2mill-5 BC
Where: From The East
Who: Fishing, Hunting Gathering

Lower: 2mill-100 BC
Middle: 100-35 BC (Neanderthals)

Upper: 35- 10 BC (rock art)

2500-1800 BC

• Arrival of East Mediteranians
• Megalithic religious
• Main Settlements (Millares Culture)

1800-700 BC

• from med. sea brought new way to create copper
• MIP--> argar culture (1700-1100)BC

From:Lebanon

Who: Craftsmen, merchants

Founded: Cadiz, Malaga, and Almunecar

Focussed on metal trade, fishing, textiles

Economic Causes: land shortage, commerce, war/politics

Followed West. Med Route settlement in 8th and 7th centuries BC

Founded Rationality

MIP: Emporion (580BC)

Guardians of the sea (tunisia)

Two ways of colonizing

a. commercial (7th century BC)
b. Military (end of 3rd century BC) "punic wars against rome looking for silver"

MIP: Carthago Nova the naval city

• Settlements in Med. Coasts
• had more culture
• improved metal work, agriculture, and mining
• created the coin and alphabet
• developed art and reglious influences

• Most developed ind. culture in Spain
• advanced agri, mining and trade
• in the Guadalquivir valley
• end of 6th century are destroyed by Carthage (for control of metal routes)

• Tribal group form North Africa
• Settled in Med. Coast + Pyrennes
• Small kingdoms
• Had their own coinage and alphabet
• "Lady of Baza Lady of Elche"

Celts

• Indo-European origin (800BC) from germany
• Settled in North Iberian Plateau
• Introduced Iron and incineration (1300-750BC)
• Tribes in fortified hilltop settlements "military ruled"

Celtiberians
Mixture of celts and iberians
Settles In Duero Valley
Ferocious Tribes

Begins in 218 BC with Romans in Ampurias

Ends beginning of 5th century AD

Causes:political control of med. sea

economic control

"Romanization" conquest

Stages

S1. East and South (218-201), 2nd punic wars (218-201bc), hannibal wars (218), Carthago Nova & gades (206)

S2. Center and West (154-133 BC), wars against indigenous people (celtiberians)

S3. North and North-West, Augustus defeated cantabri, galicia, asturs and vascones)

• Agriculture (wine, oil, olive, wheat)
• Cattle
• mining and art (ceramic, mosaic)
• Coin (roman denarius)
• Roads

• Roman citizenship to privileged
• Peninsulares (landowners, businessmen) Humiliores were peasants
• Slavery
• Bill of Latinity (74 AD) gave citizenship to elites (212 AD gave it to freed men)

Gradual process of assimilation.

Top down, elites first old ways lingered with peasants

Methods:

Latin as a language

Military

Cities with magistrates

Roads

Laws

Religion (polytheism then christianity de 1st cen BC)

Administration:

2 Provinces until August (cilterior upper and ulterior lower)

With August 3 (Tarraconense, Baetica, Lusitania)

With Diocletian 3rd century 6 provinces (gallecia, tarraconense, baetica, lusitania, cartaginense, and maurtania)

4th century Balearica added

Language

Roman Law

Religion (polytheism and christianity)

Public works (walls, aqueducts, bridges, roads, arches, temples, theatres)

248 BC decline begins

Ruralization and corruption with taxes

Theodosius made christianity the center of the Empire

385 BC divided the empire (Rome and Constantiople)

14 years later Hispania falls to barbarians.

409 BC arrival of germanic tribes

711 Muslims conquest peninsula

409-507BC

Causes: Weakening of rome, cultural and economic causes

Barbarians push towards West

409 arrival of suevi, vandali & alani

411: visigoths arrive

Kingdom of Toulousse 479-507

Visigoths defeat other tribes until defeated by the Franks in 507

Toledo 507-711 was the unification of the peninsula

S1.conquering suevi (north)

s2. conquering bizantine (south-east)

s3. solving internal problems with cantabri & basque (north)

• Elective Monarchy
• Religion Arianism and Christianity
• Poor economy compared to Romans (bad trade and agriculture)
• Duel Society visigoths (100,000) and roman-hispanians (5-6 million)
• Converted in 589 to christians
• Problems with Roman law, unified the laws in 654

• Low cultural level controlled by Roman-Hispanians
• Church influences monastic life
• Art was influences by lower roman empire and early christian art, bad quality

King Rodrigo Reign (civil war for succession)

Loyals fight with Muslims (687-710) against Rodrigo

711 King Rodrigo Dies

Some welcome Muslims as saviors, Jewish minority were tolerated, Muslims respect Christians

Emirate of Cordoba
Independent from Damascus (711-756)
Independant from Baghdad (756-929)

Caliphate of Cordoba 929-1031

Taifas Kingdoms (civil war split kingdoms) 11th Century-1212

Nasrid Kingdom of Granada 1228-1492

Cities: Agriculture and Commerce (silk, leathers weapons, silversmiths, art)

Revitalizaed trade routes from Sudan importing gold, slaves, luxury items, exporting slaves textiles oil, ceramic etc.

Coinage: Dirhem

Loss of african markets in 13th Century

Population Increase
Concentrated around Guadalquivir and Valencia
Invaders 50-60 million

Hispano Romans and Visigoths converted to islam

Christians were Mozarabs (tolerated)

Jewish were minority

1291 POGRAM- Jewish prosecution

• Nobility: Blood Nobility (arabian) and Service Nobility (slavics, military, civil servants)
• Urban Bougeoise: civil servants, merchants, craftsmen
• Muladies (peasants)

Political Structure
Caliphate
Independant State: Emirate in 756 and Capliphate 929

High Taxes Strong Army

Religion: conversion to islam (8 and 9th centurys)

Christian Mozarabs and Jewish Minority

Literature and Sciences

Bilingual System, Poetry, Phiosophy and Medicine

Art
Architecture, ceramics, mosaics, vaulting and domes

Stages: Caliphal (cordoba Mosque) Taif and Almohad (giralda and gold tower) and Nazari (alhambra)