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| The dynasty of caliphs that, in 750, took over from the Umayyads in all of the Islamic realm except for Spain (al-Andalus). From their new capital at Baghdad, they presided over a wealthy realm until the late ninth century. |
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| The Frankish dynasty that ruled a western European empire from 751 to the late 800s; its greatest vigor was in the time of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. |
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| The Carolingian king whose conquests greatly expanded the Frankish kingdom. He was crowned emperor on December 25, 800. |
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| Grants of land, theoretically temporary, from lords to their noble dependents given in recognition of services, usually military, done or expected in the future also called benefices. |
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| King of Wessex and the first king to rule over most of England. He organized a successful defense against Viking invaders, had key Latin works translated into the vernacular, and wrote a law code for the whole of England. |
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| A long-lasting dynasty of French Kings, taking their name from Hugh Capet. |
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| The 10th and early 11th century kings of Germany; beginning with Otto I, they claimed the imperial crown and worked closely with their bishops to rule a vast territory. |
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| A trade organization within a city or town that controlled product quality and cost and outlined members' responsibilities. Guilds were also social and religious associations. |
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| The sin of giving gifts or paying money to get a church office. |
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| The installation of clerics into their offices by lay rulers. |
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| The collective name for the wars waged by the Christian princes of Spain against the Muslim-ruled regions to their south. These wars were considered holy, akin to the crusades. |
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| The papal movement for church reform associated with Gregory VII; its ideals included ending three practices: the purchase of church offices, clerical marriage, and lay investiture. |
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| The confrontation between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV that began in 1075 over the appointment of prelates in some Italian cities and grew into a dispute over the nature of church leadership. It ended in 1122 with the Concordat of Worms. |
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| The most important Cistercian abbot (early twelfth century) and the chief preacher of the Second Crusade. |
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| The massive armed pilgrimage to Jerusalem that lasted from 1096 to 1099. It resulted in the massacre of Jews in the Rhineland, the sack of Jerusalem, and the setting up of the crusader states. |
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| The battle of 1066 that replaced the Anglo-Saxon king with a Norman one and thus tied England to the rest of Europe as never before. |
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| The style of architecture that started in the Ile-de-France in the twelfth century and eventually became the quintessential cathedral style of the Middle Ages, characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and stained-glass windows. |
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| Begun by Henry II, the English royal law carried out by the king's justices in eyre (traveling justices). It applied to the entire kingdom and thus was "common" to all. |
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| Literally "great Charter"; the charter of baronial liberties that King John was forced to agree to in 1215. It implied that royal power was subject to custom and law. |
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| The religious order founded by St. Francis and dedicated to poverty and preaching, particularly in towns and cities. |
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| The crusade that lasted from 1202 to 1204; its original goal was to recapture Jerusalem, but the crusaders ended up conquering Constantinople instead. |
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| The Council that met in 1215 and covered the important topics of Christianity, among them the nature of the sacraments, the obligations of the laity, and policies toward heretics and Jews. |
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| The method of logical inquiry used by the scholastics, the scholars of the medieval universities; it applied Aristotelian logic to biblical and other authoritative texts in an attempt to summarize and reconcile all knowledge. |
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| The period during which the popes ruled from Avigon rather than from Rome. |
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| The political instituation set up by the Mongols in Russia, lasting from the 13th to the 15th century. |
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| The shortage of food and accompanying social ills that besieged northern Europe between 1315 and 1322. |
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