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| were the Medinese who had accepted Muhammad’s religion and political leadership at the time of hijrah. |
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| (The Quraysh Immigrants) – were Meccan followers who had gone into exile in Medina with Muhammad. Quraysh refer to those Meccans who had come over to Muhammad only upon his occupation of the city in 630. |
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| the favorite wife of the Prophet. Source of many hadith, Sunnis like her and Shi’ites don’t (she helped raise an army against ‘Ali in the first civil war) |
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| close friend of Muhammad and first caliph (also, ‘Aisha’s father) |
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| ‘Umar b. al-Khattab (d. 644) |
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| companion of Muhammad and second caliph |
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| ‘Uthman b. ‘Affan (d. 656) |
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| companion of Muhammad and third caliph. Responsible for canonizing the Qu’ran in the year 650 |
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| ‘Ali b. Abi Talib (d. 660) |
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| cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, fourth caliph |
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| (ruled 660-750): prominent family of Quraysh that takes over rule of the Islamic state after the murder of ‘Ali |
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| founder of the Umayyad dynasty. Son of Abu Sufyan. |
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| leader of the Umayyads round two. Constructed Dome of the Rock, made Arabic the official language of the empire |
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| ‘Abbasids (ruled 750 – 1258) |
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| dynasty descended from Muhammad’s uncle ‘Abbas, they build their capital city of Baghdad |
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| apostacy wars ; Abu Bakr’s campaign to subdue rebellious Arab tribes after Muhammad’s death. |
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| those who withdrew from Ali after the Battle of Siffin; a group of political-theological sects which emphasize works over faith. An early extremist sect, believed that the most pious Muslim should be the caliph |
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| garrison city. These cities were established near other major cities to keep the Muslim armies separate from the populace, and from being assimilated into that populace |
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| caliph Abd al-Malik commissioned the building in 692. The Dome rests on a high platform atop Mount Moriah (in Jerusalem), the traditional site of Abraham’s sacrifice of his son and of the Jewish Temple. The spot where Muhammad ascended to Heaven during the Night Journey, verses on its walls reject Christianity and seek to establish the legitimacy and power of Islam |
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