• The first and longest invasions from the west
• 1095- they began
• the pope responded to a call from byzantine emperor who claims he cannot stop the invasions anymore
• catholics are attacked in pilgrimage
• pope urban the 2nd sends out crusades to establish 4 estates
  • jeruselum
  • tripoil
  • paitii
  • adeau
• Salahladin retakes jeruselum in 1187 from estates
• 1293- crusades end

• ghengis khan's grandson
• resumed his invasions in 1256
• he is offended by abbasid caliphate
• Feburary of 1258 baghadad is taken
• Mongols then go on a 12 month rampage
• schools and libraries are burned
• mosques and palaces destroyed
• Only christians and jews survive
• 1258- Caliph dies and Abbasid era ends
• Hulegu dimaskis, syria is captured
• 1260- threatenen Pakistan and egypt
• Hulegu's brother dies and so he goes back to Central Asia
• While they are away Muslim Mumlucks in egypt attack parts of mongol army that stayed behind
• 1260- mamlucks are defeated
• governent disintegrates

• Were slaves in Egpt
• Turks from Central Asia
• raised and trained as soldiers
• Turkish slaves were very loyal and also had more power then their masters intended
• They had more trust
• 1257- slave soldiers kill wife of Sultan and take power
• now Egypt becomes protector of Islamic culture
• 1293- they eliminate the last of the crusades
• pretct the last Abbasid caliph
• continue chain of sunni calpih
• They control Medina and Mecca
• they rule until 1517
• loose because they can't keep up with technology

• there was in infallible line of Imams
• Ali to Muntazar
• Muntazar disappeared in 878
• muslims believe he will be back

• also known as seveners
• a branch of the shi'a who considered the lineof Imams to be unbroken from Ali to the present; the Agha Khan is currently the divinely guided head of this community

Zaydis

• Both groups are trying to control Central Persia
• black is shi'sh
• white are sunni's

• White sheep
• majority of muslims today
• started as political distinction; they followed Umayyad at the beginning

• didnt accept Umayyad
• followed Ali
• very specific on who should be next caliph
• believed Ali passed down inner knowledge to his sons
• they have the hule message
  • 3 branches of shi'a islam
    • 1) twelth imam
    • isma'ilis
    • zaydis