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History of England to 1660
Final Exam
64
History
Undergraduate 2
04/28/2009

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Act of Six Articles
Definition

1539 restates conservative doctrines and makes denial of doctrine of transubstantiation a capital offense. 3 German theologians were sent to London and held conferences with the Anglican bishops and clergy for several moths. They presented several protestant arguments on articles on the Lutheran Confession of Ausburg. The bishops did everything they could to avoid agreement. They wanted to unite with the Greek church and not with the evangelical protestants. Henry VIII was not successful in breaking the catholic practices so he stopped the conference. 6 doctrinal questions were examined and became the basis of the Six Articles. The articles reaffirmed traditional Catholic doctrine on key issues:

1)     Transbustantiation: The change of the substance of bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ occurring in the Eucharist while all that is accessible to the senses remain as before.

2)     The reasonableness of withholding of the cup from the laity during communion

3)     Clerical celibacy

4)     Observance of vows of chasity

5)     Permission for private masses

The importance of auricular confession

Term
Agincourt
Definition

1415 Battle of Agincourt was an English victory led by Henry V against the French in the Hundred Years’ War. Battle was important because of their use of the English longbow.

Term
Anne Boleyn
Definition

2nd wife of Henry VIII. Convinced Henry to change the primary English religion from Catholicism to Protestantism. Was beheaded because of treason on May 19, 1536. Her death resulted in the beginning of the English Reformation. She was educated in France by Lady Claude of France. Henry VIII was in love with Anne and pursued her while she did not want anything to do with him. He then wanted a divorce with Katherine but had to change the religion because Pope Clement VII would not allow him to divorce her. Mother of Queen Elizabeth I

Term
Babington Plot
Definition
The event which led to the execution of Mary Queen of Scots. Named after chief conspirator Anthony Babington, a catholic nobleman
Term
Bosworth
Definition

Battle of Bosworth, or Bosworth Field was Henry VIII’s defeat of Richard III, ending the Plantagenet dynasty and beginning a new Tudor dynasty. Battle also marked the end of the Wars of the Roses.



Term
Cadiz expedition
Definition

1625 attempt to emulate Elizabethan success in 1587 and 1625: Buckingham blamed. A naval expedition against Spain by English and Dutch forces. This plan was put forward because after the dissolution of the parliament.

Term
Catherine of Aragon
Definition

wife of Henry VIII, also married to his brother, Arthur until his death.

Term
Charles V
Definition
was the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, also known as Charles I of Spain. Father of Katherine of Aragon, also Henry VIII’s wife and Queen of England
Term
Charles Brandon, duke of Suffolk
Definition
Was married to Mary Tudor which made him brother in law to Henry VIII. He was in favor of the divorce between Henry and Katherine
Term
Drogheda
Definition
2nd largest town in Ireland.
Term
Edmund Dudley
Definition

minister of Henry VII, helped negotiate peace of Etaples in 1492. He was the speaker of the House of Commons in 1504 and collected money for Henry. When Henry died, he was tried with constructive treason and then executed after trying to escape from prison.

Term
Edward Seymour, duke of Somerset
Definition
After the death of Henry VIII, Edward VI took the throne at age 9. His uncle, Edward Seymour, establishes himself lord protector and is created duke of Somerset. He revives the “rough wooing” but tries to woo the Scottish people by playing upon the growing spread of Protestantism in both realms
Term
Elizabeth of York
Definition
wife of King Henry VII. The eldest child of King Edward IV. Mother was Elizabeth Woodville. Elizabeth of York had 6 children, including Henry VIII.
Term
Elizabeth Woodville
Definition

Edward IV angers his first cousin and chief military ally, Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, by secretly marring Elizabeth Woodville. She is the widow of a Lancastrian supporter and has 2 sons by her first husband, she also has many brothers and sisters who need suitable titles/husbands. 1483, Elizabeth seeks sanctuary in Westminster Abbey. Supporters of Gloucester, Edwards brother, denounce the marriage of Elizabeth and Edward to be invalid and their children will inherit no titles. Gloucester takes the throne as Richard III.

Term
Flodden
Definition

Battle of Flodden on Flodden field was fought in Northumberland in 1513 between invading Scots and the army under King James IV. Ended in a English victory and was the largest battle fought between the 2 nations.

Term
Francis Drake
Definition

1540-1596  an English Sea Captain, navigator, slaver and politician of the Elizabethan era. Awarded knighthood in 1581 by Queen Elizabeth I. Second in command of the English fleet against the Spanish Armada in 1588. Died of dysentery in January 1596, famous for sailing around the world.

Term
George, duke of Clarence
Definition

2nd brother of Edward IV. Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, schemes with George over the marriage of Edward to Elizabeth Woodville. George marries Neville’s older daughter. Clarence later changes sides and kills Warwick at the battle of Barnet. Clarence then goes against Edward IV and is furious that Gloucester marries late earl of Warwick’s daughter, forcing him to divide the Neville inheritance with his brother. Furious that he doesn’t get all of the inheritance. In 1478 he was charged and condemned for treason, death by drowning in a butt of malmsey which is a barrel of sweet wine because royal blood couldn’t be shed. Claimed to be the lover of King James I of England.

Term

George Monck
Definition

Commander in Scotland who was a supporter of the Cromwell family which was seen as suspect by the Army Leadership in London. He removed any men who were not loyal to him in Scotland. Monk marched his army into England in 1660 but a financial crisis hits and soldiers complain about a lack of pay but he reaches London to support the Rump Parliament against the Army Leadership but Rump tries to sideline him and he then turns to Charles thinking that he was the best way to get out of this political mess. They begin a secret negotiation with each other.

Term

George Villiers, duke of Buckingham
Definition

Charles and Buckingham push for war on Spain in 1624-1625 which lead to the impeachment of Lord Treasurer Cranfield and the impeachment procedure revived. He was assassinated in 1628 by John Felton.



Term
Henry Fitzroy, duke of Richmond
Definition

Son of Henry VIII and his teenage mistress, Elizabeth Blount, the only illegitimate offspring that Henry acknowledged. Henry VIII was very fond of him and wanted to make him his legitimate heir, because he had not had a son.

Term
Hugh O’Neill, earl of Tyrone
Definition

known a s the Great Earl. Known for leading the resistance during the 9 years war, the strongest threat to English authority in Ireland.



Term
Joan of Arc
Definition

– Catholic saint and a hero of France. She led the French army to several victories during the Hundred Years war. She was captured by the Burgundians and then sold to the English then burned at the stake when whe was 19 years old.

Term
John of Gaunt
Definition

1st Duke of Lancaster and 1st Duke of Aquitaine who died in 1399. Son of King Edward III and got the name John of Gaunt because he was born in Ghent, then called Gaunt. His nephew, Richard II seized the dukedom and denies Bollingbroke’s right to succeed his father. But Richard surrendered to Henry Bollingbroke who was also backed by Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, who reigned as King Henry IV or England. Richard II exiled Henry IV but he came back and claimed his rightful throne.

Term
John Dudley, duke of Northumberland
Definition

Fall of Somerset was then replaced by John Dudley. He was put to death for high treason because he attempted to displace Edward’s sister and heir, Mary, daughter of Henry VIII, with his own daughter in law, Lady Jane Grey. Queen Jane, also known as the “9 days queen”

Term
Katherine Parr
Definition

last of the 6 wives of Henry VIII. Her mother, Lady Maud, was an attendant of Katherine of Aragon.



Term
Ket’s Rebellion
Definition

1549 Act of Uniformity passed in parliament which used a new book of common prayer which reflect protestant churches. Ket’s rebellion in East Anglia demanded soci-economic reforms. Also Western Rising in West country against the new Protestant service was another rebellion. Instigated by Robert Kett.

Term
Lollardy
Definition

political and religious movement of the Lollards from the 14th century to the English reformation. Lollards refers to the followers of John Wycliffe. Demands include to reform Western Christianity. Emphasized the authority of Scriptures over the authority of priests. 

Term
Long Parliament
Definition
name of the English parliament called by Charles I following the bishops’ wars. It could only be dissolved with the agreement of the members. It sat from 1640-1649 until it was purged by the new model army. The members who remained after the army’s purge became known as the rump parliament. The reason why Charles I passed it was because he wanted to ask it to pass finance bills, because the bishop’s wars bankrupted him.
Term
Loveday
Definition

common English medieval Christian name, which now become confined to Cornwell. Name originally bestowed on boys or girls on a LOVEDAY, a day appointed for a meeting between enemies and litigants with a view to an amicable settlement. The name is now only given to girls.



Term
Margaret of Anjou
Definition
1430-1482 the wife of king Henry VI. Led the Lancastrian contingent in the Wars of the Roses.
Term
Margaret Beaufort
Definition

mother of king Henry VII, a key figure in the wars of the roses. Daughter of John Beaufort, 1st duke of Somerset. Wars of the roses- series of bloody civil wars between supporters of the rival houses of Lancaster and York for the throne of England and wales for 116 years. 
Margaret Tudor
– 1489-1541 Elder of the 2 surviving daughters of Henry VII. Married James IV, king of Scots, and mother of James V and grandmother of Mary, Queen of Scots.



Term
‘Marian exiles’
Definition

about 800 exiles from Mary in towns such as Frankfurt, Strasbourg, Emden, Cologne, Basel, and Geneva.

Term
Mary Queen of Scots
Definition

Also known as Mary I or Marie Stuart in France. 1542-1587 Queen of Scots from 1542 to 1567. Was the only surviving child of King James V. She was 6 days old when her father died and made her Queen of Scots. Her mother, Mary of Guise, assumed regency and Mary was crowned 9 months later. Married Francis, Dauphin of France in 1558 but was widowed by 1560. She remarried in 1565 to her first cousin, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, as her 2nd husband. 1567, Darnley died. Then married James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell, who was believed to be Darnley’s murderer. Because of a dislike between them, Mary was imprisoned in Loch Leven Castle and forced to abdicate the throne and given to her 1 year old son. She fled to England seeking protection from her father’s first cousin, Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabeth had her arrested because she was considered the rightful ruler of England by the Catholics. She was tried and executed for treason in the involvement in 3 plots to assassinate Elizabeth and place herself on the throne. In 1544, Henry VIII forces the Scots to agree to future marriage of Mary and Prince Edward, but the Scots break the agreement, the “Rough Wooing” begins in 1544.

Term
Mary Tudor
Definition
1496-1533 the younger sister of Henry VIII and was the queen consort of France because of her marriage to Louis VII. After his death, married Charles Brandon, 1st duke of Suffolk. Known as one of the most beautiful princesses in Europe Was betrothed to Charles of Castille but then changes in the political alliances of the European powers meant the wedding did not happen. Mary and Brandon married in secret which is treason because Brandon married a royal princess without King Henry VII consent. Known as “The French Queen” She was not happy with the annulment to Katherine and disliked Anne Boleyn.
Term
Naseby
Definition

Battle of Naseby in 1645 during the English civil war. King Charles I vs. the Roundhead army commanded by Thomas Fairfax which Charles defeats Thomas.

Term

New Model Army
Definition

formed in 1645 by the parliamentarians in the English civil war. It was intended as an army liable for service anywhere in the country rather than being tied to a single area. The soldiers became full time professionals rather than part time militia. The officers were to be professional soldiers, not having seats in either the house of lords or commons and therefore not linked to any political or religious faction among the Parliamentarians. This established a “commonwealth” which included a period of direct military rule. This army was ruled by Oliver Cromwell

Term
Oliver Cromwell
Definition

1599-1658 English military and political leader who helped make England into a republican commonwealth and his role as Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Son, Richard Cromwell, was not as good of a military leader as his father which made it a difficult inheritance. Army leadership forced Richard to resign as lord protector.

Term
Perkin Warbeck
Definition

1474-1499, an imposer, pretending to be Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, the younger son of King Edward IV. He was actually the son of a French official, John de Werbecque. He cost Henry VII over 13,000 lbs, about 6.4 million lbs today. Was hung after his confession.

Term
Petition of Right
Definition

1628 parliament offers a large tax to pay off Charles’ war debt in return for Charles accepting a Petition of Right which is a statement of the rights of subjects: claims only to codify existing rights, not create new ones such as end to imprisonment without charge, no taxation without parliamentary consent, no forced loans, no forced billeting of troops on civilians. Charles was desperate for money because he didn’t have money to pay for the war at Ile de Rhe which led to a forced loan. Nobel men were not happy about this forced loan and protested. Charles agreed saying he would not be bound by terms.



Term
Philip II of Spain
Definition

king of Spain from 1556 to 1598 and also the king of Naples. Husband of Mary I. He ruled one of the largest global empires the world has ever seen. Was the son of Charles V.

Term
Poll tax
Definition

Richard II’s succession in 1377 when the peasants’ revolt happened in 1381. Also attacks were made on manorial records and lawyers at Suffolk, St. Alban’s Abey.

Term
Prince Arthur (d. 1502)
Definition

First son of king Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. When he was 2 years old, he was married to Katherine of Aragon. Died at the young age of 15 then Katherine married his younger brother, Henry who inherited the throne.

Term
Prince Henry (d. 1612)
Definition

prince of Wales, the eldest son of king James I and VI. He died at the age of 18 due to typhoid fever. The throne was passed down to his younger brother, Charles.

Term
Readeption of Henry VI
Definition

1470-1471. Edward IV and his brother, Richard duke of Gloucester, forced to flee into exile in Low Countries. Henry VI is back on his rightful throne.

Term
recusants
Definition

– The term used to describe statutory offence of not complying with and conforming to the church of England.



Term
Red rose
Definition
House of Lancaster had a badge of a red rose.
Term
‘Reformation Parliament’
Definition

parliament held in 1529 that passed which enabled major pieces of legislation leading to the English reformation. Henry VIII opened the reformation parliament in 1529 and used it to discredit Thomas Wosley because he didn’t win the Blakfriars tribunal and he was without a son. He then turned his attentions to the church of England.

Term

Richard Empson
Definition

minister of Henry VII. Was a lawyer and also a speaker at the house of commons. He was associated with Edmund Dudley in carrying out the kings system of taxation because he was broke due to the war. For this, he became very unpopular. After Henry VII’s death, he was charged for constructive treason along with Dudley by Henry VIII and was beheaded in 1510.

Term
Robert Carr, earl of Somerset
Definition
Scottish politician and favorite of King James I of England. James showered him with gifts and educated him in Latin until they had a falling out and then he was replaced by George Villiers.
Term
(Sir) Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury
Definition
1563-1612 Son of William Cecil and after the death of his father, became leading minister in 1598 serving queen Elizabeth and King James as secretary of state. Extremely involved in matters of state security. He was very involved in events regarding the gunpowder plot towards King James and parliament
Term
Robert Dudley, earl of Leicester
Definition

Elizabeth I’s favorite and he wanted to marry her. He was appointed master of the horse and Lord Steward of the Royal Household. 1585 he led the English campaign in support of the Dutch revolt. He was not very popular to the public for they believed that he was behind the death of his wife.

Term
‘Rough wooing’
Definition
1544 Anglo-Scottish war that resulted from failure to honor the terms of the Treaty of Greenwich which Mary Queen of Scots were to marry Edward Prince of Wales, son and her of Henry VIII. Scots sent Mary to France and married to Henry II.
Term
Royal Supremacy
Definition

1531-1534. During Henry VIII’s reformation. Used to describe the legal sovereignty of the civil laws of the church in England. Declared that Henry VIII was the only supreme head on the earth of the Church in England and that the English crown shall enjoy “all honours, dignities, reeminences, jurisdictions, privileges, authorities, immunities, profits, and commodities to the said dignity. This act made official the English Reformation. The main purpose of this act was so that Henry could get an annulment to Katherine of Aragon, but Pope Clement VII refused to grant the annulment.



Term
Ship money
Definition

Tax that Charles I of England tried to use without the consent of parliament. Collection of tax started in 1634 and this was one of the causes of the English civil war.

Term
Sun in splendour emblem
Definition
Edward, the duke of York, was raising troops in Wales and defeats the Welsh forces supporting Henry VI at Mortimer’s Cross. Edward enters London in triumpth and claims the crown as Edward IV. Edward defeats main army supporting Henry VI at battle of Towton while Henry flees to Scotland.
Term
Thomas Cranmer
Definition

former bishop of Canterbury. A missed opportunity to capitalize on his recantation in 1556. Was burned because he didn’t give up Protestantism, but in the end he did give it up but still got burned. He helped build the case for Henry VIII’s divorce with Katherine which resulted in the separation of then English Church. Supported Royal Supremacy. He was responsible for establishing the first doctrinal structures for the Church of England. He wrote the first 2 editions of the Book of Common Prayer. When Mary came to the throne, tried with treason.

Term
Thomas Cromwell
Definition

Vicegerent in Spirituals. 1st earl of Essex who was an English statesman who served as Henry VIII chief minister. He played a key role in the English Reformation. He used the label “empire” for England which meant that England was an Empire by itself and was an independent sovereign nation-state no longer under the jurisdiction of the pope. He wanted Henry to make himself the head of the English church. He was arrested and imprisoned in the tower of London because Henry VIII did not like his choice of his marriage to Anne of Cleves. He was privately executed at the tower in 1540, the same day Henry married Catherine Howard. After he was executed, his head was put on a spike on the London Bridge.



Term
Thomas Wolsey
Definition

When Henry VIII became king, he became the king’s almoner. He was the controlling figure of all matters of state and was powerful within the church. He also attained the highest political position, the lord chancellor, the kings chief advisor.

Term
Tournai
Definition

city in Belgium.  Charles V added the city to his possessions in the low countries leading to a period of religious strife and economic decline.



Term

Tudor rose
Definition

the traditional floral heraldic emblem of England and takes the name from the Tudor dynasty.

Term
Usurper
Definition

a derogatory term used to describe an illegitimate claim to the throne or a person who succeeds in establishing himself as a monarch without inheriting the throne.

Term
(Sir) Walter Ralegh
Definition

born into a protestant family and Queen Elizabeth I knighted him in 1585. He secretly married Elizabeth Throckmorton without having the queens permission for which he and his wife were sent to the tower of London. He was in quest for El Dorado “city of gold”. He was beheaded because of suspicion of the main plot against king James I.

Term
White rose
Definition
of York had a white rose as its badge.
Term
William Laud
Definition
Charles I appointed him to be archbishop of Canterbury but because of his support for Charles I, he was beheaded. He pursued a high church (respect the church itself as a body of Christ) course and opposed radical forms of Puritanism. He was promoted to become Bishop of London in 1628. He was a bishop of Arminianism which emphasizes Sacraments rather than preaching, free will rather predestination. He pushed for Laudian reforms  which churches were to be repaired and required to set up altar at east end of the church and rail it off “beauty of holiness”. The bishops gained greater influence in royal government.


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