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History of the Middle East, 550 BCE to 1400 CE
N/A
62
History
Undergraduate 1
09/22/2010

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Term
Sabeans
Definition
an ancient people that lived in what is now Yemen - believed to live in the Biblical land of Sheba. They were large in the trade of frankincense and myrrh; also created an alternative Silk Route.
Term
Achaemenid Dynasty
Definition
A strong persian empire tha twas in control most of Arabia in its prime. Destroyed by Alexander the Great. Xerxes the Great was a ruler.
Term
Zoroastrianism
Definition
Monotheistic religion created by Zoroaster. Supreme deity: Ahura Mazda
Term
Persepolis
Definition
the capital of the Achaemenid Dynasty
Term
Cyrus the Great
Definition
Achaemenid Ruler - passed the Charter of Rights, which advocated tolerance.
Term
Sassanids
Definition
Take credit for Persia's revival after the fall of the Achaemenid Dynasty. In contrast to Byzantines, they were a tolerant kingdom.
Term
Byzantines
Definition
Also known as Constantinople, or the Second Roman Empire. Huge source of trade, controlled 2 of the ends of the Silk Road. Constantine.
Term
Pre-Islamic Poetry
Definition
Embodied the Arab code of virtue, the muruwwa.
Term
Muhammad
Definition
Last prophet of God in Islamic belief
Term
Quraysh
Definition
Muhammad's tribe
Term
Khadija
Definition
Muhammad's first wife
Term
Mecca Period
Definition
In this period, Muhammad's revelations focused on basic beliefs.
Term
Hijra
Definition
the emigration of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina-- he was invited to negotiate disputes
Term
Medina Period
Definition
during this period, Muhammad focused on politics, lifestyle, and moral law of Muslims.
Term
Abu Talib
Definition
Muhammad's uncle, took him in and raised him to be a trader.
Term
Umma
Definition
the community of early Muslim converts
Term
Shura
Definition
an electoral committee that consisted of six Meccan associates of Muhammad, all caravan traders who belonged to the Quraysh tribe
Term
Rightly Guided Caliphs
Definition
The four leaders following Muhammad's death, they were related to Muhammad by marriage and chosen by his companions
Term
Abu Bakr
Definition
the first rightly guided caliph. step-father of Muhammad. Used generals to force people to rejoin Umma after Muhammad's death.
Term
Umar
Definition
second Rightly-Guided Caliph. Redirected combative energies to expand the Umma's lands to the north.
Term
Uthman
Definition
third Rightly-Guided Caliph, chosen by Shura appointed by Umar. Still used military tactics, but his personality wasn't as forceful. Combined all the different Qurans into one, and burned all other copies. Send 4 copies to 4 corners of the empire. Assassinated.
Term
Mu'awiya
Definition
Governor of Damascus and cousin of Uthman. Was a member of the Umayyad clan. Took caliphate after Ali's death.
Term
Ali
Definition
son of Abu Talib, 4th Rightly Guided Caliph. Nephew of Muhammad. Supported by Shiats, not supported by Sunni. Never looked into predecessors death - suspected of assassinating him. Was killed by Kharijites, who were angry because he did not fight at the Battle of Siffin.
Term
Battle of Siffin
Definition
First Islamic Civil War (fitna); Mu'awiyah challenges Ali. Mu'awiyah's forces stuck pages of the Quran on the tips of their spears. Ali and Mu'awiyah did not actually fifght, settled the conflict.
Term
Umayyad Dynasty
Definition
Founded by Mu'awiya. Viewed as lax Muslims. Under this Dynasty, the great Arab empre was built.
Term
Dhimmi
Definition
non-muslim subject governed in accordance with Islamic law in the Umayyad dynasty
Term
Jizya
Definition
a per capita tax enforced on non-Muslims in the Umayyad dynasty
Term
Yazid
Definition
son of Mu'awiya, inherited Umayyad Dynasty; faced problems from those who wanted the caliphate restored to the Hashimite clan. Opposed by prophet's grandson, Husayn in B. of Karbala - left Husayn's son alive.
Term
Abd al-Malik
Definition
5th Umayyad Caliph, began the high caliphate, making empire more organized. Implemented Arab currency. Built the Dome of the Rock. Also builds Mosque in Damascus.
Term
Battle of Poitiers
Definition
the battle that stopped Arab expansion north. Stopped by Francs, the Umayyad dynasty was pushed back toward Spain.
Term
Abd al-Rahman I
Definition
fled from the Abbasid revolt, being one of the sole survivors of the Umayyad line. Established the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba, in Andalusia.
Term
Al Hambra
Definition
"Court of the Lions", build in Granada in the 14th century under the Umayyad Emirate of Cordoba.
Term
Abd al-Rahman III
Definition
emir of Cordoba. Declared himself as Caliph in 929, breaking ties with the Fatimids and Abbasids.
Term
Constantine "The African"
Definition
Tunisian doctor, who moved to Italy where he compiled his vast medical opus
Term
Maimonides
Definition
medieval Jewish philosopher, considered one of the greatest Torah scholars. Compiled Mishna Torah commentaries. Was also a Rabbi, physician, and philosopher
Term
Abbasids of Baghdad
Definition
Emerged in the Khorasan region. Took over the Umayyad Dynasty, often considered as the Persians taking over the Arabs, even though this dynasty consisted of both Persians and Arabs.
Term
Khorasan
Definition
Persian province, source of revolution to support Abbasids
Term
Kufa
Definition
The Abbasid revolt made it here in 749, where the overthrew the Umayyads and took claim to the caliphate.
Term
Harun al Rashid
Definition
one of the most famouse Abbasid caliphs; the central administration grew more complex under his rule- bore the title vizier (high ranking official). Many fictitious stories about him and his court in the 1,001 Nights.
Term
Al Tabari
Definition
earliest and most famous Muslim historian
Term
House of Wisdom
Definition
founded by Al Ma'mun, a major intellectual center focused on translating works from Latin and Greek into Arabic
Term
Al Ma'mun
Definition
Son of Harun al Rashid. This fighting between him and his brother, Amin, for the caliphate destroyed most of Baghdad and left much of Iraq in anarchy. Was troubled by the paradoxes and contradictions in orthodox Muslim belief. He espoused doctrines, knowns as the Mu'tazila, which stressed free will over divine predestination. Founded the House of Wisdom
Term
1,001 Nights
Definition
Collection of Middle Eastern folk tales that centers on the frame tale of King Shariyar and his wife Shahrazad
Term
Mosque of al-mutawakkil
Definition
Mosque created under Abbasid rule, completed in 861, located in Samara Iraq.
Term
Fatimid Dynasty
Definition
group of Isma'ili supporters overthrew arabs tied to the Abbasid caliphate, an dseixed their North African empire in 909, by allying with the Berber nomads who embraced their form of Shi'ism. Tolerant, and inclusive.
Term
Cairo
Definition
the capital of the Fatimid dynasty
Term
Al Azhar
Definition
Intellectual center/mosque-university in Cairo
Term
Al Hakim
Definition
Exception to religious tolerance in Fatimid reign, persecuted Christians; proclaimed himself to be divine.
Term
Buyids
Definition
Captured baghdad and the Abbasids, but allowed the Abbasids to retain the caliphate. Founded by three brothers. The Viziers still governed. They were twelve-imam shiites.
Term
Ghazi
Definition
Muslim border warriors, mainly hired as whole Turkic tribes.
Term
Seljuks
Definition
Among two Turkic tribes that grew into an empire. Not very organized. Restored Sunni rule to middle east.
Term
Battle of Manzikert
Definition
the battle that lead to the defeat of the Byzantines by the Seljuks, and capture of most of Anatolia
Term
Malik Shah
Definition
Sultan at the height of Seljuk power.
Term
Pope Urban II
Definition
Responded to plea for help by Byzantine emperor by sending Christians into a war to regain Jerusalem's Holy Sepulcher from "the wicked race".
Term
1st Crusade
Definition
The most successful of crusades, joined up with Byzantines. Sacked Nicaea (Seljuk capital), afterwards the Byzantines left the crusades. Then they sacked Jerusalem and brutally murdered thousands of innocent Jews, Muslims, and Christians.
Term
Jerusalem
Definition
15,000 Crusaders reached the walls of this city in June 1099 and murdered thousands of Jews, Muslims and Christians.
Term
Salah al-Din
Definition
Began the Ayyubid dynasty after the death of the last Fatimid caliph. Was able to fend of Crusader invasion of Egypt.
Term
Battle of Hattin
Definition
Salah al-Din killed the vast majority of the crusaders forces in this battle, and took Jerusalem.
Term
3rd Crusade
Definition
Led by King Philip and Richard the Lionheart who took Acre from Salah al-Din. The most famous crusade.
Term
Ayyubid
Definition
Dynasty created by Salah al-Din, united Egypt and Syria. Used turkic slave-soldiers, the Mamluks.
Term
Hulegu Khan
Definition
Genghis Khan's grandson, who renewed the attack on the Abbasids and destroyed Baghdad in 1258.
Term
Mamluks
Definition
Seized Egypt from the Ayyubids in 1250. Received threat to Cairo from the Mongols, but Hulegu Khan returned home before he could take Cairo due to his brother's death. They then murdered his envoys and defeated the Mongols in 1260. Because of this, the Muslim world survived.
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