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History of Ancient Greece
History of Greece from Pre-historic period through Persian Wars
106
History
Undergraduate 1
10/18/2012

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Term
History
Definition
Learning by inquiry
Term
Peloponnese
Definition
Large peninsula forming the southernmost part of mainland Greece
Term
Cyclades
Definition
Meaning "circle"; a group of Greek islands in the Aegean Sea
Term
Crete
Definition
Largest of the Greek Islands. Center of Minoan civilization. Three Minoan palaces: Knosos ("Palace of Minos"), Phaistos, and Mallia. Wrecked by Volcanic Eruption ca. 1450.
Term
Magna Graecia
Definition
Greek colonies on the Italian peninsula (including Sicily) established from the 8th C. onward.
Term
Cyprus
Definition
You know it. It was inhabited by Mycenaeans.
Term
Three major agricultures and associated deities:
Definition
Grapes—Dionysus
Grain—Demeter
Olives—Athena
Term
Neolithic Revolution
Definition
6,000 BC—begins with domestication of animals.
Term
Francthi Cave
Definition
Inhabited 20,000-3,000 B.C.
Obsidian found in 12,000-8,000 imported from Cycladic islands (particularly Melos).
Term
Sesklo
Definition
Middle Neolithic Settlement (5800-5300)
Term
Dimini
Definition
Settled ~4800
Term
Geographic/Cultural Divisions of Bronze-age Greece
Definition
Helladic—Mainland Greece
Cycladic—Cycladic Islands
Minoan—Crete
Anatolian—Asia Minor
Term
Lerna
Definition
House of the Tiles, remember?
In Room XI, tons of sealings were found, indicating the existence of a redistributive economy.
Term
Indo-Europeans
Definition
Sweeping changes from EHII to EHIII (end of Neolithic/Early Bronze Age) as populations originating Northeast of the Black Sea expand and move into Greece.
Term
Schliemann
Definition
Henrich Schliemann—Found Troy and Mycenae
Term
Evans
Definition
Sir Arthur Evans—Explored Crete and found Knosos and Minoan history
Term
Minoans
Definition
Lived on Crete, worshiped goddesses, leapt bulls, worshipped bulls (horns of consecration), Linear A
Term
Mycenaeans
Definition
Linear B, Grave Circles, destroyed the Minoans?
Term
Michael Ventris
Definition
Deciphered Linear B in 1952
Term
Citadel of Mycenae
Definition
Megaron, cyclopean masonry
Term
Shipwreck
Definition
Ulu Burun Shipwreck, dated to 14th C.
Term
Peak Sanctuaries
Definition
Mycenaean temples atop sacred mountains
Term
Anemospilia
Definition
A Minoan temple on a mountaintop in Crete; destroyed in the earthquake. Evidence may support human sacrifice.
Term
Linear A
Definition
Undeciphered Minoan script used for administration
Term
Linear B
Definition
Deciphered Mycenaean script. Syllabic.
Term
Thera/Akrotiri
Definition
Thera is an island North of Crete. Akrotiri is an ancient Minoan settlement that was destroyed during the eruption of the huge volcano that may have ended Minoan civilization, but the settlement was really well-preserved by volcanic ash. Frescoes, etc.
Term
Thalassocracy
Definition
Domination of the sea; proposed by Evans of Minoan civilization until their fleets were wrecked by a tsunami.
Term
Pylos
Definition
"Palace of Nestor," excavated by Blegen. Hundreds of Linear B tablets were found, attesting to broad territorial control of the surrounding region.
Term
Wanax
Definition
Minoan "king." A wanax ruled Pylos and a Wanax ruled Knosos.
Term
Basileus
Definition
Another title for "king" in Mycenaean Greece and the Dark Age
Term
Megaron
Definition
"Great Hall" of Minoan and Mycenaean palaces. Four columns around a hearth
Term
Grave Circles
Definition
Mycenaean burial tradition, where people were buried over time in the same massive pits in shaft graves. Grave Circles A and B in Mycenae were elaborately adorned with goods.
Term
Tholos Tomb
Definition
Tombs built into hills, made in Mycenaean period
Term
Karfi
Definition
Minoan Mountaintop Temple on Crete
Term
Lefkandi
Definition
Dig on the island of Euboea. Aspidal building with two tombs in the center. These tombs were filled with gold and horses. Lefkandi is interesting because although it's a 9th C. community, it shows the reemergence of wealth and social stratification in Greece. Lefkandi had more exposure with Greece; less exposure with Athens. OH, AND CENTAUR.
Term
Phoenicians
Definition
Brought written language to Iron Age, first appearance of verse
Term
Cup of Nestor
Definition
A cup found at Pithekoussai that has been dated to the 8th Century. An example of ancient poetry.
Term
Homer
Definition
Writes ca. 750
Term
Hesiod
Definition
Greek Poet writing circa 730
Term
Krater
Definition
Huge wine vessels in which wine was mixed with water. The emergence of these indicates trade specialization.
Term
Amphora
Definition
Big jugs with narrow necks used for storage
Term
Oikos
Definition
Household
Term
Synoikism
Definition
The creation of poleis
Term
Ethne (ethnos)
Definition
Greek regions not unified within a polis
Term
Stasis
Definition
Civil Strife among elites
Term
Early Law Codes
Definition
Used to combat stasis. Were aimed only at elites. (eg. term limits). Aimed to prevent a possibility for tyranny.
Term
Boule
Definition
Council of Elders/400/500
Term
Archon or Prytaneis
Definition
Chief (in early law codes)
Term
Polemarch
Definition
War Leader
Term
Types of Sanctuaries
Definition
Urban, Extraurban, Interurban
Term
Perachora
Definition
A site of a heraion on the sea with terra-cotta house models
Term
Dreros
Definition
Temple in Crete
Term
Samos
Definition
In Asia Minor, site of Heraion
Term
Argive Heraion
Definition
Mycenaean Temple
Term
Panhellenic Games
Definition
4 Major Games: Olympian, Pythian, Nemean, Isthmian. Elites only.
Term
Peer Polity Interactions
Definition
"Keepin' up with the Jones'"
Term
Pithekoussai
Definition
First colony of Euboea on the Western coast of Italy
Term
Cyrene
Definition
Founded in 630 by Battus after many consultations with the oracle.
Term
Pythia
Definition
Oracle of Delphi
Term
Synoikism of Athens
Definition
8th to 9th Century. Done by Theseus.
Term
Kypselos
Definition
Tyrant of Corinth in 650. Cool dude, loved the arts, founded settlements. Member of Bacchiad family.
Term
Periander
Definition
Kypselos' son. Not so cool. Def a more tyrranical tyrant.
Term
Isthmia
Definition
Site of crazy games for Poseidon
Term
Sparta
Definition
Lakadaemonia, Lakonia, Messenia
Term
Periokoi
Definition
Lakadaemonians that weren't full citizens
Term
Helots
Definition
Spartan slaves. You know how it is...
Term
Messenian Wars
Definition
First one: Sparta kicks ass. The others are just uprisings by Helots. 740-720
Term
Agoge
Definition
Spartan Training
Term
Peloponnesian League
Definition
A loose alliance between Sparta and other major Peloponnesian cities. Formed as a mutual defensive pact against Argos.
Term
Archon Basileus
Definition
Spiritual Leader
Term
Eponymous Archon
Definition
Main leader in charge of public affairs
Term
Thesmothetai
Definition
Six assistants to the archons
Term
Council of Areopagus
Definition
Made up of former Archons
Term
Pnyx
Definition
Hilltop in Athens were the assembly (Ekklysia) met.
Term
Phylai
Definition
Tribes based on kinship, or one of ten tribes in the Kleisthenic reforms.
Term
Phratry
Definition
Brotherhood
Term
Gene
Definition
"Clan" a small family group (of aristocrats?)
Term
Eupatridae
Definition
"Well-born"
Term
Kylon
Definition
632: Kylon, and olympic victor, seizes acropolis in attempt to become Tyrant.
Term
Megakles
Definition
He was the eponymous archon when Cylon tried to fuck shit up in Athens. Cylon and his crew fled to the Acropolis, and although Cylon and his brother got away, the archons of Athens caught all of his supporters, and although they promised not to kill them (remember the rope?), Megakles killed them anyways, and was thus exiled along with his genos. 632.
Term
Alcmaeonid
Definition
Megakles' family.
Term
Draco and his lawz
Definition
Don't fuck up. But no more blood guilt. These laws caused some awful civil strife. 620.
Term
Solon
Definition
Really wise guy. Think 590. Revamped Athens for a trade economy. Abolishes debt slavery. Offered citizenship to non-Athenian craftspeople. Most important reform: class determined by wealth, not birth. Four classes. Makes laws and splits to go see the (Indo-European) world. But the laws didn't really work.
Term
Four Athenian Classes
Definition
Pentekasiomedimnoi—Eligible for archon positions
Hippeis—Can afford horses and serve on council
Zeugitai—Can afford oxen and serve on council
Thetes—Ain't got nuffin', but they can serve on the assembly.
Term
Council of 400
Definition
Made from everyone but the Thetes, 100 from each tribe.
Term
Men of Plains, coast, hills
Definition
Tribes during Kleisthenes' reforms
Term
Peisistratos
Definition
560: Beats himself up, then gets bodyguards. Becomes tyrant after seizing the acropolis, then kicked out after five years.

556: Allies with megakles and tries again.

546: Hires a bunch of mercenaries and lands at marathon and kicks butt. Takes Athens. He's a cool dude. He builds a ton of stuff and strengthens the Atenian economy. He's big on arts and theater and stuff. Also, he makes the agora. Yo, and he invents coinage. Dies of natural causes in 527.
Term
Hippias & Hipparchos
Definition
Sons of Peisistratos. Bad dudes, really. Harmodius and Aristogeiton make a plan to kill 'em both, but they jump the gun and only kill Hipparchos (514). They're both killed (duh), but are commemorated as the tyrannicides and are heroes. Hippias goes nuts with paranoia and rules for another four years until he jets in 510 when the Alchmaeonid family corrupts the oracle and gets Sparta to kick ass and steal Hippias' kids and take 'em hostage and Hippias surrenders and goes to Persia (he'll be back...).
Term
Kleomenes
Definition
King of Sparta who helps kick out Hippias
Term
Kleisthenes
Definition
Comes to power over Isagoras and makes a cool new constitution. This is the foundation of Athenian democracy, with rights & privileges.
Term
Isagoras
Definition
Eponymous archon after Hippias but lost power bid to Kleisthenes.
Term
Tryttes
Definition
30 of 'em
Term
Council of 500
Definition
50 from each of 10 tribes get together and prepare business for the assembly. Also called the Boule. Oh, and they managed financial and foreign affairs.
Term
Prytaneis
Definition
The 50 men chosen by lot to rule in Athens for 1 tenth of the year.
Term
Ostracism
Definition
6,000 votes, dude.
Term
Herodotus
Definition
Born c. 484. Father of history.
Term
Thales
Definition
Philosopher born in Miletus in 624. Cf. Heraclitus.
Term
Heraclitus
Definition
Philosopher b. 535 in Ionia. Cf. Thales
Term
Achaemenid Persian Empire
Definition
Woah. Cyrus the Great.
Term
Cyrus the Great
Definition
Rules Persia 559-530. Conquers Medes. Conquers Kroisos and Lydian empire in 546.
Term
Kroisos of Lydia
Definition
Conquers Ionian coast. Tries to take out Cyrus and Persia. Big mistake.
Term
Cambyses
Definition
...the Great. Son of Cyrus. Short rule. Conquers Egypt.
Term
Xerxes
Definition
Son of Darius
Term
Behistun Monument
Definition
Inscribed on a wall, yo.
Term
Ionian Revolt/Marathon/Persian War
Definition
499—Miletus when Athenians send 20 ships. Greeks battle Sardis and are defeated in naval battle of Miletian Coast. 492: Darius sends force to Greece and takes Thrace and Macedonia but wrecks off on his way South. 490: Sparta and Athens don't gvive Eartha and Water. Eretria burned. PHeidipides to Sparta. Battle of Marathon: Polemarchos: Kallimachos, Strategos: Miltiades. 10,000 vs 20,000. Greeks kick ass.
Term
Commemorations of Marathon
Definition
1) Helmet of Militades: To Zeus from Miltiades
2) Treasury of Athenians at Delphi
3) Nike statue on the Acropolis, dedicated by Kallimachos
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