader’s Digest begin the first mass–production and –circulation of news magazines

The radio was the most powerful communication device in the 1920s

Thus began an instantaneous, nationally-shared news experience through the idea of the ‘airwaves’

Sports such as baseball and swimming are popularized by Babe Ruth and Gertrude Ederle, respectively

New realism was added to plays, scripts and paintings, as popularized by Georgia O’Keeffe

George Gershwin combined concert music with jazz, creating a new, ‘American’ sound
Term
Charles Lindbergh
Definition
Charles Lindbergh succeeds in performing the first solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927

Leaves New York City and arrives in Paris 33.5 hours later

Parades, visits the White House upon returning to the United States

Represented the honesty and innocence that seemed to be lost in the United States at the time
Term
Literature
Definition
Sinclair Lewis becomes the first American to win the Nobel Prize in literature

F. Scott Fitzgerald reveals the negative sides of the “jazz age” (1920s)

Edna St. Vincent Millay celebrated independence and freedom lost in earlier years

Ernest Hemingway and other disillusioned expatriate writers formed the “Lost Generation” and wrote stories criticizing an American society that had been “stripped of humanity”
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